Major war criminal trial in nuremberg was revolutionary. The beginning of International Criminal justice. Our first fair, very fall. Without nuremberg, there would be less hope of justice for the victims also on the day, saudi arabia is hosting the g 20 summit with the coronavirus at the top of the agenda. But its the countries human rights record thats in the spotlight. 20 presidency, the government of saudi arabia has been hard at work trying to rebrand its image. And yet behind these initiatives and reform, the reality on the ground is that there is a brutal crackdown by the saudi authorities. National welcome to the day we begin with the 75th anniversary of the nuremberg trials have followed world war 2. A landmark event in history. It was the 1st International Tribunals of war criminals. Defendants included the top members of germanys nazi regime, who survived the war, and they faced charges including crimes and crimes against humanity. The trial of the original 24. 00 defendants last october 1946 and resulted in jail terms and death penalties. Only 3 were acquitted. Or a ceremony to mark the anniversary has been held in the courtroom in which those trials took place. Germanys president frank talked about the pioneering nature of those proceedings. The deed of the idea of the nuremberg trials was groundbreaking. Law setting limits to the blatant abuse of power. That it was the foundation for universal criminal law and International Criminal justice an International Order based on law and justice. It was also the foundation for a principle of universal jurisdiction. So that no where in the world crimes and crimes against humanity should go unpunished. Barry white is a historian at the United StatesHolocaust Memorial museum in washington. D. C. A welcome to how would you rate the significance of these events 7075 years ago . Well, it was definitely a momentous historical event and really marked a major advance human quest for justice. And they have been lots of arguments about whether these trials actually served justice. The defense argued that it was wrong to indict people for violating those that didnt exist when they committed the acts of which that they later accused. But he is one of the chief prosecutor is about trial. This is benjamin ferentz with a different take on the potential for injustice. I should hope in and i want to scale to do it. On the one hand, im not 20, its a nuisance. Oh, you know, i havent got a 1000000 victims. That it cant be done. You know, nobody justice in a situation like this. So barry white with we had for there were french and british and soviet and american lawyers drawing up a vis procedure. Was there unanimity about what justice looked like . Yes, i think by the time of the trial, it wasnt a foregone conclusion that there would be a trial at the end of the war. Churchill instyle were still arguing for summary executions of nazi leaders. But the United States in particular, argued that they really needed to be a different process that not just another incident of victors exacting vengeance on the defeated. But a process that people, especially the germans, would see as fair and also processes that were certain not only to punish nazi germanys leaders for their crimes, but also to prevent those kinds of crimes from being committed in the future. As Robert Jacksons the chief prosecutor for the us at nuremberg said, civilization couldnt avoid, afford to ignore such devastating crimes because it wouldnt survive their repetition. And so the us argued that a trial, we give them the opportunity to present to of the world that evidence of the crimes that were committed. And by giving the defendants confronting, dont want to have a chance in giving the defendants the opportunity to defend themselves. It would be a process that would be seen as fair and where also set a legal precedent for the future. And why was nuremberg chosen as the location for this trial . Well, there wasnt a building standing in berlin and there was a margin of to serve for that purpose. And there was the palace of justice in nuremberg. It had not endured much damage. It could easily be remodeled to hold this kind of trial and it had a connection to a prison. And then herbert had a certain symbolic value because it was both the location of the mass of the nazi party rallies and also gave its name to the nuremberg laws, which provided the legal basis for the persecution of the jews in nazi germany. So as we heard from the german president from valve style maya these events of 75 years ago, i have had massive ramifications over the years. It in legal terms that the nuremberg trials for this template for dispensing international justice. But you could just tell us a bit more about that. Yes. The trials, after the trials was over, the United Nations unanimously adopted what we called the nuremberg principles into International Law. And so those who read that the 3 crimes that were charged their crimes against peace were cracked, crimes against humanity were violations of International Law that anyone who committed those crimes, even head of state sponsored before them, that the process of holding them accountable should be through a fair trial based on the facts and law, and that defendants couldnt escape responsibility by arguing that they had just been following orders. So this, the trial was 75 a years ago. Do you think there is good reason to keep going back and examining what happened . Yes, absolutely. Mean those principles. The nuremberg principles became the basis for International Criminal law today. And while its true that its