And those organizations, i would love to have a one on one with bill oreilly, not on fox news. Hear any mutual place. I welcome that, bill, if youre watching, or joe scarborough. Because hes just as guilty. Or whats the guy who runs hardball . Chris matthews. These men have gone out of their way to the horrific things about americas muslims. And i think the fact that the rhetoric, we talked about words, the rhetoric goes uncontested and no one really challenges to some extent these comments. Concerns me. In spite of the fact that there is this heightened awareness. Thats especially true now. George allen can see in virginia was nearly derailed when he referred to southeastern americans. We have republican governors of louisiana and south carolina, a south asian ancestry. One is a catholic, but gentle, the other, nikki haley is seized by ancestry. She appoints an africanamerican senator, a conservative. It different. Not so much arab americans. Muslimamericans. At the muslimamericans are under the microscope much more. Its different for them, really is. And the election of Barack Hussein obama whose father was muslim, worse than that in your view . I think the president with all due respect, and im a supporter of the president. The only president to live in a predominant Muslim Country the president at some point before he steps out should say, 25, 30 of the American People think i am a muslim. What if i was . So what. What difference would that make. Hes not said that, and he needs to say it. If i were having coffee with him i would encourage them to say that. Because by not saying it it allows this sort of rhetoric. But youre right about the asian i think the Asian American kennedy, with all the respect, is much more organized and really does a much better job than we do. Does george w. Bush deserves some credit for this to me immediately after 9 11 . A tremendous amount of credit. I applaud him. He really did a good speech after 9 11, was to be done. I guess id like to put this question in a historical context, in which these changes dont happen automatically. They actually happen because these groups start entering into American Life more and more. So if we talk about this, its been a process. When irish and jews without to be nonwhite, it really took them entering in two different areas of American Culture and politics to basically contest bit by bit, piece by piece these stereotypes and these attitudes. It took a long time. It took a long time. So these changes dont happen intently because someone said im sorry, its structured in power relationships and vested interest in it takes the pushback in all these different arenas for the change to happen. So i would say that, in part to answer your question, now that theres been increasing the rationalization and desegregation, there has been, its been a consequence of the pushback of people really organizing around that and im not saying it was only asianamericans who fought for opening up. It was africanamericans me the difference are asianamericans. But also someone like the congressman from brooklyn. He was a cosponsor, the author of the 1965 Immigration Reform act. So it really takes this kind of coalition of people of really critically saying that these immigration laws are not right. He was critical of the 1924 immigration act which basically was the consequence. It said that it was nordic europeans who should be the ones who get the most opportunity to come to this country, eastern, southern european immigrants, after patients had already been excluded from the country. These with groups that were causing racial degeneration. Americans dont think about this law but it had huge impact on all cities, all parts of the country. So emanuel cellar was will also understanding the connection between antijewish, and the eastern european, antisouthern european racism, and linked it to saying that has to be a fairness across the board for different groups. So the pushback is really i think how change actually has begun to happen on different kinds of levels. Question for jack shaheen. You are a very complex film, i will not ask you voters like to work with the George Clooney although id like but you did choose to work in a film where the central theme ultimately is the threat, possible or actual, of radicalized religious, fundamentalism and militancy. How did you grapple with that and why did you decide to work on that project . I worked on the project primarily because they asked me, and because i felt i could make a difference in the screenplay, and because i had a tremendous amount of respect for the director, writer. Had you seen the screenplay before, the screenplay when i first read it, i thought nothing could be done to save it. My wife did not want me to consult on the film. I remember sitting with him in l. A. After he asked me to consult. I didnt think it was him. I thought my wife was yanking my chain saw picked up the phone, sure, george, how are you . And he asked me primarily because of the work ive done on three kings. I couldnt say no. But what impressed me about him, i remember i sat down and i said to him, i said, i dont want a muslimAmerican Family or an arab American Family to see this film and walk out of the theater ashamed of their faith or their culture. I said, would you kindly take that into consideration during the editing process . And i remember i said, its all over the archives, i