Know, are in much different condition and in a much different place than other states. Its going to be very, very close, maybe even before the date of may 1st. So keeping him honest, as constitutional scholars and other experts on the subject have pointed out and as we pointed out last night, the governors do not need the president s authorization. They are not sitting by the phone waiting for an official authorization to reopen their states. In addition, saying before the date of may 1st, as the president puts it, that is before the expiration of the centers for disease controls social distancing guidelines as they now stand. And just today dr. Anthony fauci called even a may 1st reopening in parts of the country, quote, a bit overly optimistic and said that the widespread testing that would be needed to safely lift restrictions, quote, were not there yet. That said, it was as close to a total aboutface as one could imagine, though unacknowledged. And though it certainly is the lead story for tens of millions of americans worried about their safety but also about their jobs, it was not what the president began the briefing with today. He started by announcing a halt on u. S. Funding for the World Health Organization. The president blaming it for opposing his restrictions on travel from china. Also he said for failing to inform the world about a lack of transparency from china on the outbreak. Now, there are certainly very legitimate criticisms to be had on the w. H. O. And of china and cnn has reported on them extensively. However, not so long ago the president was expressing a very different view of each. On china. Heres a tweet from the president , january 24th. Quote, china has been working very hard to contain the coronavirus. The United States greatly appreciates their efforts and transparency. It will all work out well, in particular on behalf of the American People i want to thank president xi. Transparency. A month later heres a tweet on the w. H. O. , quoting again from the president. The coronavirus is very much under control in the usa. We are in contact with everyone and all relevant countries, cdc and world health have been working hard and very smart. Stock market starting to look very good to me. Then, and now. Just four days later, the First American would die of coronavirus. Today the death toll topped 25,000. Cnns Kaitlan Collins was in the rose garden for tonights briefing. She joins us now. Certainly so much for the president being in charge of how the country will eventually reopen. I mean, its a complete 180 from what he said yesterday, though he doesnt acknowledge he was just wrong. No, he isnt saying, you know, i dont have total authority of this. Actually the governors will make these decisions. Now hes framing it more as hes coordinating with these governors which as we noted last night is what these governors would like, federal guidance on this. They just dont want the federal government to try to dictate what they are doing. Anderson, the president s change in position today came after constitutional scholars were saying he was wrong, republican lawmakers, even republican governors in addition to the democratic governors that he referenced on twitter not that long ago when he was saying that they were essentially trying to have some kind of a mutiny and was invoking that movie talking about this. That was just this morning. Now hes striking a much more cooperative tone, talking about reopening the country. But whats also going to be notable is the president was hintsing that there are some places, some states that could open before these guidelines theyve put out expire before the end of the month. Anderson, he did not name those states, but of course that came after fauci said its not likely most of the country would be ready to open by that may 1 deadline. The president also said that the u. S. Was halting funding to or pausing funding to the World Health Organization. You tried to point out that he himself had been praising the World Health Organization for the exact things hes now criticizing them for. He didnt really he certainly didnt answer your question. No. And another reporter had actually tried to ask that question before me, pointing to the president s january tweet where he praised china for its transparency when it came to the coronavirus. That is exactly what he criticized the w. H. O. For tonight, saying that was in part one of the reasons he was withholding this funding pending this review, saying is it was because they had praised china for being transparent here. So the president was criticizing them for something he had done. One reporter tried to ask him about it. The president didnt answer that question. He was talking about his trade deal with china. Then i tried to follow up on that question repeatedly. He was talking about those travel restrictions that hes touted many, many times but thats not, of course, the same thing as what the president s tweet said. He didnt walk that tweet back or say anything about that. He said he hadnt called them transparent when, of course, we have seen the tweet where the president has, and this has come, you know, overall where the president has repeatedly spoken with the chinese leader, praised them for their efforts on coronavirus, said that they have it under control several times and, of course, he did not answer that question tonight about why hes criticizing the w. H. O. For doing something that he himself also did. Yeah. Kaitlan collins, appreciate it. Fascinating aboutface. Reaction now to the president s aboutface from one of the state governors who joined together to formulate plans for reopening their states and for returning to what will almost certainly not be the same kind of normal that existed before the virus hit. Oregon governor democrat kate brown joins us now. Governor brown, thanks so much for being with us. So the president is saying hes going to authorize governors individually to implement reopening plans for their states. You