8 o'clock in London Hello and welcome to News Day from the b.b.c. World Service the Lawrenceville are. Voted out of office only weeks ago the former pm Najib Razak has been charged with corruption and abuse of power charges he denies we hear from street protests in support of the judges in Poland as the Supreme Court chief refuses to step down she's turned up for work this morning in defiance of the government also we hear from Thailand what people are saying about the rescue of the boys the new video of the 12 boys and their. Shows one of them is wearing an England football shirt so we'll be pleased when he eventually hears about this. Yes they will secure their place in the quarterfinals on penalties Matthew Kenny with more on that story coming up. Hello this is Cathy Clarkston with the b.b.c. News the former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak has been charged with criminal breach of trust and corruption at a court in Kuala Lumpur the judge fixed bail at more than 2 $140000.00 Michael Bristow is in Kuala Lumpur the charges faced by Mr Najib own relate to one Indian being investment fund he says of Enron while he was Malaysia's prime minister is accused of taking 10000000 dollars just in a jeep pleaded not guilty to 4 charges and was granted bail his trial is expected to start in February a spokesman for Mr Najib said the case is politically motivated for the attorney general who is leading the prosecution himself said there was a strong case to answer officials in Thailand said the children's football team trapped deep in a flooded cave system are now in good enough health to be moved plants to get the boy's eyes are being rehearsed and water continues to be pumped from the caves a new video has been released in which the teen wrapped in emergency blankets are seen joking with the divers who are staying with them until they can be brought I'd safely Jonathan Head reports the tile Thora to say they're looking for a full face diving mask in smaller sizes which easier for untrained divers to use one plan they're working on is to give the boys diving lessons and then bring them out one by one through the flooded passages by which their rescuers came a risky move say caving experts they're also continuing to divert streams going into the caves and to pump water out other tire facials of says there's no rush to extract the boys but the reality of an advancing rainy season which will raise water levels in the caves may force their hand. The head of Poland Supreme Court has turned up for work despite being told that she no longer holds the Post chief justice mug shot against off who 65 is refusing to accept a new law that requires judges to retire at her age she says the change is an unconstitutional purge of the judiciary Adam Easton was outside the Supreme Court as Mrs Gary's daughter arrived surrounded by her supporters. Alive and I stood outside the Supreme Court now where such a system has justified but she's got she's a she's been tried on the issue of office today there are a couple of security guards a police at the entrance she was forced into retirement from midnight because she is $65.00 although this is against our says that the Polish Constitution guarantees her a 6 year mandate which does not end until April 2020 the Indonesian authorities say at least 29 people have dried and 40 remain missing after a ferry capsized on Tuesday in bad weather a few 100 metres off Soloway Sea Island 69 passengers were rescued world news from the b.b.c. 9 retired soldiers in Chile have been convicted of the murder in 1973 of the popular folk singer and left wing activist Victor harder he was arrested the day after the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet and taken to Chile's national stadium in Santiago where he was tortured in front of other prisoners. Police in southern England have declared a major incident after a couple were found unconscious in the town of Amesbury officers think they may have been exposed to an unknown substance Ben Endo has more details the emergency services were called on Saturday night to a house in Ames Bria after a man and woman both in their forty's were found unconscious The pair were taken to Salzburg district hospital about 10 miles away where both remain in a critical condition at 1st doctors thought they'd taken contaminated heroin or crack cocaine but more tests are now being carried out and overnight police declared a major incident and of cordoned off several places the pair visited in and around Amesbury and Salzburg before they fell ill there is no suggestion that this incident is linked to the nerve agent poisoning of former Russian spy said Guys cripple and his daughter Yulia in Salzburg in March u.s. Firefighters are battling to contain wildfires in several Western states in California hundreds of homes are at risk from a fire that broke out on Saturday west of the state capital Sacramento that's blackened more than 280 square kilometers fact crews in Colorado are fighting it places amid soaring temperatures and gusting winds fires are also taking hold in Utah Washington and Oregon. A British lesbian has won the right to live and work in Hong Kong with her partner Hong Kong's high court upheld a lower court decision after the unnamed woman sued the immigration authorities for refusing her Aspies all visa the woman and her partner entered a civil partnership in Britain but Hong Kong only recognizes formal relationships between opposite sex partners b.b.c. News. Many thanks for the latest hello and welcome to News Day Laurent in China with you this morning now we're going to head to Malaysia in just a moment where the former prime minister's spent the night in custody now being charged with criminal breach of trust and abuse of power and we'll have more on the standoff in Poland between the judiciary and the government the Chief Justice has decided to turn up for work we'll have more from our correspondent from outside the Supreme Court that's a sports coming your way for meth he can and our correspondents here in spirit and Russia was watching the England Colombia game. Not all the accusations against me are true so said the former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak who spent the night in custody before then being charged in court with criminal breach of trust and abuse of power until weeks ago and was running the country until the stunning victory by the opposition in the latest elections which focused on missing money at a state fund called $1.00 m. D. Up to $4500000000.00 are unaccounted for and the fund is under investigation in at least 6 countries Mr Naji pleaded not guilty and said the unexplained millions found in his bank accounts were in fact gifts from the Saudi Arabian government it's a case that has transfixed the country Melissa a journalist as Lee has been following events. was 