Phil graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in history from Wheeling Jesuit University and great degree in American History from george mason university. He is currently a supervisory park ranger with the National Park service in florida. You can ask him about fun snakes he might have seen recently. With that, lets learn why someone would want to burn down boston. So, yeah, im a park ranger in the everglades. So i do not bring any snakes. Everyone can stay in the first or second rows. I know that was a big concern by rob and liz. But todays talk is centered on something further north. And being a Baltimore Orioles fan, there is multiple reasons why i want to see boston burn, especially fenway. Today is the road to revolution. And boston epicenter of that early colonial opposition to the parliament, to the british, to being in existence. I figure i would summit up in three dates, march 5th, 1770, april 17th, 1775. So thanks for coming. Well take questions. Theyre all important dates though. Not to discredit them. All part of the time line. They ruptured 13 british north american colonies that led to the creation of the United States of america. Events do not happen in a vacuum. The events like the three mention bofd are integral to the revolutionary war but so are the smaller, the mere bread wrum kr crumbs. These are the twhaunz lead up to the big meal, the breadcrumbs, unified people. Bass ton in 17 see if i can do technology. The road to revolution. And so i figure there is no more iconic photo to the road than showing the liberty trail there in boston. The brick path that takes some of the sites to encourage your visit. But try to get through four of these points, the background of boston, sons of liberty, colonial perspectives, british perspective maybe and change your mind a little bit on and general gates and from words to war. But boston, now this is a map from the book that is down stairs. Boston in 1765 had about 15,520 inhabitants living in 1607 houses with about a little less than 3,000 white males, 16 years or older. And the reason you pick 16 is thats the legal age to serve in the militia. In addition, there were approximately approximate approximately 00800 slaves. Can you see what is boston at the time of the revolution and what is boston now. Including if you visit the point there where the british will land on the Early Morning april 19th, the reason it seems so far inland today, its been filled in. So they did not land in the middle of a Business District on the morning. Numbers, though, in boston did not fluctuate up to the reason 1765 and the last real census we have of the city prior to what happens in the 1770s. But before we get to that part, we need to go back in time a little bit. Obviously this is one of the most famous images. These are the causes. If you put them up in the multiple photos or pictures or images, the attack, the first martyr of the revolution, march 1770 there. Then you have, of course, great symbolic what is amazing, of course, the amount of literature we think of today having social media and information at your finger tips. The colonists were very great about Building Communicating or spreading the word. Committees of correspondence. The 18th century social media facebook platform getting information out. And so you can see by images and wording here, i did cut it off so you can see just some of the highlighted names there of the ones, of course, they match the initials on the graves. Will really bring in the iconic image out. Images, the Boston Tea Party. Where they do dump bunch of tee bags in tea bags into it and a bunch of bricks there. 342 cases. But just like americans, they sprekt proper respect property. Theyre only going to break open the cast thats hold tea. They put into the harbor there. The Boston Tea Party on the right and its a little shaded out. But there is an angel there showing kind of divine that they should dump tea into boston harbor. Lets go back even further. We always ask the question, how do the road to the revolution start . Where did George Washington switch from being member of the British Empire and proud of his british allegiance to being a revolutionary. Where did samuel adams start . It may have started as early as 1740 with the land bank crisis in massachusetts. A lot of these people had land. They had resources. They had goods to sell. But they were not rich and hard currency. And so this idea populated that you could maybe use the land as a form of currency. You can see here two showings. And you could use this to sell, barter and trade. So this was an effort of land owners and artists to use their work products as currency which obviously became a very popular idea. Except for the merchants and the top echelons of society who had money. And who had access to the hard coinage and currency. This populist movement was a threat to the society and stations to society. 