clearly do not need his authorization. What are you thinking about in terms of reopening . So we obviously have the power. As a governor i have the power to protect the health and safety of my constituents, my oregonians, and thats exactly what weve done. We took aggressive social distancing measures early in this pandemic, and as a result weve been able to provide, for example, extra ventilators to the city of new york, and i think that speaks to oregonians willingness to take action to socially distance, protect themselves, their neighbors and their communities. In terms of reopening, weve aligned with california and washington around a framework, a handful of things that need to happen. Number one, we need to make sure that the growth rate in new cases is slowing. Number two, we need to have adequate protective equipment, gloves, masks and gowns. Number three, obviously additional testing. We probably need to roughly double our testing capacity. Number four, well be able to have an aggressive Contact Tracing system. And number five, make sure that we can provide care in isolation for those who test positive for the disease. Did you expect the president to ultimately back down from his comments because, again, there was just no Legal Authority for the president to claim that he was the one who was going to determine for all the states what was going to happen. Look, the reality is with this pandemic we are all in this together, and its critically important that we work together. Im really proud of the work that the states are doing in the west, our western states, to create a framework that not only protects the health and safety of our citizens but also because our economy is so interconnected, protect the business the businesses all up and down the west coast. When you talk about the aggressive Contact Tracing, every epidemiologist that ive talked to has stressed that that is so important moving forward. Is the state of oregon set up because everybody ive talked to in different states says their state is really not set up at this point with a Public Health system to have the number of people required to kind of do real aggressive Contact Tracing. So our Oregon Health authority is working on a Strategic Plan to address this particular issue, but i also think that its going to be incumbent upon us to develop partnerships. For example, one of our Hospital Systems in Southern Oregon has volunteered to provide a private partnership with local county Public Health to both train and increase the number of Health Care Workers that would be able to do this work. Making sure obviously they have the knowledge. They have the expertise and they have the ability to work with families in their communities. Do you know how many people you think might be needed to do Contact Tracing . Because, i mean, theres been some epidemiologists who say nationwide, you know, it could be as many as 100,000 people, which you know, is obviously a huge rise in employees. Certainly my medical Advisory Panel is working on those details. We think its going to be a lot, hundreds at least for a state like oregon with a population of 4. 2 million, but as i said we can create Public Private partnerships. We have a very good system of Health Care Workers. Folks already working in the communities that could provide this assistance as well, and then were exploring other Creative Concepts that we could easily train and increase the amount of local community Health Care Workers. What i think is really important is that this be done in a culturally competent way, and so thats going to take time and energy. Its time and energy worth investing in our communities. Do you agree with Governor Newsom that when things do return, when businesses, you know, open up and stuff that its going to be a very different kind of normal really until a vaccine is found and a vaccine that actually works and is something that, you know, that works . Absolutely. This is not a light switch going on or off. This is going to be making a change, testing it, modeling it, and then seeing whether it works, and then if it does, you can make another change. Do you see social distancing remaining . Yes. Some form of social distancing remaining . I think youre going to see broader cultural changes. For example, hand shaking. I think were going to see a move to a more asian style of headbowing. I think youre going to see folks really limiting large gatherings for a long period of time, months, and i think youre going to see other social changes. Weve been laughing, of course, about the use of zoom and other technologies. For introverts thats a great way to limit your social interaction but still have the social connections that you need to to get your work done. I dont know if youre saying that because youve read that im a huge introvert, but i am a huge introvert and i appreciate you bringing up introverts. Governor brown, really appreciate it. Take good care. You, too. More insight on reopening each state. The w. H. O. And one of the president s favorite medicines from cnn chief medical correspondent dr. Sanjay gupta. The president talked about reopening. Earlier today dr. Fauci said were not there yet on opening the states. How to assess the health risks of reopening things too soon too fast. The health risks are you could have many more people become infected, anderson. The concern is its not an incremental thing. You run the real risk of sort of going back to square one as has been described i think by many people and has been evidenced in some places around the world. So theres a real risk to that, and i can say as well, you know, i think with dr. Fauci, he obviously looks at the data, the same data that most of us has access to although he may have other data as well. I think hes known for some time that it would be very difficult to reopen things in any kind of normal way on may 1st. The data just hasnt suggested that. I think, you know, anderson, i think his strategy he knows but he sort of