'd filled with people from like early. In the morning it was filled with like over 802200 media personnel there were supporters there were not just supporters. Well and they were seeing saws and saying that this is a politically motivated. That charge and eventually not it was brought in in a in a convoy of cars and he was produced in court he was produced in sessions court and the Attorney General Thomas eventually said that this case to be put in the high court it was immediately transferred to the High Court and that was when his charges were read out to him and put he was being touched for charges of it was criminal beach of stress as we all know and one was for personal and family to the kitchen and he has pleaded not guilty to all 4 charges that is what you know about the case right now now where he was in detention overnight having been asked to come in for questioning has he been released on bail What's his situation you've mentioned that legally the case now has to go to a higher court what of the man himself he is still under detention the attorney general has requested that bill be set for $1000000.00 ringgit for each charge so that comes up to about $4000000.00 ringgit his defense team right now. You bring the build out to about $500000.00 ringgit the even offer to put in his current residence his house as collateral for the bill but it's been rejected by the attorney general so we're still waiting on the results of the bill so so for now Bill has not officially been set and we don't know if he's going to be released yet right Ok so that's the next immediate station in the background there have been these dramatic raids and the seizures of goods and assets which have been recovered obviously he continues insisting his innocence of all charges of embezzlement and corruption how is this playing out in the papers because of course not long ago Mr Knight Jeep basically he was you know he was the man in power the papers didn't wish to offend him cartoonists did their best but they were under pressure as well how is it being reported so soon after his fall from power as soon as the general election results came. Out and we knew that there was a new administration taking over the government in Malaysia and that not Jeep and his administration in his fight these no longer in power or the media felt like a see if you know something had been lifted and they start reporting about the case people immediately the new administration as promising them any Festool stuff that you are they really like that the investigations because under an audience I mean efficient yet the new general then gets it all wrong doings and that investigations were all called off and nothing was wrong even though several other countries were still conducting investigations so with the new administration and a new attorney general investigations kicked off again and I think the authorities they played it quite publicly and all dates were announced to the media all confiscation of the t.v. And cash were done in full view of the media the media were invited to take 4 tours . To videotape it and to observe everything so it has been kind of free reign on the reporting of the one in the prop right now in Malaysia and everybody has seen it happening so clearly and sort of use the and of course the amount of items seized and the amount of cash has been so tremendous and absurd if I can say for the Malaysian public and yeah and that's how people have been looking at it not as Lee from Kuala Lumpur. To Poland now on in defiance of the government sponsored legislation the country's top judge Margo's good stuff has turned up for work today she's refusing to accept a new law that requires judges to retire at the age of 65 instead of 70 the B.B.C.'s anomie says outside the court and joins us now Adam did miscarry self say anything when she turned up. Yes she did she did there was a crowd of hundreds of people who were outside gathered outside the Supreme Court entrance waiting for her to come to turn up for work and show their support for her and she she thanked them before she went in she thanked them and she she reminded them that the const The Polish Constitution. Guarantees a 6 year mandate which is not due to expire of course until April 2020 and that's why she regards the new law as it illegal and that she doesn't have to abide by those provisions into the new law and she has gone into to her office now and is attending work as normal it was a quite a a loud noisy crowd and show of support for her there were people banging drums there were waving flags not just of the red and white of Poland but the European flags and many people were actually holding up copies of the Polish Constitution and signs which said Constitution in Poland which. You know they said they they they believe that this current law by the governing law and just as party flouts the Constitution as does some many of the laws that have been passed by the the governing law and Justice Party in the last 2 years which is allowed to take control not just of the Supreme Court but of the Constitutional Court before it of the body that actually nominates judges in Poland and ordinary courts there are more than 20 percent of the heads and deputies of ordinary courts have been changed and replaced by by judges nominated by the government and I'm of course a very symbolic move from it's good stuff to show up in defiance of the law but what happens next because she shows up at work I presume she wants to continue to show up to work but the government presumably is not going to go what happens if she continues her job within the government I don't know they hire someone else what happens legally then. Well we guess we have got a process over the next month where the president of the country will try and go about appointing new judges to replace those that have been retired that's almost 40 percent of Supreme Court judges but what we're heading for potentially is legal chaos because if Mark goes out to the chief justice as he continues to dispute continues to go into office claiming that she is the justifiable the rightful chief justice then we'll also have the competing all forty's which have been appointed by the president so this is going to cause legal uncertainty and a certain amount of chaos are we expecting more protests today. The protest outside the court is now just dispersing and actually the organizers a vast people to go outside now of the presidential palace and to show there are there there there did this pleasure to president due to who as he said yesterday said that the chief justice is officially retired as of today and he's appointed a replacement for her and many thanks to B.B.C.'s Alan Eastern from outside the court in Warsaw and according to Reuters News Agency the Polish prime minister has said every e.u. Country has the right to shape