5,000 supporters of the land bank marched into boston, obviously this calls even more consternation from the members higher in society and the rolling elite. So as quickly as letters could race across 3,000 miles of open water, back to the british parliament, the proverbial kiss of death to land bank idea happened when the supporters of land bank were termed or considered traitors by the british parliament. Those who invested lost heavily. Some lost more than they could bear. Others became almost impoverished. One is samuel adams, father of the future revolutionary samuel adams and that was the fruit that planted for this massachusetts son to become one of the most vocal supporters of american independence. With the ruling and even after the outer adams death, the younger adams still had to defend the family estate from caesar by the government. This in his mind served as a constant reminder that britains power over the colonies could be exercised in arbitrary and destructive ways. Those destructive ways led to another bread crumb of james ottis jr. Coined with taxation without representation. And he is this gentlemen right there. Taxation without representation tyranny. We usually drop off the last two words. I think if you went right across the potomac you would see taxation without representation on license plates on the district of colombia. But its tyranny is kind of left off. Were going to leave it right there because we were going to get into a current political conversation. Born in 1725, he hails from a family that will actually produce other revolutionaries such as mercy ottis warren and samuel ottis who would become a president of the u. S. Senate afterwards. A daughter of james ottis jr. Would marry benjamin lincoln. A Major General in the Continental Army and second in command at yorktown. Initially, hes appointed to advocate general. He resigns when a promise chief justice did not go to his father. But to a long time opponent of the family Thomas Hutchinson who would become a very staunch loyalist. So he then represented merchants arguing against the legality of brits of assistance. And started a life long political thinker. If you want to be a revolution air any in boston, write a pamphlet. Used by a lot of revolutionaries to build interest. John adams, picture way to the left there, ottis never one who served for any ten years were so important and essential to the cause of his country as those the mr. Ottis from 1760 to 1770. Furthermore, in the february of 1761 when he gave a five hour oratory which is about as long as my talk today will be, in the state house in boston, mr. Adams would remember ottis as saying right then that in quotes the child independence was there and then born. Every man appeared to me to go away as i did. Ready to take against the assistance and, of course, to promote the cause of colonial independence. Unfortunately, ottis did suffer from a mental heillness. Some think it happened prior to an incident in 1769 but he was struck over the head and continue to deteriorate. He had moments of lucidity. Most of the public life was over by the end of the 1770s. He actually passed away suddenly standing in the doorframe of his house and he actually was quoted earlier in life saying when it was time for him to return to the heaven or above, he wished he would go as being struck by lightning. And he almost immediately later on seemed like he died being struck by lightning. Another one of the luminaries forgotten is this gentleman. Great recent biography just came out on dr. Joseph warren. He is such an integral part that you cannot do anything in boston leading up almost to the revoluti revolution without having his name in the conversation. Whether it is the night of april 18th when william dolls and paul are a veer revere goes out on the night. Sam adams, john adams, theyre all down at the continental congress, who is left in boston . Mr. Warren. Who is serving as president of the committee of safety given the Major Generalship . This gentleman. Who writes the suffolk resolves which is drafted and submitted by the Congress Approved almost en masse . Mr. Warren. Unfortunately, he cant stay out of any action and he ends up fighting at the battle of bunker or breeds hill where he meets his untimely death which the nation of one, a great gentleman not only of medical genius but also a very practical their that could move between different echelons of society. He was so immensely felt the loss was so immensely felt that general actually said that warrens death and loss was equal to 500 men, the equivalent. A nice tribute there by, of course, a sworn enemy. Other gentleman, of course, for every big revolutionary, you need the guys that can walk the streets, be the people protesting. He is one of them right there. He is the gentleman that could get the people up in arms. He was considered more of a radical. Some believe he was actually poisoned by the british. He would die shortly in october of 1774. He was one of the sons of liberty not at the Meeting House but down on the warf. Probably leading or organizing the part of the Boston Tea Party. He was very popular with the working classes and he had been at public resentment since the townsend acts. Of course, this gentleman just brewing beer, samuel adams. We dont need to talk about him. This is one of the sam adams is a gentleman that suffers with you got. He is dressed and such a great story to bring out but a few years ago the History Channel did a documentary sons of liberty and he is suddenly 25, a gq model running across roofs. Im thinking youre missing the point of this gentleman and the true story behind samuel adams. So if you ever watch that just keep in mind, that is samuel adams, not the 25yearold gq mod unt model in that show. The one i didnt put up on here, his signature is on the bottom of a small document, john hancock. Well talk more about him later. Hint for next year. But on the other side of the coin, you have a gentlemen such as these from lord dartmouth to the left. And, of course, frederic north. And as the doctor was saying, sometimes the grammar or writing did not adhere to certain rules and regulations and so you can see spelled a little differently there. These gentlemen dartmouth doesnt understand what is going on. He facilitates march 1774, he believes that the present people there in boston is not for answering events. Of course, George Jermaine or lord sackville, interesting character at the battle, he decides