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They really are part of the fabric of our communities. If they disappear we will certainly notice it, and particularly as shadow work increases in the future. Here is another example of where the consumer is taking over the Economic Situation come in the case of new balance running shoes. I have the ability to the consumer design their own shoe. Here you have shoelaces, you can put in different logos, any number of ways you can choose your shoe, your design. It may not be a good design. Youre not a professional designer like those who work in house but it will be yours alone. Maybe no one else would want to wear it but people will know you have your own unique running shoe. So that is something happening at the point of design and production. The second area i will discuss as a democratization of expertise. The internet has done something interesting. Theres a pure mid of expertise thats traditional exist with the people. At the bottom, the green level usually no expertise or very little in any given area, and at each level up people no more. They have more expert knowledge. They have learned more. They have more experience. At the top you are the real experts, a worldclass Warren Buffetts or michael jordans, whatever, that people who are few and far between with a rare level of command and discipline. The information economy has more or less leveled this. The m. D. Here is getting this from a station. Ive already got a diagnosis but i want a second opinion. Thats because wikipedia or web md, these websites provide knowledge that used to be the province of the few, the elite, the experts like doctors, lawyers, professors, and have broadened it out to where everyone can access it. Here is the problem with that. This is a plaque at the harvard, yale football last year. Yale cites wikipedia. Wikipedia is unreliable. You cant necessarily go by wikipedia. About half the doctors use wikipedia also. Its the most uptodate source of information because its updated daily, but a lot of that is unreliable. Its not consistent with medical literature, and furthermore youtube is even more unreliable, and people tend to believe what they see in a youtube video. Its a big problem because people are accessing information that the information may not be very good. Another aspect of the democratization of expertise is the disappearance of support staff. Heres a modern office and that receptionist is gon gone. Five executive assistants. You have executives now doing, not only writing their own letters on the own computers, the madman days of people typing letters are long, long gone. But you have everyone in the office may be doing their own copying except for the very top executives, hardly anyone has support staff. These jobs have made a more Democratic Office environment. On the other hand, you might question having a doctor who is spending hours at two or 300 an hour answering data for Electronic Medical records. Is that really an efficient thing . Another aspect of the medical part of it, i knew the gentleman named anders who had a diagnosis of cancer and his doctor explained three major therapies could be used, radiation, chemotherapy, surgery. He outlined the risks and the benefits of all three and pluses and minuses, it took quite a while, quite an extensive finger and then he says, well, which do you want to . Anderson thought what do i want what i thought you were supposed to tell me that. There was a time several decades ago when a doctor wouldve just said okay, heres what were going to do. But how we are in an era of patient empowerment and the patient does get to decide and in a way its a legitimate question. The patients values, the life, their priorities figure into which choice is made. But it does mean shadow work. And its probably going to the computer and start to look up the specifics about these therapies are for esophageal cancer, or whatever it is that the therapy is addressing. Its a new era and more of the responsibility and the work is put onto the shoulders of the patient or needless to say its uncompensated. The emerging reality. And the case will be used of experts who would help us, the tech support people way back in 80s when computers were just getting going, you could call up and get an expert on the phone, eventually, who would advise you get a problem, technical problem with your computer and how to straighten it out. That is very expensive. You have talented, well compensated people on the other end of the phone, and those have been phased out. Those people are not available anymore. Instead what we have is this. We have the Apple User Group or of course it could also be the microsoft or hp or any other user groups. I even have, i use accrued for the bmw i used to own. I had problem because i unplugged the battery and the radio would not work anymore. I put a question on the bmw website, got an answer from new zealand of all places. You are getting Technical Support from your fellow customers basically, other owners either apple or hp or your honda accord, whatever it may be, that work has been offloaded onto the customer. The third area that now comes up is with the information dragnet. This is something that has to do with our current era. We do live in an information economy for sure. Here is a quote that i found in the course of writing my book. I keep saying that sexy job the next 10 years will be start edition. People think im joking but who wouldve guessed that computer