its you disagree according to its own traditions hitting back their European European Union concerns about those moves between the politicians and the judges in Poland it's quarter past the hour now let's talk about that good news story from Thailand the 12 footballing youngsters and their coach in a cave they've been traps now for 11 days but at least we know that they're Ok a video has surfaced more video of the boys waving introducing themselves to the videos thought they might need months of training by Specialist divers before they can make their way out particularly as the monsoon season is taking hold in Thailand falling water falling rain means rising waters the interior minister says the evacuation must speed up before more rain falls we are asked to pop on the Olympic pun and social media editor of the B.B.C.'s Thai service in Bangkok to have a look through how it's being reflected in the media. The less this new thought as we've just learned just now is that it would be very unlikely that the big boys will come out today that's just confirmed only official says I mean just 2 hours ago Ali because they don't think it's there ready and there would be more more for them to get out and run out. Just like you said what a logo itself and so on. And there kids now have to dive in the cave and that's not something that they thing is they're ready to do that today the video that has come out we want to talk about the papers as well but it's almost kind of like knocked down by the fantastic video I mean the rescuers they not only if they conducted an extraordinary complicated operation they are very very careful and they to release video and the pictures of all the lads sitting there wrapped up in their space blankets are just fantastic how how is the information getting out how is it being consumed in Thailand it's everywhere everyone is watching it this morning and you know it's a great video just to lift a mortar as well and. You know people were speculating how did it get out of there and you know just seeing that boy saying hi to the camera introducing themselves no they got to say yeah yeah yeah they did that and even at the last boy said well wait a minute I didn't get to interview. So that they hadn't lifted the mood so yeah and this is amazing if their video was posted on Facebook about it. And that's how people got to see it they're doing a great job with that how are people writing about it because it is been such an emotional roller coaster and it's such a fantastic story it almost I don't know I mean I hesitate to say it's almost a religious thing but you know we saw so many religious groups and religious leaders at the mouth of the cave praying for them how is it interpreted is this just lucky chance is it fate is it something more how did ties see it. Well people hardit I mean things like people you know whoa whoa you know some people are saying that it was a really just it's almost like we just want to work up just late Monday night so yeah you can see it pictures on social media people posting you know people praying for the kids and everything so it's definitely Hewitt's in a lot of the moment people are saying different sort of things about it but most of them positive and if everyone if they're all for it they get the kids also and good news from to poll punya limpet and we were hearing from a man who Johnson at the mouth of the cave who says that for the next few days at least the forecast the b.b.c. Forecasts for the area is better but rain comes later and that's basically going to determine what the rescue plan and being that of course is one of our headlines yet to be see news or other headlines the former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak has appeared in court to deny corruption charges weeks after he was voted out of office and Poland's chief justice has turned up for work as usual in the find of a new law that requires her to retire you're listening to news day sports news McKinney and talk about the football in a moment 1st his nap take on the tennis today at Wimbledon 2nd round action for Roger Federer against Newcastle aka Serena Williams is up against Victoria Tom of I we also have Caroline Wozniacki Marion church Kevin Anderson and Venus Williams in action yesterday Maria share a prover and dominant team Petrak fits over another all went out in the 1st round but defending women's champion got Binya Mugari thought Well number one Simona Halep Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal all went through Nadal 2nd seed behind Federer of course and he went past duty center of Israel in straight sets but he was aware it wasn't his smooth this performance at Wimbledon right how is the play here in Wimbledon and especially in this center court so just happy to be through of course to be the 1st might have been. Because the feelings feel room to improve but you know after a while without playing on the ice of course it's very important to start with a victory today at Wimbledon as a dating 30 g.m.t. Here on the b.b.c. So all the latest from the tennis in that program and I might also find time to talk a little bit about the football as we have been doing all morning England against Sweden the final of the quarter final line ups to be decided at Russia 2018 the game will be on Saturday afternoon that after England came through against Colombia last night thanks to a penalty shoot out now we have been explaining all morning to those who aren't steeped in this over the past decade that England winning and I don't see shootout is a rare thing indeed So how did it unfold for the fans watching on the big screens outside the stadium from Colombia and from England Sarah Rainsford. God there. Really was well yes this is how fiction sounded in Moscow in London's the team's 1st match in Russia's capital and it was euphoric funds wrapped in flags and chanting for the trade was a game I played stressing remember out straight over telling him a very very confident shall Voyager players. Fans had a few doubts even before the match that Vegemite was a wrestling in a sea of Colombian yellow staging towards the grounds. That was he said of the. Not very many. Different outcome but the most of them occasionally but your football is it. Was fun to songs that allowed this to put him in support as he did 10 outs a confident this match was a fairly minor hurdle on route to the team's 1st quarter final in 12 years was I that it was a spat over the way I look at myself. Yet the way it was that. I figured out. The answer is it was taken into our Atia and Courcelles and mainly Colombian now it's. I feel it's a camera and I am. I found for an Elvis faded out stunned by what's just happened. This past one Colombian woman in tears how do you feel about what has happened well we've heard so well that this is also . Well you guys if they were 18. Yes