Season in a row after 2nd place Warrington Wolves lost an ill tempered game a 30 points to 10 against Catalan Dragons this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. Sound it's small speak up. A look at the weather this Sunday warm and dry with sunny spells the south and eastern parts of the West impulse will be mostly cloudy with frequent showers this morning and some of those could be heavy sunny spells and heavy showers in the afternoon for Scotland Northern Ireland and Northern England highs in the low to mid twenty's for breakfast the 1st official picket line this is the interest of all take place in Birmingham next month the family friendly is the shit out of. The bunch of carnage runs across the street base coming from it is back on our screens next month can you believe it still does it isn't it doesn't make sense when you do not seem that Nicky able. To cut the budget Middle East peace envoy they don't even think you're just going to get 20 by which I try to reason most people who usually does he has to tell us is and some might say it's quite really mental but surely that's the whole point slides like breakfast back Monday morning from 6 Sunday breakfast is coming up with Chris will button on Charlie Webster But 1st it's 5 Live Science This is a preview quoted program so please don't call or text. Hello welcome to 5 science with me and with Katie halo from the Naked Scientist in today's program find 3 D. Print a hot making batteries less flammable and if the bleep test really a useful measure of fitness plus really the point is that it's very fast so for people who feel a need to not spend much time in the air and want to get to wherever they're going in a hurry that is the advantage we look at the future of flying the naked scientists are fine fly. Fast. The HANS that are around 7400000 people in the U.K. Living with hot 2nd a tree disease and now researches from cunny key Mellon University have to develop a way of 3 D. Printing components of the human haunts the pots are made of college and the main structural protein up bodies and they were just like real hot tissue printing college and has been a major head in biomedical engineering but now the team has made a big leap forward and you Hudson one of the lead authors on this paper spoke to fill something. A group of biomedical engineers at Carnegie Mellon University have been working on something amazing 3 D. Printed bits of human heart it's all thanks to their special 3 D. Printing technique called Fresh Fresh stands for free form or versatile imbedding of suspended hydrogels and this is a technique that's pretty powerful not it kind of allows us to 3 D. Print fluids that's researcher Andrew Hudson he says the reason it's helpful to print a fluid is that you can print college and college in is a protein the most abundant protein in our bodies some have called it the holy grail of bio Prinz and it's very difficult to 3 D. Print even just printing really any length scale for of any material or any geometry from college and has been very very difficult for the field that's because to get college in into a useful gel form you have to print it when it's still a liquid and if you're just ran through the print that in error it would collapse on your bill plate you end up with a puddle people have tried to solve this by solidifying it with gelatin but the end result isn't very natural the fresh technique takes a different approach we 3 print inside a tub of support material and that support material has a really important physical property and that it has what's called a yield stress and what that means is there's a minimum amount of force they have to exert on this material and then it starts flowing like a fluid it's very similar to Manny's where if you turn a jar man is upside down and it doesn't flush to the bottom because it has a yield stress but whenever you can scoop it out with your knife you can spread. Bread because at that point you're sharing it enough so that it can start flowing like a fluid so what we're printing into has that physical property and that's what allows us to inject material into it and then have it because and prevent it from collapsing during the printing process this support material the lab's own secret sauce is what they really improved in their recent paper they've been able to 3 D. Print at much higher resolution by making the particles of the support material smaller and you can think of it really much like drawing a picture in the sand at the beach so if you try and draw say the Mona Lisa in gravel you can't get as much of a high resolution picture as if you were to try and print in fine sand now in that analogy the precision with which I can move my hand is just dictated by how expensive is your printer and what hardware do you have the thickness of my finger is just analogous to the with of my needle and then the most important part which is what we've improved upon this paper is reducing the size of those particles to try and therefore get a higher resolution picture that we're trying to print layer by layer with this fine control they can print all sorts of structures from cylinders to networks to choose that are like arteries and veins so in the paper what we had done we had taken patient specific data from someone's heart arteries and then we merged that and we kind of computationally filled in some gaps and so we have this really interesting structure that's combined of patient based data along with computational generated to use they can even 3 D. Print a custom heart found. Notably we made a the 1st proof of concept functioning hard valve and there's a huge market in terms of heart valve replacement heart valve repair at the moment there are 2 treatments to replace heart valves you can either get mechanical