Ending the civil war. The series has argued objects have the power to convey a story ofnarrative, the the civil war in our case. On the looking back books that inspired this series, are there objects or documents that you wish we had been able to include . Mr. Holzer from the book . I think we covered it well in terms of diversifying choices. Where thef regrets handwritten diaries of george templeton, one of the great diaries except it is written in such tiny hand. Know you feel, i the same way, from the theopolitan fair, Historical Society has a record and photographs. We will do it in the next eight episodes. And release from Abraham Lincoln. Long before computerized lincoln seems, able to comprehend and analyze the most fragmented early voting trends. You write lincoln had been a serious student of voting trends since his day as a poll watcher in illinois. Political,redictions statistical . Or instinctive . Above. Zer all of the he was a remarkable and localized analyst. He used to make the rounds in the illinois legal circuit and and looke into account at the Election Results and say the republican part of the voting increased by 2 . If this continues, we will be able to elect a senator and he to increases head the precinct. He knew about turnout. All of the above. Is aie the first object projection of the november 1864 election. This is in lincolns handwriting. What does this reflect . Aboutlzer dont worry the focus. This is a very faded document. It was not meant to be kept. Those of us old enough to whenber the 2000 election estimates were written on a big piece of vote tag, this is octoberdoodling in 1864, a month before election day, on how he is going to get. O 116, the magic number how many electoral votes he needed. He knew he had been in trouble. He is wondering if he had made enough of a recovery. He is conservative about the tabulation. If you look on the right, he has won more than the bare minimum where he thinks things stand. He is giving new york, pennsylvania, and his home state of illinois to the democrats. He is worried. This case valerie he did not campaign for himself. He was determined to do the same in 1864. We have a Campaign Flag image. How was he feeling about his chances in august . August it was political suicide time. Every was going wrong. The war was going terribly. One new york editor had led a Peace Mission to try to give away emancipation. The editor of the New York Times told him he could not win. There was no way he could win. He might as well seek peace on his own terms. Wrote awas so upset he memorandum pledging his administration to cooperate with the Incoming Democratic administration to save the union between election day and Inauguration Day. It is called the blind memorandum. Lincoln asked to sign without reading it. He pasted it together. I think he was acting irrationally. He also took a meeting with Frederick Douglass and made an arrangement to try to create an army of africanamerican volunteers to head into the confederacy and alert as many enslaved people as possible that could walk off their imprisonment and leave. Douglass did a memo on it but it never had to be done. He refuses to go back to Cooper Campaign a cam pair appearance. Flag, ig about the believe this was an 1860 flag. Some brilliant seamstress sewed Andrew Johnson on top of the former Vice President ial candidate who was dumped on the ticket. I have never seen a relic like this. Valerie exactly. Coming up we do have some nasty cartoons from this period. We do see the momentum of the war had shifted. Can you describe this . Mr. Holzer instead of hadaigning, political clubs events. This was an alleged event in new york city on the anniversary of the emancipation proclamation. It was alleged africanamericans and whites danced together. Heaven forbid. Good eyes can see some white faces peeking in in horror at this clandestine dance. This was part of a series of charges that lincoln was a radical intent on introducing integration. Campaigning, he had difficulty answering this in new york. I will say one thing, he did not campaign. One thing he did do, and this got printed in the paper, he stood at the white house and greeted regiments as they went home. All of the reports were published. He said i am living proof anyone of your children can come in live and this big white house. That is a jewel worth fighting for. These remarks did count a little bit for campaign speeches. This hurt him in new york. Even so the momentum of the war was shifting. The victory in atlanta. Of news of the discussion the destruction in france. How did lincoln capitalize on these events politically . Becauseer i would say they were visualized and images, he just wrote on the crest of renewed enthusiasm. Blatante there was a union sentiment. People were exhausted from the casualties and the lack of victories. They really chaired people. Including a battle that took place in the harbor, thousands of miles away, that was symbolic. It ended the life of a confederate pirate ship that had run roughshod over the Union Merchant ships for years. Very big symbolic victory and a morale booster. Lincoln road the crest of that wave. Thisie tell us about handwritten ledger. This is the first object of the program. We can get a closeup. New englands electoral votes for him. He is conceding all of the states. Ones, kentucky, his birthplace, and illinois, his home state. That must have been painful to concede to his opponent. Of course by this time he should have known better. To, the admission of nevada into the union, i wonder the reaction would be today. He got one more state admitted that would vote republican. Object ishis interesting. He was doodling while visiting the secretary of war. He left this piece of paper behind. A clerk picked it up. Wroteidavit the clerk explaining he picked this up and brought it back to lincoln. Mr. Holzer he