dont know detailed notes to what was wrong and what should be done, in my opinion, to make it a more evenhanded film. And when i was out in l. A. , my wife was in the audience. I got a call from his office. And he said, we have the film ready for utc. And i remember looking at my wife and my family and setting, oh, no, dear god. I have to see this film. And then i went and i sat in the screenplay but i was the only one there. They took me off somewhere in santa monica, you know, i sat down. No one else. I watched the film, and i almost cried because so many offensive scenes have been omitted from the film. And i remember he came in and he said to me efforts, what did you think . I said i cant talk. I need five minutes. Please leave me alone. He walked out. The poor guy. And then he came back and he said, would you please tell me what you think . I hugged him. And he said lets go. So its a twoway street. Stephen is a tremendous deserves a tremendous amount of credit. I cant help but notice theres a book right here and titled red chinas fighting which period is up from . A period of enmity. I couldnt help but notice the back of the book, it says withdrawn, the library teamed it unworthy of retaining it. Want to ask about the politics of shame. Only i think in the recent decades, for example, have images, for example, of lynchings, been really studied very, very closely as kind of not only kind of social documents but also documents that are worth, in some ways, reproducing in exhibition catalogues ive used it in very, very somber ways. But in assembling this material, i guess especially for jack up on to ask this question, did you encounter a certain kind of reluctance among people who were like why would you collect this stuff . Lets forget about it. Its just withdraw it. Well, its a very interesting question, because when we collect this stuff, its been forgotten and hidden away. People become embarrassed by it which is terrific fetishism change. At the same time the underlying patterns that are there are still there. Took some of the more blatant characterizations and caricatures and imagery may have subsided and be put away. In fact, the enactment of how fear operates or how anxiety is scapegoated, paranoia gets expressed, those patterns are actually still very much there. They get triggered at different moments. For example, i just got an email saying ucla and usc students have been organizing against racial slurs on their campuses. And that personal is unusual for campuses to get together and agree to do that. But these slurs weakens the also how theyre not that significant i think the students were very aware that there some deeper kind of attitudes that are in the slurs himself. So it may not take an essay on a visual form but it could be in other forms that then erupt and then actually played a very toxic role on their campuses. So these things are kind of their, and they are under the ground kind of in the air, and when a moment strikes they actually have a horrible force. I think the goal here as with any kind of toxin, is to bring to the service we can begin to deal with it and begin to acknowledge it, begin to understand it talk about it into detox if it. I think thats the strategy with why these collections are quite important to many to be very important in the right context and we hope that by having the yellow octopus in an archive, people not mistake that as we are just trying to promote this kind of propaganda. I think people are really quite amazed to see the kinds of patterns we find across different time periods, traditions that were not really understood or known about. So by actually making them culpable, we can begin to understand exactly whats going on. Thank you. Very thoughtful. I could ask because youve been asking questions all evening i suspect him but i would like to open this up to this wonderful audience here at the museum of chinese and america, and to see if we have some questions for our distinguished panelists. The lady in the back, please. Is there someone who can help with the microphone . Thank you so much. Good evening. Question for jack. So fu manchu doesnt winning in thing to me. I didnt grow up watching it, some trees about what it shows, images that i mean, i dont watch that Much Television but what savage about . I certainly a lot of political rhetoric, the financial crisis and all the manufacturing jobs moving to china, you know. Wondering how china is taking over. [inaudible] well, the image they shift from group to group and of the few people in ethnic some thoughts about this. Let me give two examples. One is the remake of the film red dawn that came out a few years ago, which started out, its a remake of the film. Kind of them who the original the soviets were dropping into some middle american down and kind of surprising america, basically taking over. This remake start out with basically chinese copied into a colorado town i believe is really the young man who saved the town from this horrible technological innovation where all of the computers and electronics were wiped out. With the pushback from china, which now, of course, has a very large market share of the global kind of media market but also owns a lot of American Theaters, they said we dont like this, for understandable reasons. A shift of the bad guys, they recut it so that there was the north koreans. [laughter] spent it easy when you use