ones or by a prosthetic the mechanical ones are often metal and can be really well engineered but there's a high risk of blood clotting so you need to be on blood thinners for the rest of your life by a prosthetic smite be from a pig or a cow and you will need blood thinners. But these don't last nearly as long we can kind of combine the best of both worlds with bio printing where we can in theory have engineering design and all the criteria that we can simulate before we build anything 1st but we can print it from the materials that we know that we like from buy a prosthetic valves that are very blood compatible it's obviously a very long term plus year regulatory pathway but we're really excited to try and actually do patient specific bio printed medical devices Andrew Hudson and he's colleagues see a massive scope for this fresh 3 D. Printing technique what's really powerful better technique is that we can use it on printers that cost around $1000.00 the current bio printers go from a bare minimum of $10000.00 up easily to a 1000000 and what we think we show very convincingly in our paper is that the hardware that you have does not matter as much as how you print these things and we're really showing that with just a $1000.00 pretty printer using the fresh technique you can outperform a $1000000.00 printer so it's very realistic to have any university even high schools start to have bio printers so we're really driving down the cost of bio printing and really trying to get more people into the space that they can innovate . So you might have to wait a decade but then you are in hot printer Andrew what's in there from Carnegie Mellon University speaking about his study in the journal Science Now recently we've all been hearing about my capacity expect tiny bits of plastic from a few millimeters in diameter to even now meat is that can be washed away from everyday items or can be formed from larger pieces of plastic breaking down over time because that's so small they aren't easily filtered out by sewage systems meaning they can end up in the sea and can cause issues in the Marine willed Now scientists from the University of Adelaide in Australia have developed a way to break down these micro plastics so they dissolve into water and stop releasing toxins and up and spoke to Lily on a foot from the. Chemical engineering department in Cambridge who took a look at the paper for us so in this paper the authors have designed a new catalyst so they speed up their reaction so they made a catalyst which is a hybrid between carbon nanotubes and manganese compounds and manganese is a chemical element which is as a catalyst in many chemical reactions so by designing these catalysts they have shown that they can actually use it to degrade micro plastics and when we think about degradation that means not kind of cleaving it into the smaller pieces by the really degrading the chemical structure this is of course an interesting approach so you said it was a carbon nanotubes are these just really small chips of carbon if you imagine a very very very teeny layer of carbon if you would bind this into the tube then you will gave a very small nanotube in their case it was several 100 nanometers in Linked of these carbon nanotubes we can put a catalyst in to speed up or reaction so that's not me and the reaction was going to happen anyway in which is speeding it up you know in general there is nothing in the nature that stays the same so eventually the plastics would degrade it just takes thousands of years so you would like to speed it up so what they've shown in paper is exactly how the plastic structure changes over 6 to 8 hours and eventually days say that you can the Great the plastics into the C O 2 carbon dioxide and then this carbon dioxide could be used by marine organisms in the form of the Synthesis For example if you have a plant down to produce a bio materials so I think the plan with some of these new strategies is basically to use them in. Sewage water treatment plants Well if you have a combination where you have one reactor within this planned with microorganisms then the products could be used to create a biomass So you would have a circular system so these catalysts are described as springs Why is the shape of that important allies is the surface is important so if you have a spring like surface you are introducing different curvatures so that the molecules can fit in but you're also include easing the surface amount that is away a little for a catalysis So it's much better to have a curved surface than for example just a plane or one of these springs are also magnetic B.S.O. Having a magnetic materials is of course a very useful because you can imagine that you troll these catalyst into a mass of water so how are you going to get it out one way of getting it out is to use magnetic force so you basically use a big magnet where you remove your catalyst when the reaction is done so you 1st recycle your catalyst and you ensure that the catalyst is not ending up in the drinking water so do you think we'll be using these kind of catalysts and serious treatment plants any time soon although this is an interesting concept it will take a while until this is practically usable because one issue is the production scale up of these materials and the other thing is of course there needs to be a certain time which you invest into studying the by a competent you would not like anything to lead carved into the water what is maybe more toxic than the plastic itself from our do you think we should just use less plaster OK Well you know one of the biggest thing is that the LNG with plastic with require changes in our lifestyle this whole high about micro blast. This is relatively recent but I think we 1st also need to focus on the other