slow rolls it a little bit so as to not shock the country into this stuff. I think it will be very hard to to believe that with the current sort of state of affairs with the virus eventually were going to open, but it seems like to would be hard to believe by may 1st. He also knows better than sort of announcing a date or just flat out saying may 1st, theres no way because it would contradict what the president is saying and it would cause tensions. The president saying about the World Health Organization tonight halting funding to the organization. Im wondering what your reaction is. Because the u. S. Gives a lot of money to them. The World Health Organization, what does that main go to . What do they do . Well, they do lots of different things. I mean, part of of it is creating diagnostics, Lab Diagnostics and helping set that up in countries around the world. As you might imagine, anderson, as you know, because you and i have traveled to these places, the countries that would be most adversely impacted by cuts in funding arent going to be countries like us. They are going to be countries that dont have established Health Systems or minimally established Health Systems. Thats usually who ends up getting penalized when theres a cut in funding, and, you know, i mean, i think we all in some ways look to the World Health Organization right now because they are focusing on these trials. Theyre collecting data from around the world, like a World Health Organization can do. I will say, anderson, i mean, i think there have been some missteps for certain by the World Health Organization. It was pretty clear that the, you know, first patients out of china, a significant number of them, were not related to that animal market as we kept getting told. That was significant because these patients im sorry, these people were not getting the infection from that market, where were they getting that infection from . Was there already evidence of Community Spread long before we were told about it that the rest of the world was told about it . I think theres some legitimate criticisms. President trump even said i dont know where he got this number, but he said 20fold more infections occurred because of the slowness of the World Health Organization. Im not sure how he arrived at that number. So i think theres some legitimate criticisms is but to stop funding in the middle of a pandemic to penalize countries that are more dependent on this, im not sure that makes sense. The w. H. O. Says they are investigating cases of what they call reactivation of the virus after reuters reported that some people in south korea tested positive after being cleared. How does this change how scientists and doctors study antibodies and immunity because, again, the concern is are people really immune once they have had the virus . They use the word reactivation in this reuters article, not reinfection, and it as you know, anderson, its two different things. I think thats more than a nuance. Reinfection would suggest that somebody has the infection, they completely recover, theres no more virus in their body, and then they get reinfected again. That the antibodies didnt really fight off the infection. Reactivation sort of suggests that the virus just lives and stays in the body a lot longer than people realize. Anderson, you know, you and i have seen this because we interviewed im blanking on his name right now, university of nebraska, we had him on the town hall several times in a row. Yes. They have the special center. They do a lot of work on this. They do a lot of work on it. He was found to continue to have presence of the virus for i think again, correct me if im wrong, 28, 29 days. His first name is carl. Carl. He has a Radio Station and his wife had to go and pick up after the dog while he was quarantined. Right. Yes, exactly. But because he was being tested so often they realized he actually harbored the virus a lot longer than people realize so i think thats something we do have to Pay Attention to. How long does this virus really stay in our body after we recover . I dont know that we can clearly answer that right now. Yeah. Sanjay, appreciate it as always. Thank you very much. Coming up next, in light of the president s criticism of the World Health Organization, china, state governors, anyone but himself, well take a closer look at the timeline for the month of february which the president yesterday almost entirely left out of the campaignstyle propagandastyle video, call it what you want, that he played boasting his accomplishments. Were keeping them honest. Joined by senator chris murphy of connecticut. And lifting restrictions. Well talk to one researcher whose team has published a study that said they might have to continue in some shape or form number 2022. Well talk about what can make that necessary and how to avoid that fate ahead. laughter baby coos laughter man on video chat hey man chasing dog oh no no no no baby crying only roomba i7 uses two multisurface rubber brushes. And picks up more pet hair than other robot vacuums. And the filter captures 99 of dog and cat allergens. If its not from irobot, its not a roomba™. All the way out here just for a blurry photo of me. Oh, thats a good one. Wait, whats that . Thats just the lowbattery warning. Oh, alright. Now its all, check out my rv, and, lets go fourwheeling. Maybe theres a little part of me that wanted to be seen. Well, progressive helps people save when they bundle their home with their outdoor vehicles. 