the most isolated country on earth. So for cheap pics, they made a different enemy. But in some ways its a good example of how the evil enemy ships very quickly. I could cite many, many other examples. Theres a very good example, a wonderful book about not see cinema not see cinema. How hollywood kept doing business with nazi germany, right up almost until world war ii began primarily for economic reasons. They did not want to lose the german audience. And would make compromises with the german conflict or the German Council who is based in l. A. Basically letting them censor these films. So when you think of that and you think of this, i mean, its all linked together but its the same. Different people but the rationale behind it, motivation, the economic front is there, and its one of the reasons again why collections such as these are so important. Another question. Why dont we go here and then we will move back to this site. The topic [inaudible] [inaudible] so i think thats the thing we have to address. Something for us as the American Public really has to address those issues for it to be critical. [inaudible] i know my father was harassed. Thats something to take look at. We have two questions. Why dont we go here first and then this gentleman, and then you. On more of a comment then maybe a question i had is that the pushback of Asian Americans as lead [inaudible] the sophisticated images we dont see. I came out of the pacific rim actually, think about that because i thought this is a movie that takes place in hong kong. To arnaud chinese characters. Its very interesting about what images in the pushback has been gingers which is of a sophisticated reiteration of that to say, specific rim pacific rim and [inaudible] but to me that movie in many different ways shows the most largest where i came out of it completely steamed. Be realized without some just told you . That were going to need these people to come and save us. It takes place in hong kong, and there are many other things about the movie. But to me this is important as a record and was no longer politically acceptable in the discussion, but the most interesting is the thing that underpins [inaudible] that we might not even notice. This gentleman at the end of the road had a question i believe. I havent read yellow peril i dont have a question. [inaudible] my filter is completely different when i think of racism, essentially, a central ideal. Its easy to compartmentalize this area or community, these racism dynamics, whether you want to call them. But what caught my eye was the word [inaudible] when i was 15 i got my first computer and i download a lot of free music, and there was one lecture by noam chomsky, and he was giving an explanation of [inaudible] and he put in the proper context. And he said that a block quotation movies were, as he phrase, necessary evil. Thats what i think of when i think of what it heard today. [inaudible] if i could ask quickly following on the subdivision, very, very perceptive, 12 years as lets is a very great importance led by the generating a lot of discussion about, and perhaps controversy about americas painful past. But one thing about depictions of africanamericans has been that at least since the support area of the citizenship was, whether that belongingness was adequately represented or acknowledged leaving that aside. Theres an element, xenophobic, foreign versus the natives. Could you elaborate a little bit on [inaudible] the word american, i think as we move forward in the conversation, what is american . Theres a project about the, lived about what you studied and how you compare that to the very troubled history of immigrant africanamericans. I always say, i just read a review by a book dealing with the family who back in the 20s, one of the closest jabs was brought to america 300 years ago in chains. So there was a heightened awareness by some white musicians way back then as to the prejudices that existed. I think the africanamerican experience probably, and what i would love to do some time is to put together a class, we should do this on the most racist films in the history of cinema, the top 10, and but the one thats at the very top, and the one you can use to compare similarities with all of these, is the birth of a nation. Black sport trade some human beings. That film in terms of its energy, in terms of its political attacks can in that it brought about this reemergence of the kkk, or the two clocks clan, all of a sudden which was diminishing its membership, et cetera, et cetera, one film brought out more and more men in white sheets which obstacles more problems in the south and more deaths of arabamericans. This is a film you know, that Woodrow Wilson saw and never said a word about the racism because it was produced by a friend of his, and he went to college with what written a book called the clam. So i think in terms of the images, particularly in the past, if you look at the images of africanamericans and to take asians, jews, arabs and others, and use birth of a nation as an example and to build on that, theres lots of similarities, particularly the political consequences that happened with the demonization process. I think there are of course a lot of different, differences in some of the ways that africanamericans have been depicted but i think theres also a lot of connections that we often miss. So for instance, during world war