there I think we ran the needs are very roughly part of life's happiness is changing these notes there are no hard struck a match on your paper you have. Written on it we didn't fight them to take a. Real We were not pleased but you know exactly right we did something right and Humphrey left the bad guys out of the one now that the nazi of experience is an example Yeah unbelievable but then I couldn't cope it was too much we thought we had it in the bag and then they went and scored in 90 minutes so the extra time was painful to watch and then and then it goes to penalties or over again we would never want to talk about a cup and so yeah it was difficult but he pulled it out well that is not the Terry thing that usually gets his job and penalties always wanted to do both well so as to have no one left there to be as naturally leads us to where. I just was to work for the fans to its own system our way and we'll take on Sweden now in the course of finals and so for a while at least the dream continues. To flourish. Oh. Yeah and that was Sharon's friends with the fans outside the stadium in Moscow yesterday sorry England going through Colombia going home certainly didn't get the best showing on the field last night. Friends but I think appreciative of the effort style but Colombia out England a 3 quarter finals of the World Cup coming up the weekend Friday and Saturday the train to Russia stopped in Moscow says l.t.m. Po Colombia's go to football news thank you Matthew now it's one of the most famous newspapers in the world the Daily Telegraph founded 855 May be in trouble now Philip Hensher is on the business of course the profits are less than half what they were to. Years ago yes 2016 profits were $27100000.00 pounds of for about $36000000.00 u.s. Dollars last year which is the year that they've just released figures figures for they came in at 13 point $7000000.00 pounds or about $18000000.00 if you prefer they harvest in value revenues also sliding the company is facing the same difficulties that we see replicated right the way throughout the newspaper industry people are transferring away online because the news is either free there or it's more available their adverts that are placed on the online website don't earn the same amount of money as those do in the physical newspaper at the same time is that the finding it difficult to get people to pay to have their online subscriptions all of which has led the company itself to actually change how it records different people when it releases information bear in mind they're under no obligation to release these numbers because they're a private company they're not a publicly traded business like many of the other newspapers around the world so now they're talking about bridges to customers people who give them their email addresses given their names given their data and they're talking about how they try and then sell those people other additional services say holidays or little telegraph news Telegraph mugs or or pens things like t. Shirts I read the Daily Telegraph kind of thing not those precisely but obviously that's the kind of additional service they're looking to do they got a new chief executive about 12 months ago his name is Nick you he is trying to turn the business around by getting more of these registered customers know not readers registered customers Here's what he had to say in the end structurally significant changes going on in the industry so we believe that we have found a model that will enable us to sustain quality journalism long into the future and that is good for all of us as from a society perspective as well as from a democracy perspective I believe with any transformation strategy we've we've generally passed the 1st phase where we set out the strategy we laid out where we're investing now we're in what I would call revenue stabilization so with still with that investment. Looking to stabilize top line revenues and then profits will follow so there have been some question asked because they don't normally release these figures because they're a private company unlike those other newspapers as to why they've done it this time around one of the theories that analysts that come forward is perhaps the Barclay brothers The only is the Telegraph are interested in selling it mattes a difficult thing to do because unlike some of the in use papers like the Ali or what used to be the independent The Telegraph readership skews older and of course it is in decline which is an indication of an issue it may be a difficult paper to sell if that is their intention Well many thanks now 90 minutes time more from time to the team world update what's on the agenda for you once again Polish justice the head of Poland Supreme Courts turned up for work despite being told she no longer has the job she's chief justice markers are to go store she is $65.00 the government the ruling Law and Justice Party passed legislation that says $65.00 you have to retire but she says she's got yet another 4 years or 2 years I think before she has to retire anyway the judges are backing her. Bit of a rug going on I've been speaking to a Polish m.p. Who says the only thing to say to her is goodbye also the nature of fear with Frank Furedi are we becoming a more fearful society many things that people were scared about their word of what today many experienced the lives that were seen as just ordinary taken for granted boring things are nasty as being scary and I think our language has changed and I don't know whether we fear more but we certainly talk about fear far more than ever in the past we talked about fearful parents helicopter parenting as opposed to free range parenting yesterday Well today we're talking about fear throughout society what are we afraid of and why one of his top subjects isn't a loves it I really am writing about saying the only fear we only think we have to fear is a culture of fear itself I suppose that will be an interesting conversation I'm sure many thanks Dan Damon with the world updated 90 minutes time here on the b.b.c. World Service Lawrence in China saying bye bye from Newsday join us again tomorrow . You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service and bees are the b.b.c. Reflectors they want pictures not walk walk this kind of metal it down time it may be possible to abolish more crime. The B.B.C.'s annual lecture series returns to the 1000000 things like you don't know how much we are affected by war will also be affected by war by histories of been affected by war and literature is going to affect and by war Professor Margaret McMillan continues to explore the history of her and society there is something you're doing is different from the rest of us and that is you are doing something which may require you to give your lives it's not just an ordinary job 1st 2nd lecture she asks what