saved it. Why was lincoln in his office . Every evening he would go there and watch the telegram wires for news of military movements and battles and casualties. I have wondered why the white house did not equip itself with its own telegraph. I think he enjoyed it. He walked along a fence to the nearby or department and sat there and enjoyed the banter with the telegraph operators. Obviously the election is paramount on his mind. Otherwise he will lose his role as commanderinchief. It was a perilous military situation with one month to go in the election. Lets move forward to the military situation. The terms ofct, surrender on april 9. Famous scene that would enshrine Ulysses S Grant as a appomattox on april 9. We can go to the next image , theresws the men quite a contrast between them. The uncapped grant and the noble looking lee. Physicaleir differences used to make a symbolic point about what was going on . The triumphthis was of the common man over dynastic royalty. The descendent of a revolutionary. Although he was a drunk. He married into Martha Washingtons family. He was american royalty. Confederate loyalty certainly. He looked the part. It was before his white hair. He was considered the handsomest man in the army. He was terrific looking as he neared 60. In this photograph, taken on the back porch of his richmond home after the surrender, he stripped off the military insignia. He did not want to project a defiant image. It is a little less that the respondent see at appomattox where he had a dress sword and he looked fancy. Grant arrived in a mud splattered uniform with these boots you see. They did present a did tremendous contrast. Valerie it is interesting, the leebefore the surrender, was in a savage mood. Pacing back and forth. Documents tell us like a caged lion. Saying he would rather die a thousand deaths then surrender. And yet the scene is different the next day. In an image memorialized in engravings in the time. Row words rose above this. In a message grant advised lee in straightforward prose he hoped by laying down arms they might save thousands of lives and hundreds of millions of property. His best line is fusion the needless of of blood. That is what convinced the caged lion. His army was starving. It had been decimated by illness and desertion. He really had no choice. A difficultfound it decision is difficult to understand. He did not want to give up the cause. He had this nobility. He did not believe he had been beaten by a superior tactician and grant. Did lincoln give grant any instructions on what to say at the surrender . Had their when they last war conference, immortalized in a different painting, lincoln told him to let him up easy. That was his definition. He made jokes about hoping Jefferson Davis would escape. I think he generally hoped although he did not say so specifically that generous enough terms would be offered so there was not acrimony or resistance to the war. That if grant gave up, the rest , thee army in the west armies in texas, it would be over quickly. Set the screen for us in appomattox courthouse on april 9. How did the meeting between the men begin . Who was there . Stafflzer grant and his were there. You see them assembled in this fanciful image. A little more crowded as you see. This is grants cadre of officers. Triedived and then grant very hard to make small talk. He said you may remember me from the magnificent war. Lee looked at him and said i have no recollection. And grant typically did not care. He realized lee was the more important figure in the army. Although grant was an important quartermaster. Interrupted and said we should get down to business. Grant took up this contraption. This is why we have the relic we do. It was called a manifold. The early version of carbon paperexcept it has wax between them. We think we bought it at a stationary store when he arrived. He said he began writing out the terms. We made a few suggestions. To a handed over the final clerk. You see the clerk at the table. When it was over, lee stood up and left and shook hands with the officers. Over, he gave one of the wax impressions to the third man from the right. So he took over the task of writing on this manifold. Who was eli parker . Mr. Holzer im glad you asked. American. Ive on senior staff, which was unusual. Indian. Seneca grants innerd in circle to the point he was a trusted advisor. Trusted enough to witness this scene, and to receive as a the actual terms of surrender. Everything about the surrender, we talked last week and i pushed off the answer about souvenirs. Look at the furniture in this room. Every piece of furniture was taken from that office as a souvenir. Home and so the first battle of the war, he said i am moving. Lets move to some Peaceful Place like appomattox. s script onces said, the war began on his doorstep and ended in his parlor. He copyrighted the print in a effort to make money so he could buy furniture. I feel bad for the guy. Even though he is a confederate. After it was over, lee stood up granteeted all of general s staff, shook their hand. Valerie we have some more images of these people. Mr. Holzer this is the copy on the manifold. This is written by grant. The next slide we can see the gentleman after it is over. Mr. Holzer its really not. The scene was so important no one could believe it took place in a parlor. Some artist learning lee had done his pacing under an apple tree placed it in an orchard with all of the array standing behind him. This is a made up print. We moved back to secretary parker who took over the task of writing out the terms. Parkersore about odyssey as a member of grants staff. We have an image of that staff coming up next. Mr. Holzer parker is to be left. E rose in the inner circle issues and did face prejudice. He was a lawyer. He was quite skilled. Grant liked him. Took a shine to him. He repaid