Like any information on the chrono laroche or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast if you know where ever you get your podcasts you can also find us and dot com slash science. Drug companies around the world all racing to find a Coronavirus Vaccine what happens then distributing doses to billions of people worldwide will be an unprecedented autistic or challenge limited supply and enormous demand its a recipe for cutthroat competition as wealthier countries shut out hundreds of millions of dollars to secure a coveted 1st access to vaccines meanwhile the most vulnerable are at risk of being shutout. Theres never going to be enough vaccine to go around globally access will be an issue some of these 1st vaccines are likely to be extremely expensive certainly well beyond the. The purchasing power of many lower middle Income Countries. Developing the vaccine is only half the battle getting it to people could prove challenge. In the race to find a Coronavirus Vaccine the stakes could barely be higher not only are millions of lives potentially on the line but whoever wins that race would take their place in the history books as the nation or organization the rescued the world from a deadly pandemic. Just days ago Russian Defense minister sergei show you who was one of the 1st people to receive russias new coronavirus spec seen the job was nicknamed sputnik 5 recalling the pioneering soviet satellite and it was approved last month International Experts were skeptical saying high profile guinea pigs are no substitute for wider scale testing but the race is on and some countries are confident an effective vaccine will be available by the end of the year. Worldwide there are well over 300 potential vaccine candidates 33 of these are being tested in clinical studies 280000 people in 34 countries are taking part which there are very different ideas about how any approved vaccines will be distributed the u. S. For example says its willing to share a possible Coronavirus Vaccine with the rest of the world but only if it is adequately supplied itself. Astra zeneca agreed with the European Union to sell at least 300000000 doses from Member States but the company had to suspend a study after one test subject fell ill for reasons that are still unclear. The chinese say their research is also generating a lot of interest. Sign of back biotech and sign a farm even showed off their vaccine candidates at a beijing trade fair. In that well weve received a lot of orders and proposals to Work Together from abroad including using our vaccine and clinical cooperation with the World Health Organization is warning against what it calls facts e nationalism the 1st priority must be to vaccinate some people in all countries rather than all people in some countries this is not just a moral imperative and a public imperative its also an economy imperative but who will be the 1st to be vaccinated this question is also being hotly debated around the world should those the greatest risk be given priority. To w. H. O. Suggest countries receive doses proportional to their populations. But a group of International Health experts says that approach is flawed because the pandemic hasnt hit all countries equally severely. Theyve proposed a 3 phase plan called the fair priority model saying the goal should be reducing premature deaths as well as the Long Term Health impact of a corona virus infection the researchers say 3 basic values must be considered when deciding who gets the job 1st benefiting people and limiting harm prioritizing the disadvantaged and giving equal moral concern for all individuals. And we can now speak to one of the Health Experts behind that fair priority model for distributing the Coronavirus Vaccine dr is the emanuel joins us from the university of pennsylvanias pillman school of medicine thanks a lot for taking the time to talk us through this so how is your interview with. Than say like the says by distributing it by population size or doing it by population age. Well if you do it by population size that i like to say is analogous to the physician in the emergency room looking out at everyone whos waiting to be seen and says all right im giving 5 minutes to each of you ignoring how sick the patients are treating the person with a sore throat or a fever the same as a person who has a heart attack that seems absurd you would focus your attention on the sickest people where your attention can do the most potential good and thats the principle that we say limiting how are. Prioritizing disadvantaged people those are important values and if you think about that that means focusing your vaccine where youre going to do the most benefit in terms of reducing the number of premature deaths then once thats under control mitigating the economic and social harms reducing unemployment reducing poverty and trying to get people children back to school and that makes much more ethical and prudent sense frankly than saying 3 percent of the population or 20 percent of the population of every country yes you have to back to 0 in the agency room analogy that particular situation relies on the expertise of the doctor to triology and