plastic waste because even if we deal with in my car plastics there will be new micro plastics produced from the plastic waste we have so there needs to be changes in policy making but also in the personal relationship to plastics that was literally on a for commenting on a paper by young can and his colleagues at the University of Adelaide and that was published in The Journal matter you're listening to 5 science with me is a crock and with Casey Haleigh still to come is the bleep test a good way of measuring fitness and we look at the future of flying. Klebsiella pneumoniae is what's known as an opportunistic pathogen it's a bacterium that can cause infection in vulnerable people resulting in skin blood and respect problems news this week reveals the strains which are resistant to Kaba penname a group of so called last line antibiotics are spreading through hospitals in Europe and once these last line of defense drugs no longer work there's little else left in fact the estimated number of deaths in Europe due to these antibiotic resistant infections increased from about 340 in 2007 to about 2000 in 2015 severe David and our colleagues set out to better understand the spread they analyzed the genetics of 1700 samples taken from patients in 244 hospitals across 32 countries in Europe which were collected during an earlier study so the key finding from our study is that the majority of carb a potent resistant Cup C L And you made your infections in Europe where a result of transmission within hospitals and we also showed that transmission between hospitals particularly those that were close by and in the same country also played a significant role in the spread of these bacteria. And is it correct then that you can infer those relationships because when you know about the relatedness between these different strains Yes exactly so where we find that 2 samples are very closely related in terms of the genetic code and they also originate from patients that were treated in the same hospital that gives us a very strong indication that transmission likely occurred within the hospital so why are these carbapenem resistant strains of club c.l.a pneumonia spreading through all spittles within hospitals a relatively high usage of antibiotics creates a selection pressure whereby the bacteria that are the most resistant to antibiotics will be the most likely to survive in this kind of environment so bad the fittest essentially exactly so that they are the fittest in this type of environment these strains that are spreading between people would that suggest that perhaps hygiene or infection control may be partly of course yes exactly so the finding here suggests improving infection control hygiene measures more carefully monitoring patients when they get referred from one hospital to another those sorts of measures could have a key impact I should emphasize that the number of infections with these very resistant types of bacteria are still very low. How long does it take you before you would be sure that somebody's house a carbon Pan Am resistant strain of this type of infection So typically it would take a hospital probably a few days from taking a sample from a patient and then getting it was a result back from the lab that really is a goal within the community is for the development of rapid tests that instead of taking days we could get a result within hours and it could be that whole. Genome Sequencing will play a major role here but at the moment we still need to grow the bacteria in the lab that's really the major limiting factor before we can then go and do D.N.A. Sequencing in terms of the media implications there's the infection control side of things we need more antibiotics I guess new ones coming through the pipeline longer term could you visit a situation where a hospital already aware of the top 5 antibiotic resistant strains to watch out for any given week for example yes exactly so instead if they're just being a small number of sequencing hopes as there are at the moment I envisage these being much more widespread and indeed hospitals be able to undertake their own sequencing and analysis yes indeed they will be aware of the circulating strains in that area and will then be able to for example flag up new strains that they haven't seen before so there is still work to be done in order to get to that point let's hope we get best soon that was severe David from the welcome song Institute's Center of denominate pathogen surveillance and the study was published in Nature microbiology if you're listening to this fire a laptop computer or smartphone chances are my voice is coming through to you thanks to a little ion battery but there have been some concerns over lithium ion batteries overheating and catching fire in fact some people have even been advised not to retrieve dropped frames joining a flight and to instead ask for assistance from cabin crew due to the risk Luckily scientists in Belgium have designed a less flammable lithium ion battery The difference being that the electrolyte the chemical medium inside the new battery is solid rather than liquids and keeps an urban who spoke with study offered Geoffrey or today has this report a battery works by storing energy that can be converted into an electrical current batteries have 2 and a negative and a positive cathode and they work by electrons flowing out of the battery from the anode which is negative into a circuit and then back into the capital of the other end of the battery. So when all the electrons have ended up in the cathode the battery gets flat when we then charge up a battery we have to send the electrons back the other way so you can use the battery again the anode in the cathode physically separated at either end of the battery by chemical called an