still pretty rare for the perpetrators of International Crimes to be brought to justice. I dont think you can find many people who would argue against the principle that such perpetrators should be held to account or that that kind of justice should be exactly through a fair trial based on the facts are. And its reasonable to question whether he does principles would be so universally accepted if the nuremberg trial had not been held. Ok, so now were in a situation where its all happened and were looking back in, in history. I wonder. Do you think when you look now at whats going on with the International Criminal court and how it exists, but it, it is often in, held, in contempt by, by some jurisdictions have those lessons been learned. And well, as i said, its still stuck a long ways to go before those principles that restamp wish to norm berg are universally practiced. That theres no question that the International Criminal court is not the only avenue or ensuring that those principles are following those principles. There are others is really best if possible, to try perpetrators in the places where they committed their cry. Its. And then theres also the possibility for 3rd parties under universal jurisdiction to charge the perpetrators of International Crimes. Germany is doing that right now with some people involved in torture, systematic torture in syria. And also, i believe with the genocide of the city in iraq, a very watch from the United States, a Holocaust Memorial museum. Thank you. Well, who was prosecutions are were just a landmark in legal history. Are that report takes a look at 2 people who were directly affected by events in new york in 1904 peter gard. Osh was 14 years old when he, his mother and his sister, were deported to the auschwitz concentration camp. One year later, at the nuremberg trial, he recognised some of the men who sent them to the gas chamber. It was pure luck that he survived but i followed the trial and felt great satisfaction, that at least the main were brought to justice by the allies. And that they finally received their just punishment. Nicholas frank also experienced an unexpected end to his carefree childhood. His father hunts frank was hitlers deputy in occupied poland. Hans was one of the main war criminals dubbed the butcher of poland. Nicholas was only 6 then. He was teased at school at school, some kids made up rhymes minister, minister gas canister. Because i was the son of a heist minister, but that wasnt so bad. In other words, said to me, good nicky, nicky, that was my nickname. Your daddy will be hanged soon. So i just answered yes. Up until the very end, the main war criminals denied the systematic extermination of jews. They tried to deny everything and said they knew nothing. But during the trial they were shown films of the concentration camps with the mountains of corpses. And afterwards, even getting himself was dazed. None of the accused at the nurnberg trial to credit for their actions. They pushed the responsibility up the chain of command. They said they only have bad orders. They blamed everything on hitler or himmler who were both dead by then. Nicholas father was sentenced to death. He is and 11 more death sentences were carried out on october 16th, 1946 at the movies. Back then they showed not how they were hung, but how they lay in their coffins with the white and black stripes noose around their necks. And i thought they all deserved to wear that next time. Nicholas hong, always carries a photo of his hanged father with him. And whenever he feels just a touch of pity for his dad, he thinks of auschwitz. And then he affirms the verdict of the nuremberg trial was just on saturday. Saudi arabia plays host to the g. 20 summit of the worlds richest economies, but questions are being asked about how a country with such a dubious human rights record comes to be hosting such a Prestigious International event. The kingdoms de facto ruler, crown Prince Mohammed, bin sound man, is king to present thinking to him as a place of change and reform as he seeks to diversify its economy away from oil and to an international tourist. Destination is even that women drive cars. But the dark stains of his countrys actions are not so easily washed away. Alexandra, phenomena reports and outspoken critic of saudi arabias government murder in a saudi consulate. Blogger arrived, but dar we publicly flogged and sentenced to 10 years in prison for legit. Lee, insulting islam activists. Luge, you know, large for all detained for seeking the right to drive. Those are just 3 examples of Human Rights Violations in saudi arabia. The country hosting this years t 20 summit since assuming the g 20 presidency, the government of saudi arabia has been hard at work trying to rebrand its image. So theres a large Global PublicRelations Campaign underway in order to encourage investment in the country. And yet behind these initiatives, and therefore the reality on the ground is that there is a brutal crackdown being led by the a Society Authorities against its own nationals. And thats the reason why european lawmakers are taking a stand. You cannot remain silent. Last month they passed a resolution calling on the u. Officials to downgrade their presence a patient in this summit, even though its only a Virtual Event marked or a bell is spearheading, they can pain. We are ask for the dont gridding why . Because an empty seat is not a good policy, it would be better to send of the legation who is able to deliver a message, a strong message that will do so. The oto to please the lawmakers also send a personal