ii, people who work zoot suits and a lot of critics of americans can White Supremacists were tagged as projapanese sympathizers, some of them actually did support japans rhetoric against imperialism and against white supremacy, and a lot of that story has been sort of forgotten but that was used to then make africanamericans who were advocating for against segregation enemies of the state essentially. And then the same thing of course happened in the 60s and 70s where the threat of communism or third world liberation movements was used to also tarnish and spy on and imprisoned civil rights activists and antiwar activists. And, of course, all that architecture of state surveillance that accompanied fears of subversion is used equally against sort of against minority communities as well as muslim communities. I think they are all actual a lot more connected, and what we wanted to do is to try to show how this tradition is connecting everyone in different ways and everyone has to deal with it together, i guess. Ill just try to be quick. One quick point is oftentimes now films and how they depict is by having three characters, often lets say, lets say africanamerican cop, a white cop against an asian, and evil asian who is automatically seen so that in some way they can be seen as not racist because you are having to whiteblack buddies were working together. So we are talking about triangulation to which other this operates in very top getaways in sexuality, gender roles, all of these things come into play. So thats one quick point. We can talk about lots of films that you can imagine lots of thumbs up to the. Is what has really appreciate your point about illusions. I think jack would agree although weve not talked about. Is that were really talking about how can we deal with this world of illusions that we kind of let them, we this will respond to and to teach it as we can actually do with real issues that are in front of us . We are facing profound social, global issues, interrelated issues about climate change, about the well being of, you know, the great majority of people are increasingly poor. And the disparity between wealth and poverty rate. So how do we get to deal with those issues . How can we do with the system and the kinds of questions . How can we do with the fact that in the Pacific Ocean theres this all the bottles of plastic independence and they disintegrate and the fish beat them and were all becoming plastic in our bodies. Theyre opening up the seabirds and find all sorts of plastic inside of them. How can we deal with that if were still stuck in these silos in the world of delusions . So thats really whats at stake here is not to just of course, you know, in some ways it sounds kind of crazy, amazing and like its funny [inaudible] but really the stakes are how we figure out how to talk with people who we per seed who we perceive as so different from us we cant even agree on standards or solar panels . Very powerful. The lady in the front. I wanted to ask a question about the role as a position of women in your archives, and i dont mean to lump these different subjects together, but i ask that because we are dealing with this collective representation, you know, politics. The role of the woman to the kind of domestic structure in the family. Interracial romance, the traitor of a race. And also a way to identify racism is often tricky through the [inaudible] negatively represents. So i wonder if its become a bit about how your projects deal with that, that speaker. Well, we talked about arab women, shortening now, submissive objects. Either communicable there in the desert getting water from the well, always subservient to the mail, bosomy belly dance or, mostly mute most of the time. Occasionally there was a movie called she became a terrorist. But almost always there were some rare exceptions to that in some of the early arabian nights films where they were very strong women who really identify themselves and who said, you know, ill ride to baghdad, ill do whatever i have to do to save my fathers life. And it would not be submissive . They are very, very rare. Many commonalities i think with the images of asian women, but totally, totally, its almost as bad if not as bad as images of the arab male. Of course representations of gender are throughout all of this material, and are very central element of it. But one interesting story that i think kind of, that we found that i think addresses this to some extent is in a lot of the early coming war novel that sort of comment that inspired fu manchu, the first of which was empty shields, yellow danger, in dozens of them is a white womans rejection of an asian student that compels him to decide to take over the world [laughter] and place revenge upon the continent that spurned him spent unfortunate reaction. Over and over and over again, for a hundred just. I can give you a list. But i think that captures a lot of the dynamics of the play because on the one hand the context between east and west is often described as a contest over women, like many contests are imagined to be. And then it is the peace the east lack of masculine that requires them to take revenge. And thats actually, even in todays terrorist studies journals its often described that these islamic adherents are upset that their caliphate is not in control and theyre going to take out that masculine shame on the world by attacking