work out who is the priority who does the full 2 in reality and when we talk about distributing the Coronavirus Vaccine who makes those really subjective judgments. Its not a subjective judgment it looks to data which countries are suffering where will the vaccine do the most good in terms of interrupting so i disagree with you that its objective 2nd of all we do you know as you point out or suggest we lack the world government that can order this around we do have International Institutions the World Health Organization along with dobbie that distributes vaccines have set up this copay access silly to distribute actually a low and middle Income Countries into countries that purchase it we have vaccine manufacturers themselves that have said they want an equitable distribution and a broad distribution and then we have governments that have to take the moral leadership in this case and the prudent leadership lets face it the worlds not going to get back to normalcy unless most of the world gets vaccinated and so theres an interest in making sure the vaccine is fairly distributed what we havent had until our paper is really a framework to think about what is Fair Distribution and were hoping having a framework will galvanize a consensus that thats how we have to distribute the vaccine let me just go back give it back out so if i can just in to because were talking about compiling data that could be complicated to compile it could take time in comparison certainly with just judging it by population size is there a danger that analysis like that could delay the distribution of a vaccine. We already have various groups making the kinds of estimates that we have suggested our suggestion would find to what theyre doing they are estimates theyre not going to be perfect just like population is really an estimate its not perfect and we think its morally much superior to simply distribute it on the basis of population here let me give you another example taiwan has have fewer than 500 covert cases and fewer and 7 deaths give me it actually is not going to mitigate much harm compared to say brazil or peru or other countries that are right in the middle of a serious explosion of cove it it doesnt make sense to give. 3 percent of the population of taiwan and give few brazil last doses of the vaccine because youve given it to taiwan thats just not a reasonable thing given the fact that when brazilians die its really tragic and taiwan is a country that has done extremely well and that seems to be morally important and just quickly because we have run out of time who do you want to hear this advice that you know giving well i think International Organisations like the w. H. O. That selected the population model the kovacs facility but i think also World Leaders who can influence this and want to do the right thing but just havent known what the right thing is i will point out that Justin Trudeau of canada led 6 other Prime Ministers and writing and an op ed in the Washington Post in the United States saying we want to fair an equitable distribution well here Prime Minister judo and the other Prime Minister heres what that would mean now take it and try to get the rest of the World Leaders to abide by it doctors until emmanuel from the university of pennsylvania thank you very much for joining us. Thank you and now its time for your questions to our science correspondent derrick williams. Might has just positive but im asymptomatic should i receive any treatment at home. Many people who test positive for covert 19 remain apparently healthy our best guess at the moment is that about 30 to 40 percent of those who contract it wont report any symptoms but if you tested positive you still need to go into isolation just as you would if you had the full blown disease because you can carry just as much of the virus as someone with symptoms and youre likely to be infectious to others even if you feel fine i couldnt find any specific treatment recommendations for for asymptomatic patients although im sure that the standard stuff like staying hydrated and getting sufficient amounts of exercise even if youre indoors they apply and it goes without saying that you should monitor how you feel closely as as many supposedly asymptomatic people actually turn out to be present to magic and they will show signs of covert 19 sooner or later. Now lets finish the week by having a look at how the world is doing in terms of coronavirus cases. New cases have doubled in 16 countries and increased in another 77. Also stayed the same in 11 nations however 72. 00 countries have seen new positive cases of coverage 19 go down will be it by less than half. Meanwhile 24 have seen cases go down by half or better d and 9 have reported no new cases this week at all d. Heres how that boss stacks up against the weekly statistics since the start of the year is still a long way to go but when the right hand side of that graphic is all blue again the battle against coronavirus will have been won. Thanks for joining us. Odd kerosene odd is there an alternative to this climate. Researchers in switzerland are producing a Carbon Neutral version at a solar mini refinery sunlight air and water are turned into kerosene. The amounts are small but that could change the 2 Airlines Need to make flying the amazon a french law tomorrow change oclock next d. W. Believes crossing boundaries and gazing into the abyss of the human soul to measure them in hand some good come a sad. Smile studious salute the service is nothing to feel small and enchanters with danna hats off to the boy. 20. 