letter to European Commission president or the law funded lie and European CouncilPresident Shall michel, we ask the commission for their response and were told the summit was too important not to attend. Weve been raising our concerns and we discussed further how to improve the human rights situation, the protection of human rights in the kingdom. And we will continue to pay off most attention to this question. E. U. Officials say its important to maintain dialogue and keep Communication Channels open, but the human Rights Groups argue leaders must use this summit as an opportunity to ramp up the pressure on riyadh and hold the country to account for human rights abuses. They demanded it, at least all the womens rights activists currently in jail should be released as soon as possible. After all, one of the themes of the g. 20 is womens empowerment of the people that is hunter, phenomena named in that report are suffering abuse by saudi authorities, as activists who spent nearly 3 years in a maximum security prison for campaigning for the right to drive a family has been campaigning for her release, and her sister lena joins us now from welcome to day w. Can we start with you or your sister . What is the last you heard of . So i personally and that are that have any contact with her directly . Because in a celeb parents visited her on the 26 and thats the last news the handles there that day she told them that she will be starting a Hunger Strike on that date. Because as to a new years of imprisonment, to, to sell it to the containment, she told them that its just too much now that she doesnt want to survive this anymore. If shes not even allowed to have regular calls. And we dont have any news. And worse, even the human rights commission, the saudi human rights commission, luxe and mutes comments untrue to anyone asking about my sister. So were really worried. So given that theres the give about background, i wonder what you feel about saudi arabia being in the world, spotlight as it plays host to the g 20. Do you welcome the attention this brings to the kingdom and your spawn possibly to your sister schools . Or would you rather see riyadh sort of shunned as a way of putting pressure on the authorities . I think this summit, the g 20 summit, should not be so degraded to legitimize itself. And i think its the rhetoric asian flu will to do is to have an honest and structural discussions. And if we have to go to the unites them really and which human rights and for that i think that its directed and that they have to talk about the human rights situation of the country that is most to them and to prayer, to asked and to return to the needs of the activist that has been leading the great changes. Crown Prince Mohammed seen to be revamping the kingdoms international image. Women are now allowed to drive and go to concerts and even attend a sporting events. Timely advances when viewed from a western perspective, but i guess requiring a significant cultural shift within the country. I mean, i think that saudi arabia is only its only a new myth that its opening up that its modernizing. The country has never had so much repression inside of the country. So everything, all the great changes that the west sees our own ways except for driving are always counted if they last for example, and they allowed women to travel. And now let me go see in western media is that there is disobedience and also basically guardian has the rights to this freedom. And if you believe his daughter, his wife, this will be him when travelling and he can stop you and in prison here. Same goes with the religious police, we see that there is no religious police anymore. But again, its going to inflame the public decency law, which basically allows a policeman to the rest, a woman or anyone who he thinks is not based on his own morals. He thinks is not decent enough, so the red lines are not known anymore. Everything is very arbitrary. People are very scared inside of the country. There is a real atmosphere of fear. So everything we see able to resurface and opening up. Its only a whitewash of everything is of the repression that is happening inside of the country. Briefly, what would be your message being to world latest . Virtually riyadh. I think my message is quite clear. Its not possible to go back to business as usual in saudi arabia when it imprisons torture is actually use there is saudi people cannot be hurt any more of a, their own governments, you know, its the duty of the International Community that legitimizes this region when its just sad and so they have to speak up. They have to, to be our voice, basically because saudi arabia only dissidents to the International Community and doesnt listen to us anymore. And we think its a moral duty now for saudi arabias allies to ask for their release of the people who have been trying to reform their country or wish you well in fact, so much for joining us. Thank you very much. The 1st of 3 districts to be part of a contentious peace accord. The agreement was brokered by russia which sent troops to the region to oversee the withdrawal. It ended weeks of fighting over the disputed region of which is inside azerbaijan, but its been controlled by media for decades in september as an offensive to reclaim the territory. Well, under the peace deal, troops have to leave the 3 areas by the 1st of december show it has been made city a cat and sent this report after weeks of fighting and hundreds of refugees returning to their every day. Russian peacekeepers watch over the process. Which is just like the recent peace deal is