engineers wouldve been a sexy job of the 1990s. This gentleman was a chief economist at google, and he said this in 2009. And i took off on that just a bit in my book. I will read something you. Used by the way, its a cover for a laptop. This was already taken by a smart, sexy statistician. I have a jovial passage about this quote, become kind of a famous one t. Yes, those sexy david crunchers vamping us with ar her stratifid samples, tossing off aggression coefficients with swagger. Who can resist democrats not to mention their standard deviations. Whats the secret of their devastating sex appeal . Well, the secret in a nutshell comes down to the famous quote from henry kissinger, power is the ultimate aphrodisiac. Numbers, data, information have come to be very powerful. This guy may be a sex symbol these days despite those Birth Control eyeglasses. [laughter] i have a little passage about this back. Uncle buck for a moment and read you choose to give you put of how it is your this is a section called the grassroots of billionaires. But the term information economy has become a cliche, few have traced this stream of data to its headwaters. The torrent of information that washes through daily life does have a source. You can see it in the mirror. It is you. The data, the institutions seek, camilla, analyze and constantly refresh, comes largely from their clients. Organizations recognize that people are willing, free of charge, to provide data on themselves. Time spent doing so is shadow work. Data has emerged as another natural resource, like water, oil and iron. We are living through the early decades of the information economy, comparable to the first decades of the petroleum boom in the 19th century. Underground pools of oil were naturally occurring resource just waiting in mother earth to be drilled and pumped out, and the Oil Companies were not paying her for the petroleum. Their main expense was the cost of extraction. Similarly, free data now resides in naturally in the populace waiting to be tapped. Organizations need not invest only in extraction cost as they dont take the shadow working citizens who provide it. Theyre only payoff may be psychological. Data seekers massage our egos by asking us about ourselves and our opinions. Social media like facebook serve their members are in charge or to extract queens of information from them. More than 1. 35 billion active users, facebook is built a cheap gimmick database which offers commercial entities a huge archives of consumer names and email addresses along with which demographic profiles, preferences in music, movies and gets into the things. Groups they belong to, at the end games they play and, of course, their network of friends. This book constantly encourages users to post more data, words, pictures and video and to add more friends to their circles, shadow working users comply funneling their 21st Century Petroleum into these books pool of oil. So we see this page. Theres mr. Facebook, mark zuckerberg, another sex symbol of our era. This page on facebook, while all the data is created by the user, they dont do as work. They do it for social recreation of a sort and no one minds that. But when facebook turns around and sells this data for billions of dollars, some of the users asked wheres my cat . How come im not getting any of this money . Well, they signed off right with the user agreement. But that is the norm that we have today. Another one is service. Has anyone noticed a number of surveys we seem to get every day now in email or on the phone or any time we go to the doctor, buy something, theres always a followup survey. Thats another form of shadow work. We are doing it for free. They are asking us to help them help themselves to our time with no compensation, and bombard them with data just like they are bombarding us with service. That has a monetary value. You provide it and someone will perhaps later sell it for money. Another problem of the information economy is password fatigue. How many passwords to have to log on and user names and long files keeping track of all these things . You cant put your own name it as a username. Youll get a surprise if you put in your own name and thats already taken. Thats not too far off but that is the world we live in where this flood of information we are drowning in it and we had to keep up with it. Nobody is paying us to do so. This is the way we may often feel as a result. The fourth and final area is what i call these new social norms. Some of them began much earlier. We live in this emerging selfservice world. Here we are at a restaurant with a buffett service and these are customers who are serving themselves, just as you would get at a salad bar. Saldivar is another way where you can have it your way. Youll make exactly the salad you want with exactly the ingredients you want and addressing you put in the amount you want. However, what you will notice is that you were doing the work instead of someone in the kitchen. Im encouraging people to look and see if you like the trade off. Perhaps they do it could be would rather sit at the table talking with your friends and family instead of standing up at the salad bar making a solid, which somebody is to do for a paycheck in the kitchen. The result of our selfservice world is that people like our waitress or this busboy are becoming obsolete. You go to a fast food restaurant, you will have, you opportunity to bust your own table. When you buy your sandwich, your drink and