to defy orders as basically shun from society. But comes back in and takes over november of 1775. And, of course lord north, during the buildup and the eventually war efforts that tried to subdue the american colonists. They are all trying to discuss with this guy. Thomas gauge. And growing up, you read the first history books this guy surprised didnt have horns on his head how bad of a gentleman he was. But he actually, when you read more on, he does as much as anyone can trying to hes in a situation where has anyone been to work where your superiors dont know the situation on the ground and theyre saying whats going on in the field and trying to communicate between the two and you realize theyre 3,000 miles away and by the time you get a letter to them, it will be six months and you dont know what is going to happen. Then your wife that is an american and might be a spy, youre not sure. You have to send her away. Then you got communicating with documenting with the church. Surprising that gauge actually had a good nights sleep in the whole time hes in boston. But he does have some of the support of gentlemen isaac barr from the house of commons. General gauge who is a man of great abilities. The quality of servants in that country. Unless at the same time you give him the sword in one hand and give him the olive branch in the other. I think that sums up gauges efforts. Hes got the sword to try to defy the colonists and also supposed to give the olive branch. At the same time, the colonists are hit with the coercive acts. And now government moved out of boston. You have to close the port of boston down. Now you have the quebec act and the quartering act and next thing you know, hes dealing with, okay, theres a lot of Unemployed People in the port. We have soldiers in the town. The government we removed their chance to elect leaders and now if any of the british do get in trouble, dwoent have trouble, we dont have to try them in the colonies. Obviously,i9innb everything is peach y in boston at this time. So at the same time, he is battling trying to figure out what to do. He has a limited amount of manpower there. He is also at the mercy of british colony policies. They let the colonies go by themselves. They didnt tax them. Now they need to pay for things like the french and indian war. They need to pay for soldiers on the border. They need to pay off the massive debt. And they also need to incorporate some of the land they gained. So gauge is the guy in the right in the wrong place at the right time being promoted, replace jeffrey amherst who left and returned to england. Gauge has been in the colonies for years at a time. His buddy makes what is a harder part is hes now has a vote in parliame parliament after norths Administration Takes over. Does anyone want this job . Exactly. Hes in a tough situation. But as hes doing it, he does try different methods. So this is another picture of him trying to meet with the public there. Nice image. All these images are on copyrighted from the new york public library, library of congress. If you just search Boston Tea Party or before the revolution, it comes up with the different images. I invite you to look through it if you have three free moments. Because it shows you kind of the history of how we remember from newspapers, to painted images, to the primary sources. So its always interesting to see how we study one subject and why we continue to study one subject. So in another piece, of course, he tries to move the british soldiers out to Castle William. Shows this image on purpose because it does not show a british flag. It is a north view of Castle William in the harbor of boston. So at no time did they ever fire a shot in anger or violence. But it is where some of the troops will be housed. To try to get them out of apiecement which he tries to reach with the colonies. Lets talk about so were on the road to revolution. I know theres been a lot of social topics and i know military history is still important. These are two places where the revolution might have started. These are two another breadcrumbs on the path to revolution and one is, of course, salem. So for once were going to talk about salem without this and the other one is actually where some believe the first shots of the war happened. And it happened in New Hampshire. Sail semiconductor a very interesting story. Obviously, gauge will submit, take troops out there in february of 1775. As he sends february 26, sends Lieutenant Colonel leslie with the 64th regiment by ship to marble head to march to salem with 240 troops, seize the canyons and munitions. Colonel leslie is known by fellow officers as a gentile legal man who lives well and drinks good claret. He would be great to be at happy hour at gatsbys tavern later. During the hour of worship on sunday morning, expecting not to be discovered. Lets send 2 440 men by boat an put them in red coats and lets hone they dont get discovered. Lets hope theyre not seen by anybody. As soon as the ships landed, however, he ran to the door of the church and beat his upon his drum an larm signal which had been agreed upon. By this time, the two smart to salem and if theyre not trying tore discovered, probably playing music like Yankee Doodle is not the way to secretly enter into salem. As the vanguard approached the small bridge which would have been behind that photo there on the southern entrance of town, they could hear the church bells ringing wildly and discovered people had already pulled a few planks from the bridge. Obviously, this was repaired and continue to march into the Public Square with fixed bayonets, music, colors flying and drums beating expecting to be a army entering a conquered