30 minutes. Later piece for me. Beethoven is for you. The beethoven is for hello. Beethoven is for cars. Is for the. Beethoven is for us. Beethoven is for the law follow beethoven 202250th anniversary here on deal here. What if planes could fly without leaving a Carbon Footprint synthetic fuel could hold the key. Adapting to summer heat waves how a different method of building in the city could help cool things down. And do the electric cars live up to the image of that and more coming up. Well come to tomorrow today the science show on d w. During the mid 19 eighties europe was split and impenetrable border divided east from west but one german entrepreneur refused to accept that could believe that science transcends board is he set up a prize awarded to Research Projects where scientists from eastern and western europe Work Together. Endowed with 1000000 euros the color of prize remains to this day one of the most prestigious and lucrative science awards in europe this year it went to a hug area neuroscientist based in switzerland. Basel is a city constantly on the move. Full of colors and contrast. Shades dimensions and perspectives. We perceive them with our eyes. But this window to the world closes for people who lose their sight. Reopening that window is the foremost goal of the institute of molecular and clinical ophthalmology. Here medical scientist both on the oscar is working on ways of giving blood. People back their eyesight. My main goal is to understand vision and to use this understanding to create new treatments for blinding diseases. While the eyes outer appearance may be fascinating the real miracle of vision happens on the inside. At the back of the eyeball is the retina a layer made up of millions of cells of 100 different cell types. Because team has succeeded in making individual cells of blind retinas receptive to light again. The retina is the biological computer made of 100 different parts. And it is very difficult to repair a computer so we dont prepare it for the receptor layer we have to repair a computer and we have to understand the parts of this computer and come up with ways that really benefits the patients this is a socalled a retina or going on. You know. Think of it as a stand in for the actual retina that scientists are able to grow from the cells of a visually impaired or blind patient when placed upon a microchip the researchers can test the organ or its individual cells for light sensitivity that enables them to determine in the lab whether a specific type of gene therapy would improve the eyesight of a particular patient. To study the disease that their last 2 test gene therapy in the particular mutation that patient has so its a completely new for me in basic research or basic medical research because we can now virk on the retinas of a given patients. This patient who is almost completely blind. He suffers from richer niters pigmentosa today incurable disease which incapacitates the written as visual receptor. The new gene therapy could help to reactivate the retina at least partially. My biggest wishes that our sterile piece start to work in patients. To achieve this and the institute in basel takes an interdisciplinary approach. But only roscoe whos head of Molecular Biology Research in the laboratory. His colleague 100 short leads a team of doctors in the clinic keeping in touch with the patients. Together they work as a team. In the past the 2 fields are entirely separated. Medical doctors did their job they reported their disease and basic scientists varied in their own institute closed in in which they try to address the problem but they were not really a vero of the real problem so very often in basic science via amazing technologies but they are not addressing the right problems. Roscoes team has taken a major step to remedy the situation they successfully equip blind retina cells with light sensitive protein channels grown from bacterial genes you know these cells react to once again. The researchers tools are socalled vectors minute shuttles that transport Genetic Information into the target cells 1st in the organ or and eventually directly inside the patients retina. We just take these gene and insert these gene into gene therapy vector the gene therapy factory spec itched into a protein shell and the inject this into the eye. Its a simple injection is would be an other injection be than other medicine. The experiments on the organ or its may seem like primitive reactions in a petri dish right there an important milestone in the quest to restore eyesight by means of gene therapy. Where it has been a Great Success in the lab must now passed the test of clinical treatment in patients. 