a paper cup in your paper plates and plastic utensils, you owned them. Its not like a fine dining restaurant where they give a china and glassware and they take it back into washington use it again. These are one time use things, and you about not only the food but the wrapping it comes in and all of utensils you need to eat it. So, therefore, you at the bus the table to consider your job to dispense of those things at the end of the meal. Its just another little thing that we now do that just to be done for us. In a different era when there were busboys like this gentleman was taking care of those things. Another area is ikea, the swedishbased furniture company. There are directions to assemble ikea furniture. We are doing the Assembly Furniture at the production in now. As you can see not always the most obvious directions. Just follow. They can have a certain amount of confusion or even more problem with couples. It is a joke to the effect that i. T. Is actually the swedish word for argument. [laughter] ikea. Its not necessarily a total agreement as to what to do next. However, there is a professor at Harvard Business school named mike norton did the study on the ikea affected the ikea effect is when people build something or make something, in this case the origami folded creations, they tend to evaluate the product as much better. They enjoyed more, appreciated more. You will see on the left the builder is given a much higher rating than the evaluator who was not the builder and an object of credit. That is what norton calls the ikea effect. Thats true whether the product turned out very well like this, the way it is supposed to look, or perhaps like this. It really doesnt seem to matter what happens. The alchemist, people like to own products better. I bring up this gentleman next who is another one of these obsolete people. This guy is a School Bus Driver. What happened to this guy . Theyre still School Bus Drivers but quite often that we have this it we have mom driving the kids to school as an unpaid job working show for. You know, it was different in my area. I took a school bus to school everyday. Im not sure that even you were my school was. Only kidding but actually he did know what it was. And winter pta meeting sometimes but, frankly, this has changed and there are a lot of parents now taken on these School Bus Driver role, and its kind of an environmental disaster. Because you of 40 cars coming to the school instead of one school bus. And about all the car engines putting their Carbon Dioxide into the air. It was canonized in the school doesnt doesnt have all the social time, it was about 45 minute ride for me. A lot of times with the kids from a neighbor then we would have a great time writing to school and also back. So that is a big change happening gradually, or happened gradually but has now become fairly common. Here is another one where it takes a step further. Homeschooler. This is where parents are taking over the bus driver role a teacher and administrator role during the whole school for the kid. That is something that in different segments of the society has caught on pretty well. Heres another thing that used to be. The old days, sandlot sports. They playground basketball games. Those were the days. Thats again how i grew up playing everything in an organized way. That big rock over there is your goal and his tree over its hours and played again. There were no adults anywhere near. You had to make your rules and enforce them when there were disputes. You had to resolve them with each other. A window adults blowing whistles and making the calls. You had to learn something about resolving conflict with the other kids. These guys are having fun on their own but this has given way to this. Uniforms. Schedules, leagues, playoffs, sponsors, budgets. Most of it is done in imitation of professional sports, championships. The whole thing as dumping put on these kids as had the satisfaction of winning, they are all wearing medals anyway and the other coaches and uniforms that its a league organized run generally by adults. Adults have taken over as coach is, and this is shadow work. Lets make no bones about it. Thousands and thousands of hours are being put in by adults coaching teams or as referees or as lines people or even vocal spectators. Inevitable interest of parents who have their own opinion about calls and things but what tends to get left out are the kids sometimes. Are the kids really having fun . It turns out many kids coming back to some surveys show adequate organized sports by the time they are 13. The reason they give pretty much boils down to one thing. It just wasnt fun anymore. I think one reason it was a point is that adults have turned it into work. They are turning it into a way to get a College Scholarship something or some dreamed about becoming a professional athlete having their child go to the mba or nfl or major league baseball. That may happen but to chances are vanishingly small. Very, very, even a very talented kid, very good athlete, very few ever become pros. Parents seem to understand that anytime they turn this into unorganized bit of work and doing a lot of shadow work themselves driving the kids. Is something called u. S. Soccer academy which is sponsored by chevrolet. Very appropriate. Given the thousands and thousands of miles that parents are driving in order to get kids to the games, which may be 40, 50, 60 miles away from home at times. I will add one other example, a final example