people they imagine to be a better man. And even in that formulation, which some of the is in the book, but theres lots of it around is, again, a celebration of a fantasy western masculinity that is so awesome that people cant handle it and need to attack it. It. [laughter] which brings up i think this question of queerness which is hoping that, that the incredible straightness of the white man is making it what else feel we are shame. But then on the other hand, the other big thing that we see is that, and a lot has been written about this particularly after 9 11, these domestic, crises of what people imagine civilizational conflict are also used to try to strengthen the gender system in the united states. So after pearl harbor in Time Magazine there was a famous essay by the editor saying i will now, we should realize that we havent been mean enough to recognize this japanese threat. And so lets set aside all the discussion of civil rights and equality and like really meant up to fight the japanese but the same thing was said after 9 11, it was described as the crisis of masculine the. Susan wrote a book about the impact of that and a lot of the, chaching can we stop to that feminism now were in a war against islam . I think they are all deeply embedded within each other. Spent i almost forgot, excuse me. A book that was praised by critics of the country, theres a chapter which he writes about arab women, arabs and other animals. Fear of flying . Yeah. And one in which i forgot to mention, shes someone else id like to have a cup of coffee with, is the fact that if you see a movie at all go where theres this great desert race and a couple, we can make out what an indie movies anymore so a cowboy goes to an arab country with his horse to enter the great desert race. And not only does he win the great desert race, the arab heroine, a beautiful woman, says youve got to win, otherwise ill be forced to marry shaikh abdullah. You know, we see shaikh abdullah. [laughter] and so the cheering of course for our cowboy sure to win the great desert race so that the poor arab woman thats a common thing in many, many films an arab woman will go and say please rescue me from my arab brothers. I have been to watch the mask of fu manchu, all you need to know about everything will be in that film. So my reference for everything. One of the triangles that you see is one white woman and the daughter of fu manchu fighting over this tall hunky white guy who was struck by fu manchu come into one point [inaudible] who has kind of a sadomasochistic clear, nonnormative sexual desire. Shes kind of putting her finger nose on his body and all this. Versus the white woman who truly loves him and is able to get him out of his drug stupor by expressing her pure love for this man. So you have two moves of sexuality, gender roles played off each other. Again and theres another triangle. Its different than what we talked about before but its very much of it. Thats a lot of the dynamics were seeing whether its in the film or plate out spent i think with time for two more questions. Am i correct . This gentleman and then we will try to squeeze in three. Thank you. I guess my question is related to your pushback idea, and if they any point in all of your analysis and imagery did you find pushback in that people who are being oppressed were using an image [inaudible] making it a power for themselves . Can you use this language as a form of power . I think that is the classic american way its done. Rewrite the narrative. In part because it happens in a commercial culture, its a little bit tricky so that if we look at lets say some of the very early irish playwrights who are here in new york city writing place about irish in our theaters, they first have to inhabit the white protestant stereotype of them, and then they have to explode it from within. But paying customers then have to come to their event. When youre excluding chinese from this country, you dont have that paying audience who can act as a counter force but we are talking about tricky types of orientalism and otherness which is at one moment commercial, at one moment political, at one moment so they think that oriental merchants come on using the word in quotes, our upright citizens who are just as good as yankee merchants. So we have that going on. At the same time in the commercial culture dont the commercial culture to another screw being able to push back. Now we are in a different situation. This is the first time theres a chance to pushback at the commercial culture to unpack and challenge and have it spelled within those kinds of images to so thats in some way kind of where we are at right now. Very strike when you think about aljazeera america, when you think about how the hollywood movie stars have to cater to china which is that one of the largest movie markets in the world. Very, very interesting. Two more questions i think, yes. Hi. Actually related to question from the children, im thinking the Younger Generation, either they were born in this country or new immigrants from china, for them some of the racist works have lost its context. You know, like the lady back there, she didnt really know whats going on. I dont either. So when these people now become the majority, and also when people like rosie o talk and she used the word when she did, she did know it was biased. That was a few years ago. So when the person