a betrayal. We dont know what we will do and when we will we just came here because we have no other option. We dont have i left everything behind in shoes. She a 2 bedroom apartment with everything in us, old enough and renovation. I didnt even manage to take any clothing with me. So my neighbors thought some of my clothes, one of everything, and this is wash. I came here in with a population of just over 50000 people is the biggest city in here think they could soon be dealing with up to 25000 refugees from nearby regions which are no longer under armenian control. Had several hotels so that people can live there for now. While we Start Building more houses, that people who have come from the regions all want to live in stock on the kurds. And we have to explain to them this isnt big enough to provide for everyone. We have to live in villages in other areas. Even for those who didnt leave, theres a lot of rebuilding to do. Traces of the recent war lurk around every corner. People in have gotten used to living in the middle of a frozen conflict. But after the most recent fighting, even that normality seems far away is preparing for the return of his children and grandchildren who left during the fighting. The windows of his building got blown out in a bomb blast for now, plastic sheets will have to do instead. The 65 year old says he and his neighbors lived in the basement for around 3 weeks. Many can still remember the fierce fighting of the 1990 s. I was machine gunfire back and forth. This time it was really scary weapons. We have to start over now. We dont have anything. We dont have work either. Probably going to do our best to live well, even with destruction everywhere, most people say leaving is not an option. Has just gotten smaller. It will always be their homeland or us drugs, money factor of 5. 00, and its german partner bound tech became the 1st companies to apply for emergency approval of their covered 19 vaccine in the u. S. If approved by the food and Drug Administration, it could be distributed by early or late december. The company said trials indicate their vaccine is 95 percent effective. And theres hope from other drugs firms. The u. S. Drugs maker, is also expected to apply for emergency approval. This week the company said its vaccine is 95 percent effective in trials Astra Zeneca OxfordUniversity Plan to release results of their late stage trials before christmas. And russia says its sputnik 5 vaccine is 92 percent effective. The w. H. O. Is in talks with moscow over a potential application for emergency approval. And that was the day after the conversation continues on life after the w. Im a good feeling to the point of strong opinions, clear positions of international perspective, submit researches are reporting. See difficult breakthroughs in efforts to develop a vaccine against covert 19. Could this be the beginning of the end for the coronavirus nightmare, and who feel which one will profit 1st find out to the point short for the book. To the point that the beating the minutes on w. , o. The more cant sleep because you know for loser in this war to swallow the loonies love is mostly smoke. Has no love for them, which was a good scream. The more i can sleep sleep sleep. Im david and this is climate change. Happiness in 3 books for you to get smarter for free books for you to come to start rails against. Come up, shut up. Lets turn to this one coming from a poor family. Loves to become president. He challenges america doesnt seem credible story. Will stop you walking along starts december 10th on g. W. The claim this is the doubling years lie from the latest 75 years since the start of the nuremberg trials. German president frog called to start my take scotching commemorations of the prosecutions of top nazi officials to tell play the foundations of the International Criminal court. Also on the program, a german drugs come from a bomb technology u. S. Patna, fison seek emergency approval for that corona virus vaccine. In the u. S. They say they could begin sending out shots within hours of approval. Im phil gayle welcome to the program. 75 years ago, the nuremberg trials brought nazi leaders to justice in whats being called the birth of International Law. 24 high ranking representatives of the nazi regime were indicted for war crimes in the southern german city of new york. It was the 1st avenue tribunals of its kind and the 1st time any countrys leaders stood before an International Calls a year later guilty. Verdicts lead to prison sentences and 12 death penalties. The trial paved the way for the creation of the International Criminal court in the hague. Well, joining commemorations today at nuremberg palace of justice, where those trials took place. German president frank gave an address emphasizing their significance to help fix the nuremberg trials of the main war. Criminals were revolutionary and they didnt just make legal history. They made world history. See, you start their rights, but the city known for the nuremberg rally and the race laws held a mirror up to germans. Indic nurnberg confronted them in plain view of the world with the fact that naziism itself, including its conduct in war, was criminals, and it seeks feeling and for breaking it isnt ordinary back if it werent for nuremberg war lords from serbia, croatia, or rwanda, for instance, wouldnt have been punished for mass murder, torture and rape. And genocide would not be prosecuted as a crime. And if it werent for nurnberg, there would be no principle of International Law and International Courts could not cross a cute violations of