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Its what weve always done. Its what well always do. Weve been discussing president s criticism of the World Health Organization this evening, accusations of delayed actions and a lack of candor, perhaps not surprisingly charges which echoed the exact criticisms being leveled at the president. On monday he began the News Conference with a campaignlike video attempting to show how much the president has been on top of the coronavirus response. It ended up documenting how little he did during the critical month of february. The president said he did a lot at that time though he couldnt name anything of substance yesterday when asked. Its the kind of stuff he was doing this is the kind of stuff he was doing and saying in february, downplaying the virus. I think the virus is going to be its going to be fine. You know, in april supposedly it dies with the hotter weather, and thats a beautiful date to the look forward to. Looks like by april, you know, in theory when it gets a little warmer, miraculously goes away. I hope thats true. We have it very much under control in this country. The coronavirus, which is very well under control in our country. The people are getting better. Theyre all getting better. Theres a very good chance youre not going to die. In fact, were very close to a vaccine. This is a flu. This is like a flu. Of the 15 people, the original 15, as i call them, eight of them have returned to their homes. Were going down, not up. Were going very substantially down, not up. Again, when you have 15 people and the 15 within a couple of days is going to be down to close to zero, thats a pretty good job weve done. Its going to disappear. One day its like a miracle. It will disappear. Democrats are politicizing the coronavirus. One of my people came up to me and said, mr. President , they tried to beat you on russia, russia, russia. That didnt work out too well. They tried the impeachment hoax. This is their new hoax. Joining us now to talk about missed opportunities, democratic senator chris murphy of connecticut. Senator, i want to read you a tweet that you tweeted out february 5th about the white houses response at that time. You said, just left the Administration Briefing on coronavirus. Bottom line, they arent taking this seriously enough. Notably no requests for any emergency funding which is a big mistake. Local Health Systems need supplies, training, screenings, staff, et cetera and they need it now. What did you see in that meeting . I mean, what was the problem . Well, that was an extraordinary montage that you just played, and that attitude was reflected in the meeting, inside that meeting in early february where the president s top coronavirus experts, led by then chief of staff mulvaney and secretary of hhs alex azar, and they were just incredibly confident that they had beaten coronavirus. At that time there were only a few cases here. They were reflecting what the president said in those clips because they thought that the travel bans have kept it out of the United States. We told them that they needed money and they needed money fast in order to buy supplies, in order to hire more staff, and they told us that they didnt need any funding, that they had everything that they needed, and i walked out of that closeddoor briefing just with chills running down my spine because many of us on both sides of the aisle knew what this virus had done in china. We knew it was a matter of time before it arrived here and it was just shocking how cavalier the administration was. This was at a time when the president really, you know, viewed this as a hoax. He said so on tv and the reason that were in the crisis that we are today is not because of anything that china did. Its not because of anything the w. H. O. Did. Its because of what this president did. Because he didnt take this virus seriously. We werent going to be able to keep every case out of the United States, but we didnt need to have tens of thousands of people dying. Its clear that the w. H. O. Has said very positive things about china and kind of downplayed, you know, their lack of transparency and the chinese death tolls, you know, right now just seems ludicrously low, the official death toll in china. Im wondering what you make of the president now focusing on the w. H. O. , though he previously had praised them for china for transparency and the w. H. O. s work. Well, pulling money out of the w. H. O. Has nothing to do with keeping america safe. Its all about the president s attempt to try to find scapegoats. Lets be clear. Early on in this crisis there was no bigger cheerleader for china and their response to coronavirus than president donald j. Trump. It was President Trump who on 12 different occasions praised president xis efforts to control coronavirus, specifically praised chinas transparency which we now know was a complete joke, and so the president is engaging in, you know, sort of middle school grade deflection trying to blame the w. H. O. For something that he was responsible for, and the fact of the matter is the while the w. H. O. Is imperfect, in the early days of the virus they invested in testing. They created by the end of february 1. 4 million tests in collaboration with a german manufacturer, so had we been working with the w. H. O. Early on, we might be in a very different position here being able to test twice as many, three times as many people as we have. Well be weaker as a nation if we pull out of the w. H. O. Because it theres no way to stand up an Effective International antipandemic program without them. This is just about the president s attempts to try to blame others for problems that he created. Yeah. I know earlier you had said that there was very coordinated effort amongst the white house and their allies to try to find scapegoats for the fatal mistakes the president made during the very early stages of the virus. You believe that the president made mistakes that ended up costing lives . Absolutely. Absolutely. The fact that we didnt start buying up medical supplies, masks, gowns, face shields early on, when we were begging for that funding in early february. The fact that the president didnt put in place an effective plan to develop new tests, the fact that he didnt work with governors and mayors to push social distancing measures earlier has cost lives. Listen, lets be honest. There is effectively no response to coronavirus from the administration. All the president