who says the word doesnt know what the word means, and the person who heard the word doesnt know what it meant either, does that mean the word is not [laughter] or is this something that you guys can make sense of. You take that. Ill take it. Its a very good question. Because some people would argue, well, thats progress. We dont know what it means anymore. But also were still using it so this kind of a strange paradox. I think part of the coming american in a weird kind of way is actually learning these things. Now, either you start using them in the derogatory way that they have been, or you begin to in some ways inhabit them in a different way. Weve recently, some of using the newspapers, know that one of our private high schools in new york city have put on thoroughly modern millie, and they put on the broadway version of it, not the original Julie Andrews film version is very very late and showed lots of startup for a negative star types of chinese. The broadway play musical little different it was meant to be satirical. And then now you have a high school of the very welltodo high school, people paying as much money as 30, 40,000 a year for the students to go there who decide to put on display. The administration signs off on. In a weird kind of way they are the example youre talking about. They dont know that these are stereotypes, but they are still part of the history of American Theater and american society. Now, some of the parents who are from asian backgrounds got very upset because even the satire of the stereotypes struck them as something very strange and odd. So were talking a layers in boxes year in which we really to be able to understand whats going on we have to unpack it. Into the schools credit there will be a panel talking about this. But in some ways the process of becoming american it started to run these not to simply not understand them and just repeat them, but to actually begin to engage with them and to really understand the history in some of them. No, i think to make the illuminations visible make them visible, we are pressed for time so lets move quickly. In the sweater and then in the back. So i wanted to go back to the book that you held up at the start, rising tide of color and sort of the moment in history around world war i where it was this year, exactly that, the rising tide of color, united front of colonized people rising up to punish or colonize the colonizer. I want to sort of link that to the experience the current rhetoric thats being thrown around by a majorityminority, sort of the fear that conservative america is holding onto terms of i think its in 2042 the white man will no longer constitute the majority of the united states. And i wondered if you see this as sort of a new moment in which this fear of a rising tide of color is sort of emerging . And also i want to ask sort of whether, whether this model of jews, italians, irish, folks who were not considered white assimilating into whiteness summit whether we can reasonably imagine that, you know, demographics like today we can see both as being very clearly nonwhite whether the malleability of otherness and whiteness is flexible or not, sort of taking in groups. Well, i just worked as a consultant on the super bowl coke commercial, and i remember the backlash that i received from my friends on the island, some of them, because they didnt like it, because they were singing in different languages. And they just felt why didnt they sing it in english . And so they missed the point. I mean, it was a malicious. They just, they didnt like it. And we knew that when we were talking. If you see the 90second spot, it begins, the olympic ad begins with them saying i am an american. Several groups or several people from Different Countries coulters say i am an american. And that sort of sets it up a little better. But if you look at what happened in new york last year with miss america, and how the fox news president roger whats his name, i wont speak is lasting, was critical because of her background. Here he is, shes born in new york, and three years before that miss u. S. A. , and arab american from michigan. I mean, its a problem. And at some point i dont know what will happen, but hopefully the Younger Generation will kind of let the old folks paid out into the background and move forward. In the right way. I think its a minority, but its a very vocal minority. And its a very loud minority. I do think that, that this question of minority majority has already begun to instill fear similar to this in many people who are more invested in the status quo. I think its been used for quite a long time now to try to argue as to why politicians of color are going to play favorites or going to punish. I think that fear of retribution from the people that, from, you know, any marginalized group is interesting because it is an implicit recognition of how powerful racism is big and i think that we can use it in that way. I think thats one of the reasons for me that this work is relevant to everybody even if they dont see themselves as that connected as targets to this material, because the fear of retribution is i think pervasive in america. And is itself a form of analysis of just how stratified of a society we live in. And the guilt of that which breeds fear cant ever be resolved. And i think thats one of the reasons why inclusion into whiteness should not be the