electrolyte the charge of the news is the selector like just on the electrons back into the and to recharge the battery the litter I'm powerful into my own battery will actually travel between the anode in the cat to it in the cattle in the I know it depending if you charge it goes destroying you can have different events for instance or defecting fabrication of the battery or it can be also an external shock that kind of makes the battery not working properly anymore and for instance makes the I know them a tad too in contact and then a lot of heat can be released and what happens is that the electrolyte we're using now so the thing that separates the end of the cattle no daisies or organically quit and this liquid can easily catch fire so if you have heater leads and something that can catch fire these can be pretty bad and start a fire given the batteries are an everyday objects and can easily he top putting a flammable liquid inside them doesn't seem ideal but what are other options one thing the battery research should have been trying for quite amount of time now is to replace this leak with electrolyte with a solid the solid would be inherently more safe you're SOL It will not asfast combust fire needs heat and feel something to catch and fight easily it needs to have molecules that are relatively far apart which increases the set this area of interaction with oxygen in the. And that's why a gas catches on fire so easily and also why replacing a liquid with a solid makes the last line mobile but why don't we already have solid batteries one of the biggest challenges the little mobility or to reach of connectivity in your material this needs to be very hard so basically little needs to travel to the electrolyte very fast back and forth and you can imagine then a liquid is kind of a disorganized state of matter where literally can be very mobile can move a lot in a solid typically littermate is very immobile it doesn't move much and so the transport of late term is not as good as solvent so we found a material that has a very very high mobility of lithium and we have a way to measure disability it's called a diffusion quite fish and you can imagine if you drop ink in water you can see diffusion of the ink in the water we can quantify or fast this process goes the material we found is basically around 10 times higher in this diffusion coefficient in this mobility of lithium than the best previously known solid but how can something flow through a solid which is well solid Yeah that's what we were asking yourself also so we started looking at the crystal structure and what we figured out is that the crystal structure is very unique in a way that literally doesn't ever sit there and for ever Let's say so it makes the little flow very easily in the framework of the rest of the of the material most solids are made of a crystal structure which is a bit like a rigid lot where the atoms offending stuck into place this new solid is an alloy made up of lithium titanium phosphorus and sulfa because the structure is frustrated the lithium ion are not stocks a family into the lattice and they're constantly moving around this means that given a little push they can be easily made to fly from one end of the battery to the other so what's next on. 1st of all we have to make it better to material there's still some shortcomings one of the shortcomings is this use titanium documents not the most stable element you would like but we could play the chemist and for instance replaced itin your budget corner that would be a good new and we working on that but then there is also the more general framework because we understood why I just materially so we understood what into crystal structure makes this lithium very mobile but no it isn't the standing we can go back to other materials and try to maybe find materials that have the same type of properties that haven't been looked at yet Jeffrey let's hear it from the University of Uganda Belgium talking about his paper and the general can. Physical Education some of us loved it school and some of those didn't but what's the best way to encourage fitness among school children one study this week is questioning the beneficial impact of a specific test called the bleep test Matthew Hall has this report. Fitness tests in Pete classes are stapled to physical education worldwide this process sets out to test your fitness but amongst kids it stands as the ultimate assessment of how cool you were during your adolescent life ignoring popularity the actual point of these tests is to introduce an active lifestyle the kids and hopefully help them improve their less developed areas of fitness but despite the numerous types of in his classes employed in schools now there's been a decline in overall physical fitness because of these dips bins classes are now a controversial topic in the health of it as world which is causing 2 arguments within school education Drats. I'm now coach. Shutdown who as I was trying to say there is a huge deal of controversy with these fitness tests there are health organizations and economics that endorse their use in schools because they provide such great surveillance information for physical fitness levels of youth across the globe However there's a 2nd camp of academics that argue the test lacked the liberty are misused and are potentially harmful to the students participating creating negative experiences toward physical education which could ultimately lead children to participate lessened and then become less active over all to get to the bottom of this a study published in The Journal of physical education and sport dog looked at $273.00 students in America aged 11 to 14 who participated in varying fitness tests these included the pacer push ups crunches and a test to