does is hold press conferences. Everything that has been done to effectively control this virus has been done by governors. My governors had to find almost every single face shield and every mask that has been dispensed to hospitals. Its been my governor that has had to decide when to close schools and when to close businesses. Its my governor whos organizing a process of identify, trace and quarantine. The president talks in these press conferences but all of the response has been left to governors. And so if the president had had a more Effective National plan from the beginning we would be in a very different position than we are today. Do you watch the coronavirus briefings because ive just been struck how they have now devolved to it the president essentially hijacking them to, you know, talk as long as he wants, an hour, more than an hour sometimes, before any scientist really we get an update from the scientists about whats actually going on. Yeah. I mean, my sense right now is that the president does the press conferences and other people are trying to manage the virus. We did a call last week with the Vice President and a team of experts, and, you know, there were really good people on that call but its hard when the president is this disengaged, when he is so focused on trying to save himself politically and not terribly interested in learning the details of how you fight a vicious virus like this. I tune in to bits and pieces of these press conferences because a lot of my constituents are watching them and i want to be kept up to date. But theyre just for show. Theyre just to keep the president occupied on a daily basis. Its others in the administration thats doing the work but they dont really have clear guidance from the commander in chief. Senator chris murphy, appreciate your time. Thank you. Thanks. Just ahead, a harvard researcher joins us to talk about new modeling that suggests social distancing guidelines may be needed for longer than many realize, maybe as far as 2022. Well explain ahead. 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And now, with our family takeout special, get a free footlong when you buy two. With all the talk about is lifting social distancing guidelines state by state, theres an eyeopening new study from a team of researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health. It predicts under certain scenarios the potential need for those measures and School Closures to continue until 2022. In our next segment were joined by someone working to brighten that picture considerably. She leads the vaccine effort at the National Institutes of health. But first yonatan grad, assistant professor of immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard University school of Public Health. Thanks so much for being with us, professor grad. Your team used models of what we now know about covid19 along with other viruses to create possible scenarios of the pandemic, one which concluded a potential need for social distancing until 2022. Can you explain how you found that . Absolutely. So there are two ways in which the pandemic acts. One, we eliminate the virus. I think with global spread of the virus, that one is quite unlikely. And the second, pandemic ends because theres sufficient immunity in the population. So with that as a backdrop, we were interested in asking about the impact of social distancing and what happens when we stop a onetime effort. So we are doing social distancing with the idea of flattening the curve and trying to prevent overwhelming our health care infrastructure, so if were successful in doing that, we also keep a lot of people susceptible to the infection so that if we stop social distancing after four weeks, eight weeks, 12 weeks, what have you, there will still be a pool of people who are susceptible and we might see again a rise in infection which might prompt us to reinitiate social distancing. So keeping in mind that our goal is getting up to population level immunity in the absence of a vaccine or potentially other types of interventions, what we might see is this kind of on off intermittent distancing. And to get up to population immunity, again, that end point, would take until 2022. And thats predicated on the belief that once you had been infected you would develop an immunity, is that correct . I know that hasnt been proven conclusively. That is correct. We are in this model assuming that infection brings along with it sufficient immune protection to last at least that duration. So the idea of 2022, thats just how i mean, you got that date really just by projecting out when enough people would develop what they call herd immunity . Thats right. So what we what we took as the approach to this is keep in mind that were flattening the curve to try to reduce the pressure on our health care infrastructure. What we want to do is institute these social distancing measures when it looks like when we project we would start to approach what the Critical Care infrastructure is, that the maximum there, and then we could turn it off as were starting to see the curve go down. Again, we had this kind of thermostat model where we would titrate to, again, trying to maintain our health care infrastructure. When we use that as our goal, we end up projecting these multiple rounds of social distancing that takes us out to 2022. So when you say multiple rounds, what does the social distancing look like . Is it sort of the Current System of stay at home, schools are closed, six feet apart, wear masks outside, or are there varieties of it depending on the circumstances . In the scenarios that we modeled we used very effective social distancing so that would be the kind of whole hog effort that were seeing now. Its certainly worth exploring the impact of alternatives for using other approaches or introducing new interventions, increasing the Critical Care capacity of our hospitals, developing new therapeutics that are very effective, putting into place Contact Tracing, quarantine