goal, because whiteness has expanded and contracted over the nations history and thats played a real role in giving some people advantage and prominence in our system. But it comes at the cost of being a relational identity that is inherently antagonistic because its not equal. And so we can expand its budget dont think thats going to actually address the fundamental concerns, which are how to get at the root of what we are actually afraid of which i think is the quality. One final question from the back. This goes to the future and sort of wrapping what the last few people asked and, jack, what you said that weve got all these unbelievably dire lifeanddeath issues on this planet, and just in our personal lives. Ive been touring with another project around the country and talking to students and letting them talk about what its like for them to be in this much more mixed community were you have to have dialogue. You have to have dialogue, because youre in school or your in the college. And something that came a bracelet that i dont know how you would you should look or use these kinds of ways of looking backwards, but there is a native american student whos in the northwest who were in this college that traditionally have not been a lot of native americans and talk about really being hidden and wiped out in terms of the house of representatives, taking the brunt study groups, whos going to sit with it, whos going to study with you. I work with the chinese didnt because theyre smart, but the native americans, nobody wants to study within because the assumption that they didnt have the intellectual chops to be that kind of partner. And they came up in this discussion of who gets listened too. And so i think maybe they came up early when dylan or jack said something about the model minority student. So going forward, not to get stuck totally in these negative stereotypes that people have been holding onto for a long time, how would you think of using some of this so that people can then start getting beyond that and listen to each other, you know . And certainly with the race, being black [inaudible] how people respond to each of us win who opens their mouth to say what. Literally, like who gets listened to in what way. So maybe theres a way you can think of how these things to be used to open up a dialogue, not shut it down with more stereotyping. One example, perhaps, is the work of who worked with a mixed group of urban students, some africanamericans consumed Asian American among others in a class, and he noticed that the asianamerican students were very good at math, which is a common stereotype. And many africanamerican students and some of the White American students were struggling. It might have been tactless, i cant remember what it was. And instead of civil excepting the stereotype that somehow these groups are intelligent or inferior in these areas, he follows some students and ask them what their study habits were, and he quickly discovered that the asianamerican students found is perfectly fine to study together. And they actually learn from each other, and thats how they figured these problems out, right . Whereas the africanamerican and White American students were thinking way, thats cheating. We believe in individual intelligence. It was done was so elsewhere somehow proving that we are cheating and borrowing from someone else. That seems to be a fundamental misunderstanding of really how we all learn. We all learned in a group social situation. We necessarily so its just really that we are, the only way this society but also a group of people learning calculus can really advance and learn calculus is by doing it together. And 97 their traditional teacher lecture student receptor summer memorizing and some of either getting angry or bitter your but learn from each other and thats really where i think a lot of the future is going to be. I like to ask one final question to end of this have a very exciting and insightful evening. Many of the images that in these two books are very ugly, and images we would prefer, many of us would prefer to turn away from are not confront. But id like to ask each of you to name one kind of image or theme or message or slogan from the research that we should not turn away from, it has a certain significance that can be confirmed or stared at and face no matter how discomforting art of setting that is. Well, the one image i found in a garage sale of a Childrens Book which teaches the alphabet. And, of course, the stereotype, begin with children you start as a child. Its an ugly, fat arab sitting on and the caption is a is for arab, which is the title of the book. Spend what period of . This are probably 19 i could look it up but i think it was the 1970s. That more than anything. Well, its tough to pick. We come across so many, but one of the themes that we explored in the book in terms of images is a very long tradition of depicting a sort of a solitary white man about to be overwhelmed by record, and we have images across hundreds of years. Actually many of the movies jack writes about, that images there, that image is used to separate custom against native americans, Davy Crockett against the mexicans, the french against the muslims in spain. And i think that that notion that there are two kinds of people in the world, individuals and hordes, robots, clones, and that those are somehow connected categories, one needs