motivates people to write you forget about the abstractions like country religion whatever you thought you were fighting for and what you're really fighting for is the people standing next to you the b.b.c. The reclass. B.b.c. World Service dot com. Would you wear a robotic exoskeleton stay could run through the woods for an entire day without getting tired or so you could work harder for longer the technology to make such devices is getting closer to being realizable but the ethical questions about whether we should give people superhuman powers is still to be navigated I'm Jane Wakefield and in today's business day I'll be exploring the world of him an enhancement by technology business daily out of this. B.b.c. News with Cathy Clarkston a course in Malaysia has charged the former prime minister with corruption the prosecutors accused of being involved in the disappearance of billions of dollars from a Government Investment Fund he's denied the charges Mr Najib was voted out of office in May the tire Thor's he said the children's football team trapped in a flooded cave are healthy enough to be moved but that there be no attempt to get the might today efforts to pump out water from the cave system are meanwhile continuing. The chief justice of Poland's Supreme Court has defied government orders and returned to work a controversial new law forces judges to retire at age 65 instead of 70 the government says the aim is to make the courts more efficient the chief justice has called it a purge in Chile 9 former soldiers have been convicted of murdering the folk singer and left wing activist Victor harder in 1973 he was arrested tortured and killed after the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet a ferry has capsized in Indonesia killing at least 29 people the accident happened in bad weather just 2 weeks after more than 200 people dry and when another ferry sank 2 people are in a critical condition after coming into contact with an unknown substance in the town of Amesbury in southern England the area where they were fined has been cordoned off and 1002 year old woman has been arrested in the United States accused of killing her son because he'd been planning to put her in a care home police say the woman had also intended to kill herself wildfires are raging in several parts of the western United States hundreds of homes are at risk near the Californian capital Sacramento dozens have already burnt down in Colorado a British lesbian has won the right to live and work in Hong Kong with her partner the high court upheld a lower court decision after the woman sued the immigration authorities for refusing her spies all visa b.b.c. News. Welcome to business day I'm Jane waked. In 1902 I was an amount climbing accident and both my legs had to be amputated due to shoot down means for frostbite. Here you can see my legs 24 sensors 6 microprocessors and muscle tendon like actuators I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts from the knee down with his advanced Beinecke technology I can get dance and run that's mit Professor Hugh hugging talk attack on any of the c.n.n. I'm a bike man but I'm not a cyborg he who is a double amputee and he's leading the way in designing great Baltic's the human opened. But how far should human Hans. I believe the reach from their own body just sign will extend far beyond limb replacement and will carry humanity into realms that fundamentally redefined human potential in this 21st century designers workstand the nervous system into powerfully strong x. Skeletons that human can control and feel with their minds. Which if we could design. The could allow us to work day without getting tion should wait. I find it very interesting that that often we as humans were satisfied with where we are with some baseline that we've set arbitrarily until something happens to us where we've lost performance and then we really really want to get back to whatever that arbitrary baseline was but we were not as attached to it perhaps is because we never spurious that is taking that same amount of improvement and putting it on top of someone who's actually is already at their baseline of. Working longer would make you mentally tired to swell and we don't have the means for soldiers and I don't want to of them means I mean we want technology to make our life easier make our working life shorter and how about how should we treat our dreams of something to happen something to me. It's more productive while we're away the journals of those who experiment on themselves and what's known as polyphase Exley inevitably end in exams. And failing but in some ways these sleep pioneers are right to question the accepted practice since I do think that it's a future in which they use that is sleeping can become much more useful to the you that is awake business daily with me Jane Wakefield. It's the stuff of many a science fiction story a person Dons an exoskeleton to run through the woods for an entire day without getting tired or well the behest of their employer to make Monday in tasks stocking shelves or staying on your feet at work more achievable Well the technology to make such devices is getting closer to being reality the ethical questions about whether we should give people superhuman power anymore circumstances are only just beginning to be asked Hugh has lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is world famous for creating bio Nic limbs that allow amputees to regain previously under-employed mobility the limbs of powered by batteries which assist the user with walking they are bespoke they're designed to be at the cutting edge of robotic technology but comfortable Recently I visited the lab to find out more there's a thing that I've noticed and I think a lot of happy to do it themselves they will watch the way they walk and they're constantly looking at the ground and you miss out on a lot of things evolve you're doing with your day staring at the floor that's Ryan he's an amputee and has been aiding the researches here he explains why robotic limbs like the ones created by her team are such a benefit it gives a greater range of motion so with the range of motion that kind of it this is like a close chainsawing if you have a fixed joint and it can accommodate for the change in the terrain then all that force gets translated up the chain. And it gets hitting onto your residual limb so you will have sockets that are built and they're built really well but it's the limit of the device itself so when you have a when you have a device that is a large person number want to relax your muscles not putting there not 20 or more tension on to the joint Number 2 if they have a greater range of motion those forces are mitigated because they're not having their needs pushed left pushed right as you're walking on a even surfaces having that range of motion will