and isolation. All of those could change those scenarios. Similarly if we learn that there are particular parts of the population that are more infected than we had been aware, that theres greater spread of the disease in the population so there is already much more immunity, that would also change these scenarios. Well, its really fascinating. Professor grad, appreciate all that youre doing. Thank you. Thank you. Up next, the lead researcher into a vaccine at the National Institutes of health joins me to discuss how close or far we are to having one. Were finally back out in our yard, but so are they. Dandelions, lurking crabgrass and weak, thin grass. But scotts turf builder triple action changes everything. It kills weeds, prevents crabgrass for up to four months and feeds so grass can thrive, all guaranteed, only from scotts. Our backyard is back. This is a scotts yard. Get everything you need for spring at scotts. Com order today. And even though tables are empty at the moment. Now you can be there for them. While the doors may be closed, the kitchens are open for delivery. Earlier tonight i spoke with Oregon Governor kate brown about what needs to happen for states to reopen their economy. She mentioned among other things the growth rate in cases slowing and additional testing. Its a similar list to what her counterpart in California Governor Gavin Newsom mentioned today. He added there also needs to be herd immunity, which we were just talking about, and most importantly a vaccine. My next guest is the lead researcher into trying to develop a Coronavirus Vaccine at the National Institutes of health. Joining me now is kizm. Mikia corbett. Joining me also is dr. Sanjay gupta, who i know is going to be asking you questions as well. Miss corbett, can you just explain what youre developing and where things stand right now with it . Yeah, absolutely. So were developing a vaccine nor covid19. It is based on several of our previous projects where we were investigating vaccines for mers and sars coronaviruses which are very closely related to the virus that causes covid19. So this vaccine incorporates the spike protein which is on the surface of the virus and that protein is the reason essentially why the virus is able to attach to a cell and then get into a cell and cause an infection. So from our perspective if we can incorporate that protein into our vaccine and essentially allow the body to create a response to that protein that may block an infection later, weve created a successful vaccine. The really interesting thing is we have a collaboration with moderna which is a company that uses message rna, which is essentially this genetic material, and were using their platform to deliver our vaccine spike. Thats fascinating. Sanjay, i know youve got some questions. Yeah. Doctor, thank you for being here and thank you for your work. People dont always realize vaccines can take a long time to make. Theres vaccines that have taken years and years to make. I think with sars it took 20 months, if i remember correctly, just under two years to get into phase one trials. I think you may have just talked about this, but why its happening a lot faster now i think, right . Correct me if im wrong on that, and how is it happening so much faster . You know, there are several layers to our Rapid Response which is what we call it. Most of it is based on work that weve done previously, so towards the goal of being prepared for a pandemic and ready to aim and shoot, so to speak, weve researched Coronavirus Vaccine development for the last seven years, particularly under my direction the team has researched this Coronavirus Development for five years, and so coming into the onset of this pandemic, we had an idea about what we wanted to do as far as the design of the vaccine. We already had our collaboration set in stone with moderna as weve been testing several other vaccine candidates, what you call preclinically or nonclinically, and so a lot of our work that weve done previously has essentially driven us into what we call a Rapid Response, and so, i mean, you probably are aware that we were able to go from getting the sequence online from the Chinese Government at the same time as the rest of the world, and essentially pushing for a vaccine to get into a human trial in 66 days. And when you go what is the process, pardon my ignorance on this. You have a human trial thats a phase one trial, is that right . Yes. So Vaccine Development is a very long process, and as dr. Gupta pointed out it is something that generally takes years and years to develop. Here in this first phase we are testing the safety of the vaccine. That is just a simple question is the vaccine safe to use in people . And then theres a stepwise introduction of the vaccine for other points like does the vaccine work . Does it create an immune response . Does it protect people from infection . And those are second and third phase studies that are to happen somewhat simultaneously. But after getting data that is allows us to move forward in that process. So overall our goal in the beginning was to go from sequence through to general population at best in 18 months. Its looking like were on track for that. Thats great. Doctor, one more thing. Theres been all these reports recently about people maybe getting reactivated with the virus. There were some early reports about people getting reinfected. It raises this issue of how protected is somebody after they get an infection . They build up antibodies. Those are supposed to protect them. But if theres evidence that its not protecting them, does that also make a vaccine less likely to work . You know, from where we sit in Vaccine Development it actually highlights the need for a vaccine so these respiratory viruses, covid19s, sars cov2 is not alone in perhaps causing reinfections. People get reinfected every year or two with a lot of the viruses that cause the common cold. Four of those viruses actually are cousins or akin to the sars