him by the dedication of grants tomb when the old general died. This is a great shot of the inner circle. Up next slide shows a close of eli parker that gives a sense of his nobility and his presence. Dont let him mount his horse yet. We have to do the handshake. He shakes hands inside the parlor. The porch. On is on he is not senior enough to be an eyewitness. He shakes hands and comes to eli parker and he pulls back a little bit. Looking into his face and wondering, i hope i have not shaken the hand of a man of color. He realizes parker is a native american. He said i see there is one real american here. That was a dig at parker. We are general, today all americans. Quite a moment. An elegant moment indeed. Onto the final object this evening. It is this one. Than one object, less week after appomattox, president lincoln is assassinated. His death elevates him to the status of a secular saint. How so . Mr. Holzer wildwood and had a good wave he said let us place this man who his friends had been patronizing as a wellmeaning kindhearted , what a old codger place he will fill in history. I think it was the sudden change in emotion from elation to grief , one week after the fireworks had started, suddenly dead. He died on good friday. Shot on good friday. Which has all sorts of religious connotations. That sunday, Easter Services were devoted to black easter. Lilies were painted black and. Hurches it is also the jewish holiday of passover. Deadewish prayer for the for lincoln was recited for the so he is immediately seen as a second jesus dying for the nations sins and a second moses leading to the people to the Promised Land without making it there himself. That helps this profound sense of mass morning as did the series of funerals retracing his inauguration from washington all boy back to springfield. Valerie we have an image of city hall during that time. There were National Demonstrations of remembrance. The new york city funeral was the biggest. What was it like . Mr. Holzer look at the throngs. We know it is barricaded. You cant get more than three people in. Hundreds of thousands of people lining every area from the train station where his body entered all the way down broadway to city hall. Hen he lays instate and wetop of the steps, have an engraving of this. Frontlying in a coffin in of the room where he had been insulted by the mayor of new york at a reception. Here he is with 100,000 people walking by. One young man put the al on his chest. Raucous. Ittle bit a demonstration of grief, black people, white people. Youve never seen anything like it. Indeed until grants funeral. It continued. Albany, buffalo, chicago. We have another image of new york. Throngs of people. Mr. Holzer the hearse being drawn down or up the street. It is hard to tell. Moments, Young Theodore roosevelt can be seen perched on his thirdfloor window. Guards. Before window he and his brother are watching boyfuneral, teddy as a actually saw the new york funeral of Abraham Lincoln. You see the horse drawing the coffin. Packed like this for miles. Valerie lets go back to this relic, the final object. This . S what does this demonstrate . Mr. Holzer its an amazing relic. Like many of the things we have shown, it is very personal. Leaf fromrig of a someone passed by the open coffin. They took, not legally, but plucked and put it in his pocket and took home as a souvenir. And then preston framed the leaf in a gold frame. Look in the center. You see a silhouette photograph of Abraham Lincoln made the year before. Photograph that now appears on the five dollar bill. Black that shred of perhaps the same person wore on his lapel as he walked around new york. The city that was draped with black. Personala sacred, memento of the funeral. End our series on a 13thhopeful note, the amendment abolished slavery. Lincoln said it winds the whole thing up. How so . Mr. Holzer it is a great way to wind up the series. Lincoln fought for this amendment. He got it through a recalcitrant house of representatives. This is the amendment abolishing slavery everywhere. Before it was ratified, africanamericans were banned from the funeral in new york. Only by order of the secretary of war was that order think of it. All the regimens had done to win the war, after was clear, they were still banned. Watchople of color did beneath a banner saying he gave wayree them freedom, the they felt about lincoln. On these documents, lincoln signed them. He signed the resolution and the documents. The president ial signatures are not required or even requested on resolutions for constitutional amendments. Lincoln signed them anyway, how proud he was and how he did think it wound it up. His state senator introduced a resolution criticizing him for signing it. That is how fraught relations were even then. Lincoln wanted his name on it for the same reason he added his name to the emancipation proclamation. Cure. D it was a kings slavery would be no more. He lived to see illinois ratify it and his birth state of kentucky not ratify it, which must have been painful. Did,ear kentucky finally 1976. Not that it mattered. , evenws you, bigotry slavery diehard in the southern states. Lifeincoln anyway gave his talking about black Voting Rights in his last speech, the speech John Wilkes Booth heard and decided to kill him to prevent equality from marching on. We are up to the q a portion of the program. The first question is from ken jackson, the Great American historian and former president of the new york Historical Society. Military great victories and served as president. Do you think he stood taller at appomattox then at any other moment in his life . Mr. Holzer what an honor to program. On this i am so glad to hear from him. I absolutely agree with professor jackson on this. Nothing helped grants image more than being seen in these countless engravings on an equal playing with the