help in my experience make the socket that is already comfortable a little bit more comfortable for a longer period of time but the research is a not content to just rehabilitate humans he has teammates Tyler plights and Matt Carney told me how they view their work and its potential he has expressed a dream that I share which is the ability to strap on an exoskeleton and run through the woods at 20 miles an hour for an entire day without getting tired that is a type of experience that humans currently are able to have that would be exhilarating and beautiful it's a new type of sport a new way to engage with and experience the world the uses for augmentation or beyond sort of just increasing the baseline human experience are that that we more directly connect with the tasks that we're performing So right now someone can use a forklift to lift heavy materials up onto a shelf and put on the shelf and that probably works fine but if they were able to wear an exoskeleton that allowed them to do the same thing perhaps they have a better connection to when they feel more connected with the task that they're performing as they left and push something on to a shelf right so we're really looking at enriching the human experience and this is actually this is a question that is near and dear to my heart this whole idea of augmentation I find it very interesting that that often we as humans we're satisfied with where we are with some baseline that we've set arbitrarily until something happens to us where we've lost performance and then we really really want to get back to whatever that arbitrary baseline was that we said I have arthritis so I used to be a pianist and I'm happy with my ability to play. Piano when I get arthritis I can play the piano as well I want to get back to that level of ability to play the piano but we were not as attached to him perhaps it's because we've never experienced it is taking that same amount of improvement and putting it on top of someone who's actually who is already at their baseline level so now I went from maybe a you know a b. Piano player to an a piano player but why not go to an a plus plus piano player right someone who can reach key is that no one no human has ever been able to reach before someone who can create new types of sound patterns that no human has been able to create before that raises ethical questions later I mean the idea that somebody could work harder and for longer hours if they were wearing an exoskeleton for many people wouldn't be seen as in Huntsman of humans it would just be seen as sort of turning the more into slaves. It's an interesting thought I think we look at technology and this question can be raised for any type of technology right and if the benefit of the technology far outweighs which in this case we believe it does the risk for persons to abuse it then we are excited about going after that technology right we don't not build cars because people drive drunk and we recognize that the benefit of having access to those vehicles far outweighs the. For society far outweighs the cost of those tragic incidents as when things do go wrong. I tend to believe that humans are are fundamentally good and that that if we have access to a tool like this that people will in fact be able to engage more with their Sure I mean. Should technology be used to create. Such an want to be available to those who can. And this is very idea of superhuman going to create new inequalities in society I sat down with a computer scientist and academic knoll Sharky to ask for his take on it he campaigned for more ethical my buttons. Is like did that we would in Hans people and give them the extra limbs or potentially further down the line even in their brain power cells on the face of it like a great idea doesn't it perhaps not. Well so much to me it doesn't really like the idea of giving people limbs in this great technology there and I would draw a distinction between therapeutic use of technology and enhanced mind you can have deep brain stimulation that will detect an early signs of an epileptic seizure and then tickle the cortex and stop the seizure from happening all very good but the idea of plugging things into our selves to make ourselves smart or enhanced in different kinds of ways seems absurd to me worries me about as everybody talks about this incredible journey in having memory announcement I'm not sure who they're going to do it who's going to plug into the brain but even if you could do it a much and you have these modules going into your head and nobody knows what the implications are and I'm very concerned for instance I know that human memory we don't have a great memory but part of that means that we can abstract so we can we're very good strike reasoning as humans so the details have to fade away And what about an x. a Skeleton that would allow you to stack shelves much longer than you could if you didn't have it do you like the idea of that I like the idea of the excess and I don't like the idea of the much longer I think the extra skeleton because there's many people I mean we were our population in the u.k. For instance is being forced to work later and later and later in life and a number of my friends still work in building sites and they're in their late fifty's or sixty's and it's very very painful you know trying to pick up objects all the time and you put extra skeletons and on building sites which would help people to not get so physically tired but of course working longer would make you mentally tired as well and we don't have a means for solving that and I don't want of a means I mean we want technology to make our lives easier make our working life shorter and give us more leisure time I would say do we need some ethical rules now to sort of thought this problem out or is something we just have to wait and see with we don't should never do with say and I get sick of wait and see because you know all these countries including the u.k. . Government when once these things new technologies and then after the technology started and it's been developed and it's going out there they suddenly think all might be some issues here and you start thinking about issues them and what I'm for and my find ation for response is all about ethical design of the equipment so you think about the problems in advance and you design the ethical ethics into it so I would have extra skeletons that would switch themselves off after 6 hours. I like the sound of your listening to business daily with me Jane Wakefield So that's our physical bodies but what about our in a most thoughts as told through dreams there are a growing number of Africans especially in the Silicon Valley biohacking community who want to reinterpret sleep that means in some cases restricting speak to naps getting up very very early on around am at mit I met Adam Harvey