cov virus that is novel and circulating right now. So we know that respiratory viruses generally dont necessarily cause very longlasting immunity following natural infection, and thats actually one of the ways that the virus just really allows itself to continue to circulate and, so to speak, live amongst the human population. So, you know, i saw that data and i wasnt surprised because this is something that weve studied quite a long time under the direction of my boss who is an expert in respiratory sesitial virus, et cetera. The point of a vaccine is to do better than natural infection. The point of a vaccine is to essentially create an immune response that is very potent, so highlevel immunity for an extended period of time. I know im sure you get this question from anybody you meet who finds out what you do. Any idea when a vaccine, assuming that this vaccine works, when it might be available for use . Yeah. So, you know, we are targeting were targeting fall for the emergency use. So that would be, you know, for Health Care Workers and people who might be in Constant Contact and risk of being exposed over and over. And then for the general population, our target goal is for next spring, and that is if all things go well and if these phase one, phase two, and phase three Clinical Trials work simultaneously for the good our plan is to have people vaccinated all over the world by next spring. So let me just be clear. Youre saying for the fall it your hope is if it works out in the Clinical Trials is to have it available for emergency workers, first responders, by the fall. You know, yeah. All of these timelines i like to say the universe helps us to decide, right . So, we could be lucky and not even be under this level of stress and containment. There might not be this level of exposure come fall. But if there is, there are mechanisms by which you can get a product approved for emergency use and people who might be exposed constantly. Thats really fascinating. Wow. Thank you for all youre doing. I hope this works. Yeah. We do too. Yeah. Thank you so much. Sanjay as well. Up next were going to continue the focus on the front line Health Care Workers battling this pandemic. A nurse sharing the toll this is taking on her and her coworkers when we continue. Were at the movies and we need to silence our phone. Who knows where that button is . I dont have silent. Everyone does right up here. It happens to all of us. We buy a new home, and we turn into our parents. What i do is help new homeowners overcome this. What is that, an adjustable spanner . Good choice, steve. Okay, dont forget youre not assisting him. You hired him. If you have nowhere to sit, you have too many. Who else reads books about submarines . My dad. Yeah. Oh, those are progressive cant protect you from becoming your parents, but we can protect your home and auto when you bundle with us. Look at that. Thats why working together ist more important than ever. 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Everyone is trying hard. Were human just like everybody else. We have emotions. Right now is the time that we should all have compassion over each other and try to at least what the other person is going through. Everyones really concerned about these patients and i understand. I completely understand. That nurse joins us now. Thanks so much for being with us and for everything that you and so many others are doing to take care of patients. What is it like . I know you and your colleagues are experiencing something that people who arent working in a hospital setting or dont have a loved one in a hospital setting can even really understand at a time like this. What are you whats it like every day . Its difficult. I did im sorry. I didnt know they were going to play that i didnt know they were going to play the clip of that video because ive never watched it. Im sorry. And i actually went back the morning after doing that, i immediately i wake up at 4 4r5 went to erase that. It had been shared so many time. I was like if someone can say whatever. I said whatever. But i thought it was not there, so i kept it up on my account. I never knew it would gain so much attention. So, listening to that and listening to that voice and just knowing what it was in that moment was im okay. Its difficult. Its difficult working its difficult just being in the Health Care Field in general. Its like going to war every day, especially with covid. But when you have normal patients and trauma patients shot 16 times or a 23yearold that jumps off a bridge and commits suicide, its difficult. Its daily. We have stuff we deal with. Yeah, it seems for families often because of the Health Considerations they cant really be with their loved one. And thats that adds a whole other layer to what families are going through and what patients are going through. Absolutely. I cant imagine being the day that happened actually thats what kind of happened. I walked to a room. My patient had expired. And i was like, wow. Like, he was by himself. You know . And its just like theres no one around. There was no resuscitation order, so there would have been nothing done. But normally if i had a patient that was expiring, i would always sit in their room with them just so someone was there. Yeah. My mom passed away this summer and i was able to be there at the end. And it makes a huge difference for family members and also obviously for the person who is breathing their last to feel that. One of the things at the end you said on the video, you said something i thought was really important. You said we can all make it through this if we all stick together. And i think thats such an important message, especially at a time when so many of us are physically distant from other people. Yeah. Yeah. We all have to stick together. We all have to stick together and do our part. Thats the only way were going to be able to get through this entire thing. For sure. Well, i really apreachiate you talking with us, and i really