city. Actually, soon thereafter, he learned from sympathizers of location of the cannons and proceeded with troops the direction of the north bridge. At this time the first term, the regulars are coming is heard by colonel david mason as he leaves his house screaming. Thats the same thing that paul revere would say. Saying the british is coming is me running through the streets saying the americans are coming. Thats what they believed they were still. So its the regulars. The congregation immediately dispersed in a state of great excitement. He mounted the horse and ran to the location of the cannon ordered to secure them. So at this time the salem militia is under captain timothy pickering. And his manual won another great title. I love titles of 18 century books. They tell you exactly whats in the book itself. You dont they say cannot judge a book by its cover. 18th Century America can you exactly judge a book by its cover. So this is simply an easy plan for the militia. It would later be used, of course, as the army drill book. So why take something and make it even harder . If first time in American Government or military history that we actually use and made something simple. Men from the south side of town rush to the river. And in an effort to calm the situation though, mr. Thomas bernard who recently been a torre tried to persuade the people to let it down. But the blacksmith scolded them saying we dont know new this business. When felt orders it will be done lowering the bridge. So now they have a situation. Leslies got to go across the bridge to look at the look for the cannons and munitions. Bridge up is. People on both sides. Colonel felt with apparently no fear for his own life was this time standing next to colonel leslie and heard him give the orders to fire on the people. He responded fire . You better be dead than fire. You have no right to fire without further orders. If do you fire, you will be all dead men. Apparently the order was note repeated. Indeed had the command to fire been enforced, salem might have been the first bloody battle of the revolution fought at a different north bridge on the 27th of february insaid of the 19th of april in lexington. He is a career military man. Wont abandon orders. He thooz has to go across the b that, is the order from the superior. So leslie says im determined to cross over this bridge in i remain here until next autumn. Now we have a waiting game. Nobody would care for that. Obviously, they dont let brittic soldier stays in there for any length of time. By god, i wont be defeated. Can you imagine having two officers yell at each other next to each other while 240 british soldiers and hundreds of militia are hanging out wondering what is the conversation going on between these two people . Felt coolly responded, you must acknowledge that you already been baffled. Leslie responded, its the kings eye way and i will not be prevented from passing freely over it. James barr enters and said it is the a road built by owners on either side and no king, country or town has any control of it. Obviously, today is getting late in the hours. Fruitless attempt to cross the bridge. The tide obviously was not low. And word that leslie might start sending troops up and down to try to find any boats, the people of salem commence with axis and rocks and whatever they could find. So now we have how does the british get across the river . Well, no casualties yet until a gentleman is picked in the breast and draw blood by someone in the military. We have first wound. This gentleman would actually proudly display this wound afterward in life and was fond of exhibiting it. Im not sure how long you can exhibit a small bayonet wound. But leave it to a gentleman to nurse a wound for the rest of his life. So now you have this Big Conversation going on. You have the discussion. Now some negotiations going on. And so they believe that the discussion went Something Like this. So he came all this way to cross a bridge . Well, yes. And to get the guns. We hid them where you cant find them. Well how i can tell the governor i found no guns if he learns that i never even got across the bloody bridge . You want to tell him you got across the bridge and got no guns . Me thinks this will suffice. What happens is they agree that the leslies troops would march across the bridge and they lowered it, go so many yards behind it, stop, turn around and march back. And parentally as they did that, the band supposedly played the world turned up side down. So the sole casualty is mr. Joe wilcher that was nicked by the sword or bayonet and proudly showed that wound the rest of his life. On the other side in the commemoration of the first victory, of course, now its just like the Andrew Jackson story. Andrew jacksons ancestors apparently kicked out of three colonies as being irish. They were not loyalists. They ended up in the carolinas. Jackson is one of the first popular president s by the grassroots movement. And then now hes born in three states. So just like the first shots of the revolution, first shot supposedly happened somewhere in New Hampshire at port william and mary. You see that on the plaque behind me. The hardest part is standing at a podium. In memory of the patriots that captured this fort. Talk about another interesting small engagement that happened at the time. Were going to look at what happened at william mary with major John Sullivan who later on would become a Major General in the u. S. Army and lead a few different campaigns, we wont talk about his record. If it you think George Washingtons record is bad, John Sullivans i think tops that as taking victory or defeat from the jaws of victory. So william