Some viewers. [whistle] [overlapping chatter] [whistle] [whistle] ok, man. Narrator chances are youve never seen this boy before but youve seen many like him. His name is harris, johnny harris. Though johnny is a stranger to you, the disease that made him a stranger. No it was poliomyelitis, a Communicable Disease. Encephalitis. Rocky mountain spotted fever. Ringworm. Infectious diarrhea. Typhus. Malaria. Influenza. Ommunicable diseases where do they come from and how do they spread. Tuberculosis,like poliomyelitis and influenza spread from persontoperson to person. Some diseases spread by other means. Rats may carry typhus. Mice may cause dysentery. Malaria,rs bring encephalitis. Tec spring Rocky Mountain fever, relaxing fever. Leas carried you bionic plague some diseases spread through contaminated meat or food. Rob milk may cause diphtheria. Polluted water. Every year hundreds of thousands contract diseases and many die of preventable infections. Communicable diseases recognize no boundaries. Toll ofe taken their human life the world over. Their control may be a National Problem or it may be regional involving several states. Or it may be local. It may start anywhere and reach into many states. The classic example is the influenza pandemic, which was first recognized in boston, and within a month spread throughout the entire country. Today, always watchful for physicianspracticing constitute the first line of defense, but the responsibility for the prevention of Communicable Diseases is primarily tested in the state and local Health Departments. The Communicable Disease center in control ofion Communicable Diseases. In cooperation with local Health Agencies across the country, the Communicable Disease center, best known as cbc, has established diagnostic projects,es, applied controlled operations, and Field Training centers. Of cdc employs a variety specialists skilled in every aspect of communicable veterinary epidemiologists, Public Health nurses, laboratory technicians, paris apologists, entomologists, sanitary engineers, statisticians, training specialists, and many others who Work Together to solve the practical problems and get results in the fight against Communicable Diseases. It may be a problem concerning a section of the country where its year in and year out, its rivers rise to flood out whole towns and villages. The flood subsides, leaving in its wake billions upon billions of mosquito larvae, and the threat of malaria becomes obvious once more. Scientific information is discussed and analyzed, decisions are made, and so is to design more effective equipment to combat the dreaded mosquitoes. Ground equipment and air inexpensive to build, cheap to operate, but effective, and it depends on factors all familiar to the engineering mind. The type of larva side best suited to the problem and how larvacide best suited to the problem and how many gallons the unit will deliver, how large the nozzle, how wide the orifice, how much pressure for maximum effect. How well does it perform under actual conditions . Gallons per acre . Distribution . Width of a swab . Size of the droplets . So, its the job of cdc to develop experimentally procedures, materials, and equipment, and to test them until their effectiveness is established beyond question. The proven techniques are then demonstrated to the state health authorities, whose personnel are trained to carry out the programs. In common with medical organizations all over the world, cdc is trying to solve the riddle of poliomyelitis, which kills or paralyzes thousands of people every year. In the research laboratories, it has been found that where flies have access to the feces of infected persons, the presence of the virus of poliomyelitis can be demonstrated in the flies by injection into susceptible animals. But are flies an important and frequent mode of transmission . Would fly control reduce the incidence of poliomyelitis . We know now that flies do transmit another disease, which is a very real Public Health problem dysentery. Today, cdc has organized with state and local Health Departments a nationwide Fly Control Program to reduce the incidence of dysentery. Yet at one time, flies were only suspected as carriers. It has been demonstrated that clean flies exposed to dysentery organisms carried these germs in and around their bodies. If the fly remained on the culture for only a few seconds, it was placed on a sterile medium, then the medium showed colonies of dysentery organisms after a period of incubation. It was found that the same sort of transfer occurred when flies went from feces to food. Because these scientific observations strongly indicated a probable relationship between dysentery and flies, the development of an Experimental Program was decided upon. In this case, it was undertaken jointly by the National Institutes of health and cdc. As a first step in the program, epidemiologists selected a section of town that was known to have a high incidence of dysentery, and that was also known to have many flies. Flies would be controlled in one half of the section but not in the other. But to prove that flies were important carriers, it have to be shown that the morbidity and mortality rates of the controlled area had been appreciably reduced. For this experimental control program, special tools and equipment were designed. Fly populations were measured, identified, and collected for Laboratory Studies throughout the controlled and uncontrolled areas. Schoolchildren from both areas were brought to the clinic. Rectal swabs were made so bacteriologists could determine the presence of the organisms. Epidemiologists determined the amounts of diarrheal morbidity by going from house to house, through both areas, asking housewives if members of their families had experienced diarrhea in the last 30 days. Mortality figures were obtained from the county health officer. In the area to be controlled, inspections were made to find the flybreeding areas. Fly breeding areas were brought under control by basic sanitation procedures. This Experimental Program proved that dysentery could be reduced from one third to one half by fly control. When we view that dysentery could be reduced by fly control, and the expenditure of public funds was justified, the next step was to demonstrate to the states the proven operational procedures, and train their personnel in the application of these practices. Such issuances are usually made through cdc regional administrators. Representatives. When requests for assistance come from state health officers. I wonder if you people could help us. Weve got 10 counties in this state where the deaths and sickness from dysentery, especially babies have always , been higher than the rest of the state. I know. Most of those counties are in the low income areas. , badrbage disposal sanitation, in fact, everything is. Yes. Bad. Yes. You know, weve always wanted to get some fly control going down there, but we just havent had anybody that knows how to organize the program. We dont have any equipment, trucks, bulldozers, drag lines, sprayers. We have been sent some big powers sprayers, but we have the money for trucks and things like that right now. We may be able to give you a little more help later on. In the meantime, could you work out a deal with your Highway Department to use some of their heavy equipment . I thing we ought to be able to do something out there. How about that fly control in atlanta next week . Cant use any people right now it will be a couple of , months before i can get anybody to atlanta, and we want to get this thing going. Since youre going to have a big program it might be more , economical to start the same Training Program right here in your state. Ill see what i can do with the atlanta people. Thats fine. Now weve got some more training problems. What are we going to do about all those technicians that require all those special courses . Youve just got to help me, thats all. So, cdc trained the personnel of this state on the proven methods of fly control and enabled them to setup their own program. Training is an important part of the cdc organization, and covers such things as water supply, sewage,pollution, laboratory procedures, sanitary engineering, my product is, and mitotic diseases, and many others. Training centers are located throughout the United States and are attended by state and local Health Personnel and students from many foreign countries. Audiovisual aids for training are planned and produced by cdc. All types of printed material are also available. Training at all levels is carried on in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of Communicable Diseases. Cdc is one of the taskforces of the Public Health service, a reservoir of engineering, scientific, and medical knowledge, ready to help each state in its fight against Communicable Diseases. Today, as yesterday, the challenge continues. Opportunity is great for doctors, for nurses, for scientists, and for many others with the ambition and training to accept that challenge. University of kansas professor beth bailey discusses how issues of race affected the u. S. Military and its selfperception of being colorblind during the vietnam war. She focuses on how africanamericans were viewed by white soldiers, and how white africanamerican how africanamerican soldiers protested mistreatment. This is courtesy of the National World war i museum and memorial in kansas city, missouri. Prof. Bailey thank you all for being here tonight. Its a real pleasure to be able to speak to you at the world war i museum. I also was one of the consultants on the vietnam exhibit that began at the New York Historical society and has traveled here. It was a real pleasure to work on that, and i hope that you will get a chance to see it. All get a chance to see it. Its an interesting exhibit. Today im going to talk about my current research, which, as camille said, is how the u. S. Army as an institution was trying to manage a crisis that