5 people have already started gene therapy to treat their retinitis pigmentosa the results are pending but the researchers are optimistic that blindness may 1 day become reversible in many cases. We know how to restore vision we have the technologies what we are missing is details and we are missing virk force and investment from society. That just is cancer get a lot of investment to deal with the problem now blindness needs a lot of investment from private and public entities. As a bringer of hope for many thanks to his conviction that science needs the cooperation of many talents for success much like in music. In art in music we have a composer who works out the details of a piece and artist hes giving it to the audience in a keys off by a many scene the basic scientists they are preparing a new treatment be a coming up with a new treatment and it is the clinicians who then offer it to the public the patients. Their work is not yet complete but. His team have achieved a great deal already. And they plan to continue their quest so we can expect to hear much more about the basil based scientists and their trailblazing more can the future. If outlet is right why ave latin even made it. Do you have a science question youve always wanted on set send it in and if we answer it on the show youll get it didnt surprise as a thank you. I cannot just ask. For most stories from the world of science go to our website will find us on twitter. This weeks viewer question comes from chris humphries. Why does the earth have an atmosphere. And an atmosphere is not all that unusual many bodies in our solar system have one like the giant planet jupiter and its moon europa. A planet develops an atmosphere when gases amerge from within it and when it collects volatile substances from collisions with asteroids and comets. On. The earths atmosphere is a complex multilayered system up to an altitude of 90 kilometers it consists mostly of nitrogen along with the oxygen produced by living organisms. Our atmosphere extends far into space reaching to the moon and even beyond. Earth has enough mass to hold on to its atmosphere through gravity in contrast to mars. The red planets gravity is. Only one 3rd astronomers hours causing it to lose a barge part of its atmosphere its as thin on the martian surface as the air is 30 kilometers above the earths surface earths atmosphere also has a Magnetic Field to protect it from the electrically charged particles of the solar wind mars lost its planetary Magnetic Field 4000000000 years ago the solar wind can blow its atmosphere into space but the earth is also losing air into areas near the poles the particles of the solar wind penetrate deep into the atmosphere creating a rollos and carrying away several 100 tons of oxygen every day. Biological processes such as photosynthesis in plants can largely compensate for this loss even so the mass of the earths atmosphere is slowly decreasing. The earth has been able to hold on to its atmosphere for so long because it orbits close to the sun and because it rotates that keeps the atmosphere warm enough to prevent the gases from freezing on the surface. As Carbon Dioxide does on mars for example. Of all transport modes flying pretties is the most Greenhouse Gases so how could it be made more sustainable. Flying less isnt that likely to take hold. On the contrary 2970 record 188901 flights recorded. In the. Course of the flying is something we take for granted nowadays but gone is the romance of taking to the air replaced by worries about Climate Change and flight she. Before the pandemic the skies were full every day we burned 11500 liters of kerosene worldwide per 2nd carbon that had been locked away in the earths crust for millions of years in the form of crude oil entered the atmosphere as Carbon Dioxide where it accelerated Climate Change. But what if we could produce Aviation Fuel that doesnt put any new c o 2 into circulation made of nothing but water air and sunlight. Thats exactly whats being researched here at zurichs Technical University especially developed solar furnace on the roof of the Swiss University produces fuel from the ambient air with the help of concentrated solar radiation its the lifes work of. He and his students have been researching and working on the furnace for more than a decade. But 50 of having what we have here is a complete mini refinery for solar fuels that ive filled. With their furnace the swiss were able to show that their theory that fuel can be produced from sun air and water also works in practice. In the 1st step areas drawn in and the water and Carbon Dioxide it contains are collected using the mirror dish the suns rays are concentrated onto one of the 2 reactors heating it up to 1500. 00 degrees celsius at the heart of these reactors a catalyst takes care of the 1st conversion. Response like catalyst is coated with a rare earth metal syria mock side. The components of water and Carbon Dioxide are split apart. Reassembled to create whats known as sin gas. This mixture of hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide can then be converted into liquid fuels such as kerosene its rather like a Chemical Construction kit when the fuel produced in this way is burning it only releases c o 2 into the atmosphere that had previously been removed from it so does this solve the problem and unfortunately not completely madonnas to the Production Volume of this system is still very low its less than 100. 