International Law and for good. Well, database political correspondent, simon young, is outside the palace of justice in europe. Welcome, simon. Tell us about tonights ceremony. Well, it was a solemn act of remembrances. It was called in a courtroom 600 in the building behind me. Nuremberg palace of justice and president dined my, as you heard there was saying hes trying to draw the lessons really of nuremberg understand its significance today saying that not offering a response to the unprecedented crimes of the nazis. The holocaust, of course, was not an option. Something had to be done and was that on it was a revolution. He said, of historical significance that led to the International Institutions of criminal justice such as the International Criminal court that we had allowed for a real evaluation of the past. Here in germany itself, one of the important legacies that it had. So the president s speech really looking at a broad view, we also heard from benjamin ferentz. He was somebody who was involved in the nuremberg trials as the chief prosecutor in the socalled s. S. Einsatzgruppen trial. One of the follow up trials to the main tribunals that happened in the late fortys. And he appealed to people listening to him to really turn away from war to assert the principle of law rather than war. And he pointed out that even now 75 years on from the nuremberg trials, wars are still going on. And atrocities are still being committed in the name of governments. Stay with us. Were going to hear from benjamin ferentz, who you mentioned that part of a Prosecution Team and who helped to build the case against nazi officials. Hes been speaking today about his historic role, and i got 30 indignant. I said, loath i got my hair. Its your math might run on president and im not going to have you back to go. Benjamin ferenc was the chief prosecutor in the trial of the s. S. Death squad members at nurnberg in 1947. He was 27 years old and had already fought as a us soldier against the nazis might. For simon was to set up a law Crimes Branch for your own. I knew that by going into the concentration camps as they were liberated, nobody saw what i saw because they got in. Right where you are going here. And dead bodies lying on the ground, piled up, waiting for a democratic lawyer. Friends collected evidence of nazi war crimes. In the trials, he brought charges against more than 20 men for murdering a 1000000 people. In his indictment however, he stressed that he didnt want revenge vengeance not question. How can i balance the scales of justice on the one hand, im not 20 minutes. Oh, you know, i havent got a 1000000 victims. So he cant be down here when you know you reach out to us in a situation like this, the next sums we learned, they use, you know, worries on their green, their common, thats all the call up there to see if you know, you can share those act out receipts of marriage secures americas uninsured. If we can make that a crime and that is a crime, not against the redskins, its a crime against your mind. And the trials ended in 1948 with guilty verdicts for the 22 defendants. But friends didnt stop there. He continued to fight for justice and push to establish an International Criminal court. That court became a reality in 1908 at a conference in rome. Ferenc was there. Actually, i began saying, i have come to rome to speak for those who cannot speak with victims. And the only authority ever comes from my op. So its really what is only the beginning, actually no more. And really its just set up a court on the record that you wouldnt future to deter any such pride in creature. The i. C. C. Has been in operation in the hague since 2002. In just over 2 dozen cases, it has investigated possible war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ferenc has traveled to the hague several times to take part. Ive come a long way in what ive seen when you have an International Criminal court, it has its problems. Serious problems. You dont get a lot of cooperation. The troops have more cooperation, not only. He says, the secret to succeeding at this is simple. They will get, well i just aman young engineer about the assignment. Tell us more about the significance of base trials. Well, i think the nuremberg trials were hugely significant. As we said, they asserted the principle that states governments, but also the individual members of those governments could be held and must be held accountable. If crimes are perpetrated in their name, they familiarize the world with criminal charges such as crimes against humanity and genocide. And these are really important principles that as we said, led to the modern architecture of International Criminal justice that weve had. The trials were also innovative. And in various ways they brought together, divergent Legal Systems of the victorious allies. The u. K. , the us, france and the soviet union, of course, and that was a difficult thing to do. It also meant that the proceedings had to be translated simle taney, asli into different languages. Thats something were familiar with today. That was new back then. A lot of the evidence was presented in, in film form with those horrific images of piles of corpses from the nazi concentration camps. So there was a lot of innovation that was important back then, and his has marked the way forward to what we see today in terms of the International Criminal court. And so 75 how does germany reflect on the trials today . Its very interesting. The development of acid cheese here in germany, initially, to some extent, you know, the trials, the nuremberg trials began just