mary. The fort in New Hampshire, were looking i said it, didnt i i . December 14th, 200 militia gather in the town under major John Sullivan. The british have a whopping gar son of six soldiers. As the men march towards the fort, another 150 will join. So now you have at least 350 to 400 men going after six british soldiers. Major captain john cochran is in command. There are they get a chance to fire cannons before the americans enter into the fort. As they enter into the fort, of course, the british will strike their colors. The americans will set the surrender. Cochran is led to the sword as sullivan and doesnt take it as formal surrender. The flag does start to lower, that empowers him to try to defend the old flag. He comes rushing at the troops and altercation ensues. Someone pulls out a pistol and decides to hit cochran over the head with it. Otherwise that would have been the first shots of the revolution. So you have two incidents on this road to the revolution, both at salem. Go visit today, you can watch the grounds. The fort is open. They can show you all the different locations for that. And so that leads now we have grassroots movements in boston. A lot of unemployed dock workers. Youve got, of course, the big three major events. You have the smaller events like the land bank. You have the potential actions here. Youve got, of course, the sons of liberty. You have all this going on until what happens . When the first shots. So lexington and concord, april 19th, 1775, they come out the british come marching up the field, theyre sent out once again, some historians believe to take cannons, that were captured and escorted out of town and bring them back. Warren things maybe theyre going after john hancock and samuel adams which are in lexington by reverend jonas clark. Whatever the case is, the british come out and it is a foiled effort from the beginning. We have this another myth of the british is that they are the best military in the world. It is kind of like watching the super bowl champs of last year with no players that were on that team, so, yes, they are the super bowl champs still. The british had not been in a major war since 1776 and it is now 1775. And you take the best troops of each regiment and some of the british marines to put them together. The light infantry. Theyre working with people they dont know and understand. It is like an allstar game. It is fun to watch but it is not practical. And now theyll come out and furthermore the town and everyone knows what is going on because as their marching through, arlington today, it is very eerie. They get to lexington and a jesse and a junior officer is up front. He orders the men to take the one road and they should have taken the opposite road. Somebody fires the first shot. We could sit here and talk about whether it was the british or american colonist or someone in the Buckman Tavern or someone down the road. The first shots are fired. The british go into the concord and come marching back after the battle of north bridge, marching back down the road. Which leads to the buddy road back to boston where as thomas would say, i wish this current place was burnt down. I believe a lot of the british soldiers that marched out of lexington concord and returned on the evening of april 19th would have agreed with the general they wish they never set foot in the whole town of boston would have been cursed. So nearing the end here. So i picked this picture out to the other side because i believe that it understands some of the underlining story. In the road to the revolution, especially boston epicenter, we always pick the highlights, the Boston Tea Party and the lexington concord. We talked about it a little bit here at the end. But it is the other paving stones that built that road over time. It is the land bank starting in the 1740s and then the 1760s and the coercive acts, it is a military presence in the town. It is people like dr. Joseph warren, james otis and then the adams, the hancocks that continue the revolution. So the full story are still being discovered and it is still being uncovered and that is why events like this before they were americans are very important. So im now at the end the conclusion. Before i do take questions i do want to say i do not want boston to be burn. I know this is being filmed by cspan. But there were a lot of british probably in 1775 wished they were anywhere else, even in the islands of the caribbean than dealing with the road to the revolution and the eventually the First American victory, the siege of boston. So with that id like to take any questions, comments, concerns, disturbances, suggestions. [ applause ] you mentioned this idea that the colonies have kind of been left alone for some time after the french and indian war. And it is this intervention that comes with the taxes that the british want to collect for the protection and that that kind of triggers this kind of very negative reaction. Yeah, so a lot of colonies formed, boston dates back in the 1650, 1630, jamestown 1607, years of the british not taxing the colonies, taxing the citizens of Great Britain. I think the average american colonist has less than 1 tax. Wherein britain it is up to 22 . Well after the war something has to happen. You cant keep taxing the same people on the island of Great Britain. Well a lot of the war is fought in north america. Maybe they should pay for it. At the same time, the british are now the world power. It is always when you have another one to compete with, it is one story. But now you have this vast amount of territory, youve got peoples, native americans, also french nationals living in captured province and you have to find a way