00 milliliters per day so the production costs are still very high. By comparison a transatlantic airliner burns on average almost one leader per 2nd or around 3000 liters per hour. The university of zurich has meanwhile inaugurated a larger Test Facility in spain but even the quantities produced here are just a proverbial drop in the ocean but it shows that this sun to liquid method can also work on a larger scale. So why dont we build huge plants in the desert right away and the main problem is the price of kerosene from petroleum is still unbeatable a cheat and fuel costs make up a 3rd of the price of a typical Airline Tickets in fact kerosene can already be produced synthetically and mostly sustainably in many ways such as in large algae farms airlines began pursuing this option a long time ago but the results so far have been disappointing the production is still complicated and too expensive. In the end the decisive factor will be who can manufacture synthetic kerosene in industrial quantities at the lowest cost. As the c. E. O. Theres still no real end. Anomic rationale behind these projects theyre all part of this whole discussion about the carbon is ation and germanys transition to green energy and. You conversion is head of the hide a refinery in northern germany this is where the fuel for Hamburg Airport is distilled. The refinery wants to become part of the shift to Renewable Energy in aviation. Has a plan to produce sustainable kerosene here instead of using the sun like this was project hes looking to harness surplus wind power. And theres lots of electricity thats not even generated in the 1st place the systems are switched off because theres simply too much electricity in the power grid and thats where we come in our plan is to convert this unused electricity into hydrogen and then turn the Hydrogen Engine into synthetic fuel especially kerosene he was in some of. Whats particularly attractive about this power to liquid process is that the Carbon Dioxide needed to produce the fuel is drawn out from nearby factories rather than letting this climate damaging gas escape into the atmosphere its then processed into fuel using water and electricity. When this synthetic kerosene is burned no new Carbon Dioxide enters circulation but instead old Carbon Dioxide is recycled so could heavy industry actually be part of the solution to the climate issue at least in aviation researchers at the university of braman in germany think it cant its one of the partners in this project. Off and of in refineries have the expertise to handle and process hydrocarbons from fuels they also have the infrastructure in place today for their operations but we will also need that if we want to operate a power to liquid plant. And in the pause. But i lot of the time when. Within 5 years the plan should be producing synthetic kerosene for lufthansa. Our 1st goal is to cover 5 percent of the requirements of Hamburg Airport. Sustainable kerosene will have to come from many sources in the future the decisive factor will be who can produce the alternative fuel at the lowest cost but if aviation hopes to slash its c o 2. 00 emissions by half before 2050 it must rely on projects like those of the university of zurich and the height of refinery. Electric cars in their quiet and green. Electric cars have a secret their batteries contain problematic substances like cobalt a lithium extracting this mineral requires a lot of water and most lithium resists are in some of the driest places on. Earth to cause really the future of. The mobility is about more than just getting from a to b. For countering esthers at least. Right its like youre floating its so nice. From 0 to 100 Kilometers Per Hour in 4 seconds flat on green dark christianes and also like having a good conscience. If im driving through town with queues of cars coming towards me i can say at least my car doesnt stink. Except its not completely clean either. Electric cars do produce particulates matter even if they dont spew exhausted. Once the debate over combustion engines started i was glad to have nothing to do with them anymore. Although not quite Nothing Better reproduction consumes electricity which is generated for. Dirty sources. Most Battery Manufacturers are based in countries that still have coal based power plants. A bigger battery therefore means emitting more c o 2 during its production. Automakers like to stress that big is beautiful on the battery front to. Accept that it is. The more powerful an electric car the more electricity is required to charge its battery and as that electricity comes from the grid in countries like germany that means a fair proportion of coal generated power this together with battery production emissions means that some larger electric cars are responsible for more c o 2 than a midsized diesel fuel car. So emissions free driving is still not a reality one solution could look like this smaller and lighter cars with a shorter range and Lower