months after the end of the 2nd world war. People didnt, hadnt really got their heads around. The fact that germany was defeated. Many of the allegations about the holocaust, for instance, were still denied by many people. And the trials in for a while at least were rejected as victors justice by germans. But i think they were a very important part of changing attitudes, laying the foundations for what was ultimately a an attempt to deal with the nazi past. Even in the German Court System that began with the ash trials in, in the 1960 s. And so on. Of course today when germans reflect on nuremberg, i think theyre very encouraged to know that something of last in value for the world came from it in the form of the the International Criminal court, albeit that, as president don meyer said, not every country in the world has signed up to that international process. In not least, of course, both the United States and russia are not members of the International Criminal court, even though they stood firmly behind him, were indeed major proponents of the nuremberg trial process 75 years ago. Simon, thank you. Finest, take a look now at some of the other stories making headlines around the world. Police in south africa have clashed with anti racism. Protesters in cape town. Hundreds of members of the left wing Economic FreedomFighters Group were demonstrating your school said to have held an all White Dance Party in october. South africas president has called for an investigation describing the clashes as deeply regrettable. The United Nations has warned that yemen is in immediate danger of facing the worst famine. The world has seen for decades, and that millions of lives could be lost without immediate action. Yemen has enjoyed a 5 year war between iran back to the rebels and its saudi backed government. Police in uganda say at least 37. 00 people have died in classes clashes during protests over the arrest of opposition. President ial candidate bobby wine. The, your pop star turned politician was accused of violating coby guidelines while campaigning. Its being reported that hes now been granted by germany has recorded its highest number of daily coronavirus cases. More than 23 and a half 1000 new infections have been confirmed in the last 24 hours. Robert Call Institute for infectious diseases, reports of 880000, people have now contracted to accommodate 19. This increase comes as germany continues to battle. The virus with partial lockdowns tougher restrictions could be on the way when chance after chance, the merkel meets the heads of germany states next week. German drug developed biotech and its u. S. Partner, pfizer seeking emergency authorization for their Coronavirus Vaccine in the United States. Based on the vaccine safety record, the u. S. Food and Drug Administration could grant permission for emergency use before testing is complete. If successful, the 1st shots could be administered next month for the world, experiencing daily hardships. As a result of a pandemic vaccine cant come soon enough. A small pub with a big history 60 years of just the albatross pub in california once hosted intellectuals of the Free Speech Movement in the sixtys. Today is shutting down for good due to the coronavirus pandemic where people, everybody hang out and talk and it was a public space. It was, a community space. Its a familiar story, not just in the u. S. , but all across the world. The lives of many have been up ended by the pandemic. But on friday, some good news. German drug developer biotech and its american partner, pfizer announced that they will be asking the u. S. Food and Drug Administration for emergency approval of a covert. 19 vaccine comes after the Companies Posted promising results from advanced trial. It showed a 94 percent success rate in adults over 65. 00. It will start the clock in a process that could see the vaccine approved for use in the u. S. By may december pfizer. And by on text say the vaccine will be distributed within hours of getting the final emergency approval. We already produce more than 20000000 doses 10 years or more. But experts dont want people getting too excited. Stressing that the manufacture and distribution of the vaccine is a complex task and will take some time. I mean, even if we look about, you know, 6070 percent population in the world to be immunized to see the real impact of the vaccine. We are talking about 11000000000. 00, and i go to, can you produce at this here for 40 minutes mentioned on the blog by on tech. And pfizer have also started applications in the u. K. And in europe for use of their vaccine as if youre up to date. Well, at the top of the hour, stephen, because they has your business update. Next, i could give us your country will make you rich people will provide you with jobs. The oil will take good care of you may suggest that will forever took hold on the west coast to come out in 2007. The stores made promises like years later, reality looks very little good. Drinking water shortage. I mean what happened to the mystery . Black gold oil thomas starts december 4th, w the world moves one step closer to its 1st covert, 19 vaccine. U. S. Drugmaker, pfizer and its german counterpart bio on tap ask u. S. Regulators to greenlight their drug. They say distribution can begin hours after approval. Also on the show, germanys planned gas pipeline with russia was a favorite target of the trumpet, ministration, presidency, change anything, and look to the skies a new satellite joins the e. U. , copernicus, consolation to provide free data for us earthlings who are both welcome to the