sit and reach for your toes the team of researchers from the tailor and Francis group looked at the associated attitudes and emotions of the students after participating in each test to accurately record the attitudes of the students a 5 point scale ranging from Agree to strongly disagree was used combined with a questionnaire that focused on the student's enjoyment anger and boredom towards with going through all the responses of the students the team found that the fitness tests actually have little to no impact on whether students are enjoying class and with the sex distribution of 52 percent male to 40 percent female the team found that certain tests left varying impressions between the 2 sexes specifically improved performances over time in the pacer test was more important amongst teenage boys but teenage girls didn't seem to care if they did better adding to that improved performance in the sit in reach test. Where. People see Sussex and B.B.C. Sorry loving where we live with David. We're not. The the. The the. The the the the. Old. The. The I. The. Ali. The. The. The. The. The. The old the. Old. The. LOYOLA. Follow On it is the poor. Poor. Dog on a pole RINGBACK. Or bomb. In a way. The lives. Of mom. Well we may see Sussex on B.B.C. Sorry. Off. Was was. Was old. Olaf Mother old mom. The the or 2 or the. The the. Oh. Oh. God I hope. Was the. This is B.B.C. Sussex and B.B.C. a. Was a. Good morning and welcome let's enjoy some gentle music together this is the hymn hall Falla. On. A way Well we know C.B.C. Sussex and B.B.C. Sorry. The. Load. Was. Loath. It's a very gentle stop this Sunday morning with a hymn half hour from B.B.C. Sussex B.B.C. Sorry. Hard. Hard. A. Girl the. All. The. Oh no the. Are. The earth the was. was 2. 6 or. Don't forget at 6 o'clock this morning a full bulletin of news here on the B.B.C. And then after that it's the Sunday breakfast. Late in Sussex Sussex on F.M. Online digital radio and smart Speaker this is B.B.C. Sussex. Good morning it's exactly 6 o'clock am Christian obvious here is the news 20 people have been shot dead in a shopping complex in the Texan city of El Paso in one of the worst ever mass shootings in the United States a 21 year old white man was detained at the scene which is a few miles from the Mexican border police are investigating whether a white nationalist document posted online which says the attack deliberately targeted they span it community was written by him President Trump has called the shooting cowardly and tragic Boris Johnson has announced a one off cash boost of 1800000000 pounds for the N.H.S. In England writing in The Sunday Times he said he was determined to deliver on the promises of the E.U. Referendum campaign which included a highly controversial claim about health service funding. Thunderstorms and heavy rain forecast for the area of Darbyshire where a dam is in danger of collapsing 1500 residents of Whaley Bridge have spent a 3rd night away from the town more homes were evacuated last night emergency crews have been working around the clock to lower the water level in the reservoir to reduce pressure on the dam a man has been charged with illegally importing firearms after 60 guns were found in in a car at Dover in Kent the National Crime Agency says the hole is believed to be the biggest seizure of lethal weapons at a port in the U.K. The man who's $37.00 and from Dublin will appear in court tomorrow talks will resume this morning to try to avert a strike by thousands of workers at Heathrow Airport in a dispute over pay discussions between management and unions ended yesterday without any agreement being reached more than 178 flights shuttered for tomorrow and Tuesday have already been cancelled 2 men being questioned as part of an investigation into drug related deaths of 6 people in Essex in the past week a 26 year old man from London and a 29 year old man from Gray's were arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply Class A drugs formal negotiations between the United States and the Taliban are to resume in Qatar with both sides expressing optimism that a deal is within reach this would see a phased withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Afghanistan in exchange for security guarantees from the Taliban as well as a ceasefire among Afghans. The American documentary maker DA PENNEBAKER who specialized in films about popular culture and politics has died at the age of $94.00 he had a distinctive fly on the wall style normally involving hand-held cameras and without any Neuration his subjects included the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 David Bowie's final performance as to get Stardust and US politicians from John F. Kennedy to Bill Clinton his most influential film was don't look back which followed Bob Dylan on ter in England in 1965 its opening sequence is seen by some as the 1st music video Kylie Minogue entertained thousands of people at Preston Park last night with her headline performance at this year's Brighton and Hove pride festival earlier in the day the streets of Brighton were lined with people during the pride community parade this year's event commemorated 3050th anniversary of the Stonewall Inn uprising today hundreds of volunteers are taking part in a massive cleanup of Brighton and Hove sea front in sports an intriguing 1st Ashes Test between England and Australia is shaping up at Edge Bastien ahead of today's 4th day Australia closed 124 for 3 in their 2nd innings yesterday that's a lead of 34 after England were bowled out for 374 working recorded the best result of our local sides as they launched their national league campaign with a 2 nil win at Dagenham and Redbridge yesterday all the short town were beaten at 2 to one at home by A.F.C. Filled and the shots meet working.