vaunted general lee. His presidency has been underestimated. Mark turnout has done a Great Service to chain that the story agar. Appomattox elevated him. Almost made him into lincolns successor three years before the election. Next question. The styles of these men influence how they lead their armies . Mr. Holzer lee was not aloof from the battlefield. Tent although he was well attended. As was grant who had endless supplies of cigars. Very much on the battlefront. They directed troops. Their presence among their men on horseback did inspire respect. Grant was a terrific horseman. Lee looked so terrific. Im sure he was adequate. Styles, they worried about tactics of battle, they worried about strategy. Lee was usually on the defense the last year of the war. Gettysburg, he might have prolonged the war. Next question from a fact checker, how do we know what was said in the parlor of the surrender . Did someone take notes . Even the casual banter . On general we rely grant for the terrific memory for dialogue and the battle scenes and events. It is his recording of the battle and surrender seen that we have come to rely on. He is the best witness we have. There his aides was also and wrote about it. There recollections coincided. Valerie history is written by the victors. Lee did not offer any recollections of the surrenders. Valerie back to lincoln. Was his preelection super schism superstitious . Mr. Holzer if he had relied on superstition, he did not need to worry. In 1861 when he was packing up his belongings, he looked in a mirror and saw a double image. He saw his face and a faded fragment behind him. For some reason he said mary, look. Two images. She said what do you think it means, he said i will be reelected to a second term. I will not survive it. That was his superstition. Hardnosed, he is a politician. Some work to get a third party candidacy. He had a really fraught path to victory absent military success and would not have been superstition but reality. Valerie in view of new yorks sympathy for the southern cause, what explains the grief at the funeral procession . Mr. Holzer that is a good question. There was regret expressed by Many Democrats after lincolns passing. Johnson less than they did lincoln. Andeconstruct the south democrats in the north were interested in reopening Voting Rights. Lincoln is suddenly appreciated as being wise. Certainly the religious confluence of events, that helped create this secular sainthood for him. Statistical fact is that new york is such a big town. It is a giant town. Came,f only republicans 150,000 is every lincoln voter in new york city. Republicanve been a demonstration. If you read the democratic newspapers, there is a great not of regret at appreciating lincoln. Valerie did lincoln or his circle worry johnson wasnt dragging down the ticket . Do we know if he had a positive or negative impact on the election . Dont even have a smoking gun to prove lincoln wanted johnson. I suspect he did. Theyrivate secretary said carried the words to the national convention. Lincoln had run with a quintessential eastern or from maine. In 19 lincoln was the quintessential northerner. He need a pro union southerner. I think he was very happy with johnson. Jacked think johnson anything down. I think he had a positive impact to help lincoln sweep the country. Ingot 212 electoral votes the end. Only 21 from mcclellan. I should have said that when we showed the board. To showdid not begin his stripes until Inauguration Day when he turned up drunk for his swearingin. Realized he had made perhaps the worst mistake of his presidency. Didrie one final question, appomattox officially end the war . If not, what did . Did Jefferson Davis conceived . Caught a fewe was weeks later in georgia wearing his wifes raincoat or a hoop what, depending on cartoonist divide the scene. What really ended the war if you dont count the entrance of the union army to officially end the war, what probably ended it was the following month in may after appomattox when the forces led twicejohnson surrendered to william sherman. Generous. Were too the department of war countermanded them and sherman never spoke to the secretary of war again. Sloppily. D that is probably why we remember this gentlemanly magnanimous stacking of arms at appomattox is the final act. It would be an epilogue and it would be messy. Valerie i lied. One more question. It is a good one. Do you think Edwin Stanton said he belongs to the ages or the angels . If either is probably the question. Many think he said either or neither. Down as he belongs to the ages, which i like as a final coda to his heroic presidency. We have no way of knowing which ord were here for the if he said either. Clearly that was not a dramatic and offending to this homerics dori of war and sack homeric story of war and sacrifice. Bring ushat phrase to to today. Valerie we have run out of time again. Not only has the civil war ended, our series has. You have been such a wonderful and erudite partner and it has been a pleasure. My thanks to you and to all of our viewers and supporters for being a part of this wonderful program. Good night. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] learn more about the people and events that shaped the civil war every saturday on American History tv on cspan3. Thomas jefferson and marquis de lafayette, portrayed by bill barker and william schneider, discussed the french revolution. The alliance between their nations and personal friendships. Monticello events recorded the video. I know who you are expecting. I am expecting him as well. In the interim, please allow me an introduction. The name is general lafayette, although i believe that most of your americans know me far better by my name of the old order of the revolution here in america, and that of course is the marquis de lafayette. Would you like to repeat that