show. Im stephen beardsley. Its good to have you with us. Drug maker, pfizer and its german partner bio on tech have asked us health regulators for emergency authorization of their covert 19 vaccine, putting them on track for distribution beginning in december. The Companies Already have purchased deals with major governments and expect to supply up to 1300000000 doses. By the end of 2021, pfizer has spent about 2000000000 dollars on research and development. It has a cost sharing and Marketing Agreement with germany based biotech, which developed the unique messenger r. N. A. Technology for the vaccine. Financial correspondent in new york, yemens korda. Good to see you. The most coveted product in the world right now potentially. What does this mean for these drug makers right now . Well, its definitely good news for pfizer if everything works so well. Clearly also for a value on tech, but pfizer is some other Big Pharmaceutical Companies and they have the problem that some of their patients actually expires. So getting this of a c n i would, would be definitely some welcome news. There are some estimates from Morgan Stanley that this was seen alone next year. Could bring about 13000000000. 00 if i understand correctly, that it would be evenly split between beyond tech and pfizer. So pfizer would get about 6 and a half 1000000000 dollars next year. If all works well. And if Morgan Stanley is right, it was the program also said was that the scene would actually be the best selling product from pfizer. So its no surprise that the stock has been on the rise in the past couple of days. The more information weve gotten from the promising to see the end is not as important for people in populations that vaccine come out, but also for businesses and specific industries. What does this mean for industries around the world . Yeah, well thats the big hope that everybody is having. Im standing here right in front of the new york stock exchange, and there you might see the line, the short line. Its actually going around the block. So youre concious that of one of those walk in clinics. A lot of people getting tested before thanksgiving because they want to go home to see their families. So the Health Crisis definitely is a real we heard here from new york that maybe by the end of the month, bars and Fitness Studios might have to close down that we heard from j. P. Morgan here on friday that they are actually lowering the growth expectations for the 1st quarter because of the pandemic, because of the virus seems to be out of control all over the country. And we see the measure spy of the states by the communities to at least partially lock down, the economy. So more a j. P. , morgan is the 1st of the big banks to actually estimate that the u. S. Economy might contract in the 1st quarter. They estimate that there will be that the u. S. Economy could shrink by about one percent. So far. Most of the other banks still see some growth in the 1st quarter, but that definitely sees shows. I mean, thats the problem that we have right now. And it also translate with share prices at the stock market by the way. So you have the whole point of a scene on one side, but then on the other side, the reality that the pandemic seems to be pretty much out of control in the United States. And no ones out of the woods yet in sort of their forests in new york. Thank you very much. All right, now we go to some of the other Global Business stories making news. General motors will boost investment in electric cars as demand for less polluting vehicles gain speed. The maker of the Chevrolet Volt plans to spend 27000000000. 00 on expanding its electric vehicle fleet over the next 5 years from 20000000000. 00. G. M. Wants 40 percent of its cars to be Battery Powered by 2025. Airlines will need as much as 80000000000. 00 in additional aid to stay aloft during the coming months. Thats according to the International Air transport association as countries tight restrictions to battle. Another wave of corona virus infections, demand for air travel remains low. The sector has already received an estimated 160000000000. 00 in aid. Chinas Aviation Authority says its not yet ready to certify boeing, 737. 00 max as safe to fly. Meanwhile, european regulators expect a decision on the macs by early next year. On wednesday, u. S. Regulators gave boeing the go ahead to return the model to the skies. The mass was grounded last year following 2 crashes which killed 346 people. Germanys governing coalition has agreed on a mandatory minimum quota of women on Company Executive boards. A working group from chancellor merkels conservatives, and the social democrats want at least one woman on the board of any listed company. With more than 3 board members. Party leaders will make a decision on the proposal next week. We stay in germany where u. S. Pressures on the countrys controversial nord stream 2 gas pipeline with russia. Theyve been a constant under the trump administration. The German Government has hoped that might change under president biden, but they might be disappointed. No matter who is at the helm, washington is determined to block the completion of construction work on the 2nd baltic sea pipeline. Joe biden has code no extreme to a bad deal for europe. There are just 160 kilometers of the 1200 kilometer pipeline left to finish. Near the Danish Island of bourne home, denmark says construction work can go ahead despite attempts by the United States government to block it. The u. S. Is threatening to impose sanctions against all companies in contract is involved in the project. Washington