to assimilate in and you have other smaller disturbances that show what the british now has to control. So, yes, it is also a lot of the parliament, most of the people in Great Britain arent represented either in the parliament so what is the difference. So it is the difference of agreement and not understanding and suddenly a direct turn and some arbitrary power taken by things that fail, land bank and so forth that lead to this boiling point. We heard this morning about the tensions with the loyalists in tidewater, virginia. What was going on in boston and surrounding areas with regard to loyalists versus patriots and how did that play out . Can i sum it up in one word bad. No, you do see a fluctuation of loyalists coming toward the british lines, coming into boston. The tarring and feathering. You see instances like otis in the coffee house with the altercation with the british soldiers. You see hutchinsons house is ransacked and he had been writing the history of the colony and a lot of work is up in flames. So it was just as bad as the not by loyalists to remove a haven. There is a lot of great work being done. There is a friend of the blog j. L. Bell that does boston 1775 and he puts up a lot of primary sources about life in boston. And so, yeah, it is [ inaudible question ]. I dont have exact number. But there was a high degree of multiple ships when they evacuated boston will bring them out of the city with them. And so a lot of the leading families, hutchinson will leave to go to Great Britain and other families, oliver and even henry knoxs life family leaves because theyre loyalists. So there are families that are split. There are numbers that leave. I think one historian said that after the revolutionary war, that is the biggest ex oddous of people leaving because of conflict or a change in government. So you put in how we have refugees leaving from countries and war torn in the 18th or 19th, 20th century, that is it for the loyalist of the colonies. They are now refugees, a lot of them will settle in the caribbean or canada or somewhere else. So that is a lot of work moving toward looking at what happens after the war for the ones who picked the side that didnt win. You mentioned something when the state of the british people at this time. And perhaps i could fill in some gaps. During this period of the American Revolution britain was in a sort of democratic vacuum. You had the stewarts, james i, charles the i, they believe in ab lute right of kings, absolute monarchy. James ii also made the mistake of being an avowed catholic. And in the end the stewarts were kicked out. Vacuum. Britain looked around and found charles iis daughter mary, married to some foreigner over the way so we had a very odd monarchy, no spaces in it, it is william and mary. And they were invited to come in to be the monarch. But not an absolute monarch. They had to sign a contract. And the contract was that parliament would be supreme. They had no choice. They had to sign it. Now what is that parliament . Its not that place of quiet, decisionmaking that you see today. It was a parliament filled with people by the 1 elite. People could pay to become members of parliament. They were put in by their sponsors. Economics was the big thing. This was the time of the rotten barrows. So driving force was to make money. It wasnt until the people really rebelled, the riots of 1821 or doing away with the rotten barrows of 1846 in a parliament transformed itself into a place of democracy. The one check on the power of the rotten borrows was the french revolution. The elite were terrified the people of britain would rise up in the same way as the french. So all of the decisions that youve seen made this morning and this afternoon, every time youll see it is lord this and earl that. That is the 1 that had the power. And the second thing ill add is the peculiar way of the british to be disparaging about everybody else. If youre in london, foreigners start the Watford Gap Service station which is 40 miles up the m1. Anywhere north of there is somebody to be treated with suspicion. And of course you get further north, scotland, well they have the audacity to have a rebellion in 1745. The irish are beyond the pail and nobody takes much notice of the welsh. I wont even mention the french. Anyway, this exists today. The bbc in recent years been forced to go to manchester to try and take some more respect out of london into the provinces. It is going on still today. So you got a bunch of people who are always bleeding for help but not paying it and they are 3,000 miles away. I dont think the british people really wanted to consider the british people on the other side of the atlantic with that much respect. It is a peculiar trait but im sure it was there. Great points. Thank you. Any other questions, concerns . All right, well, thank you. [ applause ] tonight on American History tv, a look at American Revolution, beginning at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Military historian Gregory Irwin talks about the challenges that the british army faced in adapting to north american terrain and battle tactics during the revolutionary war. His remarks were at an International Conference Pritzker Military museum and richard c von hess foundation. Watch american tv and over the weekend on cspan3. Revolutionary war in alexandria virginia, youll hear from a tailor who kept notes on his clothe made for meaningful moments in citizens lives and helped prepare the community for revolution. The emerging revolutionary war blog gadsbys tavern and the lyceum of alexander, virginia, cohosted this event. All right. We saved the
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