horror of it he wants to control dreams to do so he's invented a hammer want to bicycle which collects bio signals that track transitions in sleep stages the goal is to study a particular stage of sleep the period between wakefulness and deep sleep known as hypnagogic Thomas Edison Nicholas Tesla edge grandpa and Salvador Dali all attempted to access this state by not playing with the steel ball or similar object in their hands when they fell into deeper rapid eye movement sleep they would drop the object waking themselves before they forgot the hypnagogic imaginings the door me I get it it's connected to a smartphone app robot which says specific words to the subject as they slip into deeper sleep these words can be used to influence their dreams or to gently wake them up in time to remember what they have dreamt about Adam explains more one kind of course thing about sleep is that people look pretty darn similar when somebody enters rem sleep they're going to lose muscle tone whether they're older whether they're young male. Female they're going to lose muscle tone so I can put something like a muscle sensor on them and then I can check sleep stages there's this overnight period which we largely ignore which is so crucial to how we remember and to how our emotions balance out throughout the day how we deal with trauma as to how we learn and we just kind of ignore it it's very it's very weird to me that it's so formative to us and science understands that but on the consumer's side and outside the laboratory we just kind of go to sleep and let our body do whatever it wants to but there's all this science which shows you can influence it you can influence which memories get consolidated you can influence that sort of negotiation of drama and homeostasis of emotion you can influence dreams but so far that hasn't really left the laboratory and that's what I'm excited about how would you also critics who would say that sleeping and dreaming is one of the last private tactic we have in a world where technology seems to know all referee may have meant and it should be left alone I think that something like tracking movement data in a job really freaks me out but something like somebody wearing a Fit Bit for themselves and working with their own movement data freaks me out a lot less and so that kind of nice thing about this is basically what it is is an open source circuit board open source hardware open source software so that people can go online they can grab it they can make one for themselves or they can wait until hopefully we've made enough to send to some folks and there's no one buying this there's no one collecting it I'm not collecting it all it is is a way for somebody to see their own bio signals that are otherwise invisible to them so is your vision of the future one where our real lives reflect our dreams Farmall I think it is a connection between the waking and dreaming self I hope that it's not a connection that's confusing in terms of who you are quote unquote I do I do think that it's a future in which the you that is sleeping can become much more useful to the you that is awake but should we be talking. Kring with us leap actual Jeffrey gamble is a science writer and sleep ex but I we asked of her take on experimental sleep. As a writer who specializes in sleep I receive letters from people who follow unusual sleeping schedule the most extreme tend to be those who are attempting to follow the unfortunately named Goober man schedule which involves staying awake around the clock with the exception of 620 minute naps for a total of just 2 hours of sleep per day these self experimenters are usually late adolescent boys they're sort of in the phase of life where they're challenging the received wisdom on lots of things trying to push the boundaries and set life's terms for themselves thinking is that if they could train themselves out of the need for sleep they could extend their waking lives and be more productive with the time that they have I'm really sympathetic to those aims I don't really relish sleep in the way that some people describe loving it in fact I quite resent losing a 3rd of my life to sleep but the fact remains that the body cannot function on 2 hours of sleep a day and actually breaking it up into 20 minute naps only exacerbates the problem because you never have time to reach those deeply restored of phases of sleep the non rapid eye movement slow wave sleep when your brain goes through a process of smart forgetting jettisoning all the details of the day it no longer needs to keep and readying you to learn again the next day the journals of those who experiment on themselves and what's known as polyphase ics leap inevitably and in exhausted misery and failure but in some ways these sleep pioneers are right to question the accepted practices sleep is more flexible than we give it credit for as a biological process it's one of the few that we have conscious that. Says to the doctor's advice to sleep 8 hours a night in a solid block is actually advice to keep a very artificial schedule because before the advent of artificial light we had a very different schedule it's not that our ancestors went to sleep shortly after dusk woke up in the middle of the night for a couple of hours and then went into a 2nd sleep until dawn this practice of 1st sleep and 2nd sleep during the early modern period was documented by historian Roger Eaker So given that our accepted norm is a modern invention sleep is something that I think we can start making our own again to a certain extent as long as we play by its rules and live within the confines of our own biology there's no need for us to live in some sort of synchronized ballet with all of our neighbors I hope you find the one that works for you just a gamble. With the b.b.c. World Service. That's gotten today's business daily from me Jane Wakefield will be returning to these issues in the future as we try to navigate a world where technology is impacting more of our selves our bodies and even our dreams this episode was produced and edited by Sarah tree. Leaves a bigger issue I am. Hello and welcome to the witness history program on the b.b.c. World Service with me Tina Newman And today I'm taking you back to 9092 and the work of art which offended Russians living through the collapse of communism and confuse the westerners who saw it but was eventually labeled a masterpiece. The toilet an installation by the conceptual Russian artists Ilya and the miller cup of coffee was 1st displayed in 1992 in the command. An international art exhibition held in Germany. Tucked behind the sumptuous rococo exhibition venue was a shabby concrete public lavatory with men and women written in Cyrillic it's a white building and on the left side there is and it's for men and underwriters and as for women this is how immediate about called