says north stream 2 will make parts of europe too dependent on russian gas and is concerned. It allows supplies to bypass countries like ukraine. The us is indeed concerned with Europes Energy Security because its fundamental to the National Security of our closest ally. This speaks directly to those concerns or trying to censor if it was completed, it would hurt both the economic and strategic stability of ukraine. It flies in the face of the European Energy unions own concept on diversification away from Russian Energy resources. Theres been criticism of the pipeline within germany and other european countries, but the e. U. Also opposes the u. S. Interfering in its energy policy. Many here suspect that economic concerns are behind the u. S. Stance. After all, the americans have their own natural gas to sell. On saturday, the European Space agency will launch its sentinel 6 satellite from Vandenberg Air force base in california. Thats the latest satellite that use earth observation program. Copernicus, a purpose has a network of satellites the keep an eye on our planet around the clock, and collect valuable data out of the community here on earth, in a variety of applications for free. They utilize satellite data to develop useful products. 20 years ago, r s s was a start up on a Munich University campus. Now the company employs 15 people. It specializes in the environment and its revenue has been rising sharply in recent years. All due to the e. U. s, copernicus, earth observation network, which sends vital data from satellites. Everyone has free access to it. Were always finding new applications when the computers have improved. Ai algorithms improve how we evaluate the data. So the current period is very beneficial and theres a Great Potential for growth. For this one important sphere is locating pete lyons. The data experts developed a special method of doing that, which led them to winning a competition with a 1000000 euros in prize. Money. Says is now identifying peak lands for the indonesian government in indonesia. Many forests are being cut down to build palm oil plantations. Peak areas often catch fire in the process, producing smoke in large quantities of climate damaging Carbon Dioxide. The satellite data can help prevent that. The project is being financed with International Relief funds. The satellite images even tell the experts how much biomass the forests have and how much Carbon Dioxide is stored in them. Reducing c o 2 emissions is a hot topic around the world. The Company Hopes that other countries will soon be using their data you know, in many asian countries, there are larger or smaller pete areas. Often no one knows about them because no one has looked into the subject. And there are a huge pita areas in africa. The african rainforest is just starting to be opened up to development with Investment Funds from china and other countries. Many customers use r. S, ss data conservation organizations like the w, w, f. The world bank, as well as large corporations that want to reduce their carbon footprint, even Public Institutions aiming to expand into Renewable Energies such as bio gas, wind, and solar power. The munich based company developed a special system for them to. It can determine the best locations for wind turbines, bio gas and solar plants in the area. And finally we bring you the story of a norwegian man who misses traveling so much that hes turned his kitchen into an airplane cabin. Gunner huns car has put several rows of old flight seats in the middle of the kitchen. He even bought a real trolley to serve food and drinks. The grounded frequent flyer has a range, so called flights for friends and family. But just like the real airlines, hes having trouble filling seats, filling seats rather to take over sections. Thats it for me and the dean of the Business Team here below. And as always, you can find out more about these and other business stories online. Dot com slash business. Ive seen bears as much to the point. Clear positions, international perspective, some of the researchers are reporting to you if youre going to breakthroughs are never going to come across against covert 19. Could this be the beginning of the end for the coronavirus nightmare, and who shortly will profit 1st find out to the point short . To the point i am of the 60 minutes on t. W. Im secure in the fame or not. And in the end is a me, youre not allowed to stay here anymore. We will send you that. Are you familiar with this with the smugglers, one liners. And whats your story. Ready when i was a women, especially of victims of violence, to take part and send us your story, you are trying always to understand this new culture or another visit to another. Yes. You want to become a citizen, migrants your platform for reliable information. How does a virus spread and the trend will all be true just through the tap and we couldnt read your product is called spectrum if you would like. And the information on the coronavirus or any other science topic. You should really check out our podcast wherever you get your podcast. You can also find us at dot com slash science. This is state of the unions africa on the program today called it 19 in africa. Have Public Health officials warn the continent is edging towards a 2nd wave as it surpasses 2000000 confirmed cases. Now with the best seen on its way is africa, radiance it distributes and ministers. And the election, overshadowed by terrorism, goes to the polls on sunday, but large parts of the country have been affected by extremist violence. Some voters wont get across their ballots