Driving speed and therefore a lower Carbon Footprint. The train has wants to fuel her car with her own solar powered generator. My big goal for the future is to be able to produce electricity for the car myself. But for now she also has to resort to regular power from the grid. From the sun. Our cities are heating up the so called urban heat island effect means areas in the city dont cool down as fast as the surrounding countryside. That can be hazardous for human health densely Populated Areas are especially at risk so urban planning is need solutions we had a look at some of the ideas out there. Researches in switzerland where came to create the perfect city earth felt. Engineered and it boomeranged has been commissioned by the government to conduct experiments under traffic conditions on the test track. Our goal is to bring the temperatures down during the summer heat waves having cooler nights as the main. Mass found to reach temperatures of 70 degrees celsius the black surfaces get hot during the day and release heat at night meaning the city cant cool down. And stop for if you look at a city from above you see about 40 percent buildings and 20 percent growth the buildings all belong to someone but with the robots you have a bit more scope and also so. Eric is leading the experiment is to be as found as joe to develop the perfect as found here on the test site they select the asphalt mixtures that will be in the running for the heat and stress test. Roads are made up. But several layers the superstructure has a base course layer and on top of that theres a binder layer and a surface layer. Asphalt road so usually around 95 percent rock and 5 percent human its this binding agent that makes the asphalt black spot layer is lighter in color it will absorb left. One option is to lighten the ass found by covering the top layer with chippings light colored stone thats pressed into the normal rolled asphalt. To be insist testing various options with different colors and quantities of chippings the more you add the lighter the road. The lightest one can be seen here on the far left but its a balancing act. And it seems that too many chippings mike the road unstable. Theres not enough grip. Chippings or precode that also changes the color we dont know yet what exactly difference that makes to the temperature without it if you can see that some of it is more yellow and that would also have the light absorption. Of for be uniform from the. Another possible q. Ling technique is to use a highly poorest as. The pores can absorb and release water known as passive cooling. And it has great potential. And under heavy traffic there would still be obstacles. Challenges that the pores get clogged over time but these types of coating have already been used to reduce noise so if thats possible then its conceivable that we could use them for cooling surfaces too. One thing they know. If its certain the lighter the road the cooler which its. Put on a lighter colored road would you be able to see white paint markings like parking spots and traffic lanes and if these were painted in a different color would it be confusing to the driver thats part of the many tests that have been. The most important test just making sure the road can support the traffic with it but also that the cooling effect lasts and doesnt just wear off as the road gets older i mean one of these things one. Paving the way to the perfect afunction the be. Thats all for now and for morning grossing stories about science and technology visit our website. Will be back next week with a fresh edition of tomorrow today until then by. Always crossing boundaries and gazing into the abyss of the human soul directed down a handsome. Street truthfully extremists on the service who cannot truly feel snubbed by an intruder with their hats off to go you can trust. 21. Morning these shoes are not for beginners. Theyre the creations of god the osorio. Playful yet glamorous. Theyre sought after by women the world over. The columbian designer finds inspiration in florence for his stunning footwear. Bureaucrats. The 30 minutes. To only. 3 or not to own gold. What about a sherman economy instead of. The change in thinking is changing the economy to create something new. Economic magazine and george. W. Play. Beethoven in just this deep deep deep Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo doo doo going to do. It is a done 16. Movie peter truth. So many rubber bands of stolen beethoven. And of course the subconscious always one thing is clear the peto is wildly popular. I see a sure shot i see a strong. World series with the biggest composer of all time i cant even begin to imagine a world class horn player single willis for on a musical journey of discovery. World without beethoven starts september 16th on the w. This is news and these are our top stories u. S. President donald trump has announced that bahrain is the latest arab nation to normalize relations with israel the breakthrough is part of the u. S. Push to fully integrate the jewish state in the middle east last month the United Arab Emirates also recognized israel under us
vimarsana.com © 2020. All Rights Reserved.