describes it we enter on the left side and you expect to go to a public space and you come to Detroit and a lot of people on the other visitors actually was in the. It was a real toilet but it was also much more than that having entered through the men's side visitors saw a sofa and the dining table with chairs a tapestry on the wall and some crockery on the table on the women's side there was a bed and a wardrobe and a child's playpen it's a family space comfortable cause the warm despite being in the church comfortable and cozy but also featuring open toilet cubicles and some disgusting looking brown substance smeared at the top we tried to create a not miss for which we did it people can make it all and be very comfortable doesn't matter what also what kind of circumstances the toilet instantly attracted international attention the comment I was a major artform American curator and all critic Robert store was at the exhibition and was particularly struck by the toilet Well I've already home and. I've been in many places which were not so different where in the Soviet Union I never went so neatly. I didn't have the capacity to buy much of it here so why did you feel at home unless you hit toilet mostly was the human you know you have this incredible sense that you are amongst people and that they reveal themselves gradually. Never completely and when your insinuations like that the natural things to piece together the clues and tell yourself a story. It was a Yank about cause ability to tell a story that instantly touched the Western public. Installation art in Western countries was by and large abstract the place you walked into and then you saw shapes and forms in the case of the cabin crafts of the places you go to is the beginning of your entrance into a narrative so he broke the table of not telling stories and began to tell stories and stories that the public did not know the Western public knew very little about life in the former u.s.s.r. But in 1992 the only story coming out of Russia was one of confusion fear and panic as Russians struggle to survive the collapse of communism in some ways Russia today is like Germany in the twenty's and thirty's it has a badly bruised national pride and a crumbling economy while industrial production slumped by 20 percent the country ran so short of rubles that millions of workers couldn't be paid for President Mikhail Gorbachev has gone on television here to claim that the vast majority of families are now on the verge of poverty thousands of Russians have taken to the streets to supplement their meager wages their pensions by selling off their belongings so many journalists are visiting the 9092 document in Germany assumed that the end of communism was driving Russians to actually live in real toilets and the back office did nothing to dispel that myth so no this would come German that say We're told in the us when you Russians a leader in the. USA will have different views do it. And percent after abuse don't can I mean. Very sad his friends are writing down they were just joking as you some Brown was a window is it what I think it is who said of course exactly what you think it is and many many questions like this in millions responses to Western journalists where ironic but they infuriated Russians or the more so because the couple chords were any greys living in New York we do not live in toilets screen the headlines of instantly became notorious in his home country the few Russians who made it to the exhibition in Germany he used every opportunity to confront him and his wife every time somebody stand up and say why did you present us national women in the toilet . And there you go into a leather speech saying you know it's not about you Russian Don't take it personal it's about life in general it's a metaphor of life you listen with metaphors and the person said to us but more dubious and doesn't live in the. Russians felt they had every reason to be upset at what seemed to be a direct attack on their country but in fact the toilet had nothing to do with the economic hardships of $992.00 it was a story from the Soviet past inspired by the memory of course mother a penalises parent forced to move from room to room eating very little at one point she had found herself living in a tiny room which head previously being used as a toilet it's. Of woman who through evolution to the war has been left her suggestion is the Church of the helpless believes it doesn't have that woman's disease that she does exist so the researcher should go to all those people who are very on a Monday nature into if the back of the mother managed to keep her around mantic nature intact so that iliac about called himself working as a Soviet artist in Moscow in the 1970 s. And eighty's he led a double life developing secretly his own genre of conceptual art about offer wasn't able to show his installations publicly until 989 when he travelled abroad and initially it was a sensation appreciated only in the West because because I think are without question the most influential artist to come out of the Soviet Union or Russia since the generation we constructed because when Stalin put down like code of socialist realism in nearly 30 years nothing could grow but what was done in apartments what was done privately was basically unknown to be perhaps I do so mean and basically unknown to many people inside soon as well. Yes it's true because I was growing up in the Soviet Union and I wish I knew the back of then but I mean himself was saying that when he lived in Moscow he didn't want anyone to see something except his friends Rick this was Henri you played absolutely absolutely he was in fact a Soviet official also of interest but the work that he made of this kind was completely off the books out of sight and could not have been made of the spotlight on him it took Russia 12 years to learn to appreciate its most influential conceptual artist in 2004 the toilet was finally shown in Russia for the 1st time by then it was a more prosperous country and painful memories of communism were fading into the past but what about called these memories are as precious as they are ambivalent the shoulder when the fault of the Me other 2nd at 1st well memory might bring up only poison and of negativity and then you remember there were good things in my school too we still play volleyball It wasn't all bad another side of Soviet life appears as this touching melancholic squeaky note yes we lived in a bunker squashed together but we felt warm this feeling of warmth is what I want to bring now into my installations he asked about speaking to the b.b.c. 997 immediate about golf and art critic Robert store spoke to me Tina Newman for weakness and if you'd like to hear more of our history programs just search online for b.b.c. 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