the other to kind of make sense with the lens is towards some very dehumanizing practices. This wa was in a book but if something comes out of my child in certain one my daughter came of age, reading to her, its the five Chinese Brothers which is the american version of the story which is all the Chinese Brothers are all looking the same except they have different powers and all that. We know that. Its based on a chinese story which actually is not in which the chinese are, the five brothers all the same. But i think its a very powerful, seemingly innocent representation, stereotype, Childrens Book. But it does immediately went into the contemporary issues of, our chinese really being clothed with each other, not being individual, being similar . We see this in a lot of the Science Fiction films or both this topic and you totally. Asians are kind of weird because they are faceless and all the same. It also plays itself out in the whole argument about copyrights and knockoffs which, of course, we write in chinatown and mayor bloomberg had this whole campaign against kind of blocking off a whole block of chinatown because this is supposedly the global center, and he had, he had to cut it at its source. Some of that money was financing terrorists. Now, this whole image of knockoffs goes deep into the mac and culture, made in japan, made in hong kong, made in taiwan, made in china. These are all seen as cheap knockoffs, and the knockoff attitude has transferred over to people as well. So this is where things and people and ideas all get kind of lumped together, and is actually quite seemingly innocent on one hand, but deeply entrenched in all sorts of policy issues about what is individual, whats original and whats a copy. We vetted very fruitful discussion this evening with jack shaheen, author of a is for arab, and with jack chen and dylan yeats, id like to thank the museum of chinese in america and this panel of scholars and experts for their time, their insights and their dedicated work. [applause] [inaudible] so thank you once again, jack shaheen, john tchen for this wonderful panel. I just want to conclude saying that john tchen is cofounder of chinese in america, so thank you for bring this Wonderful Program here tonight. Part two of this program will be [inaudible] [laughter] im kidding. I wish. [laughter] but the part of the program is a book signing by the authors upstairs in the lobby. So forward those of you have not bought the book, by the book, get it signed and had had a wonderful night home and hope to see you back here. [applause] [inaudible conversations] you are watching booktv, nonfiction authors and books every weekend on cspan2. Youve been watching booktv, 48 hours about programming begins saturday morning at eight eastern through monday morning at eight eastern. Nonfiction books all weekend every weekend right here on cspan2. Both chambers of congress gavel back into session today. The house is in at noon eastern with legislative business at 2 00. Members will debate three suspension bills and also a measure that would change how the budget is calculated. Later this week theyre scheduled to work on House Budget Committee chairman paul ryans 2015 budget proposal. First votes today are scheduled after 6 30 p. M. Over in the senate, members reconvene at 2 00 eastern. Following any leaders remarks, therell be a period of general speeches until 5 00 when members will begin debate. You can watch live gaveltogavel coverage of the house on cspan and the senate here on cspan2. Cspan, created by americas Cable Companies 35 years ago ask brought to you as a Public Service by your local cable or satellite provider. Host well, this past week the federal Communications Commission made a decision that affects television station owners across the country. Joining us to discuss this is gautham that fresh who covers Technology Policy for the wall street journal. What did the fcc do . Guest hi, peter. The fcc voted to crack down on what are known as joint sales agreements. These are deals where there are two tv stations, broadcast tv stations in the same market, and one station is handling more than 15 of the ad sales for another station. Usually you have a bigger station thats selling ads on behalf of a smaller station ask taking a cut of the revenue in exchange. Host and when you say crack down, what do you mean by that . Guest well, these agreements have proliferated in recent years because theres been a wave of consolidation among the owners of broadcast stations which have led to some instances where one company would be in violation of the fccs limit of owning one station in every market. So to get around those limits, they often set up what are nope as sidecars known as sidecars. They find an executive or entrepreneur with whom they have some connection, they sign one of these agreements, and according to the fcc, fcc chairman tom wheeler, basically, that sidecar arrangement serves as a way for one company to control both stations. Theyre often sharing resources, and the fcc believes this is a violation of their ownership rules. Host so has there been a lot of consolidation in the local television station market in recent years . Guest exactly. A few Big Companies have been buying up tv stations left and right for a variety of reasons. The tv ad game has improved, adicture has improved significantly due to political spending. Weve also seen the v