of shadow work which is this one, sort of a surprising one. Gift cards. Gift certificates. Im getting a gift. But then it dawned on me a couple years ago, its a funny thing about gift cards. They delegated the job of choosing and buying a gift to me. The recipient is one who gets to give, does not bite. Someone pays for and god bless them and thats nice at night a friend whos an executive, put out a williamssonoma Gift Certificate along with a catalog. He does that his way but its now up to him to choose the gift for himself were a used to be part of the giftgiving experience was if someone knew you well enough or have paid enough attention to you is they could give you the perfect gift for you, maybe even something you have not thought of for yourself. One other benefit for the vendor is that 27 or so of Gift Certificates are never redeemed. A wonderful business. You are essentially getting free money. Who doesnt like that . I will conclude with one final point about shadow work. The last chapter of my book is called the twilight of leaders. It has to do with the erosion of leaders. A grain of sand at a time, little by little, our unorganized time and that what leisure is. Unorganized and thats the way it has to be. Once its organized its no longer pure leisure anymore, turning into something else. But that are no lobbies in washington for leisure, no lobbies that are pushing to keep free time freed, to keep an organized and unorganized because there are many, let us say that are many, very well organized organizations and businesses who have designed on your free time and would like to turn into what we call productive time. Either buying something or making something, either producing or consuming. You can do it 24 hours a day on the internet. And, therefore, i just recommend you guard your free time jealously. Recognize shadow work you may want to pump your own gas, get you out of a gas station quicker but you are making a trade off because you are not sitting in the car with your spouse and your kids figure out there pumping gas or you are out there holding a solid. Just recognize the tradeoffs that go on when you do the shadow work. And try to keep your free time alive. Keep i it in perspective. People would have you think you have to spend money. You have to buy a ticket to the Football Game or take it to the theater or cable tv package that something good come for some kind of other expensive trip a big restaurant meal to believe it or not you can go to places for free and enjoy leisure time just taking a walk in the woods possibly. Its not necessary to spend money to have fun. Its almost amazing that one has to say this but we can lose sight of the fact that you can just sit on the dock and look at the lake quietly for a while and i could be the best part of your day. Or maybe just take a walk at twilight. That might be enough. I think we have to remember time is infinitely valuable. Its the most precious thing we have. Mine is a great thing. Its nice to have money but its value is finite. So dont lose sight of the preciousness of our time and thank you tonight for coming and spending your most Precious Resource with me, your time. Ive enjoyed the evening. Anti. [applause] we have a couple of microphones up here if anyone would like to ask a question, make a comment, contribute to the discussion, please do. Yazd. I like your comment about service. I probably get about 10 a week and i have started ignoring them but i wondered if you had seen a comic strip called pickles . Its an older couple, and i saved one of several months ago. The woman had taken her car in to get it repaired, and in which a comeback she got this survey that was about five pages long. And her comment was something to the effect she didnt know she is going to have to go to work to fill out the survey. Thats right. Thats exactly it. We are bombarded with these things. They can take five, 10, 15, 20 minutes. And, in fact, sometimes when you go to a new doctor youre asked to sit down and asked to fill out all your medical history, prescriptions and everything once again. There are many ways, a vacuum cleaner is out there sucking information out of us. The mechanic is there to do only part of the work. Thanks for being here. I heard you on the steve krafft show about a week ago and i thought was interesting and water to come down and hear you speak. I havent really worked the question all the way out but im thinking about how the maker, create a movement and parents in particular kind of feeling like have to kind of raise these creative geniuses to make their own destiny and so forth. Do you see any relationship between maker culture and doing shadow work . The maker culture . The our magazines, make magazine. Is anyone familiar with the maker culture . Theres a lot of pretty High Technology involved with people building things at home. I heard of one example where a maker had invented a signal that would tell you when your cats dish needed to be filled with milk why wringing out bill bringing a dell. Garate. The maker culture i think the most, to me the most interesting aspect is the interface with the printing with plastics, you know, 3d printing. Because you can eventually be able to make more and more things with 3d printing. Think about your refrigerator. Suppose the handle breaks on your refrigerator. Now what we usually do is get hold of General Electric or a manner or whoever made the madee refrigerator and get the part and replace it. Maybe we can replace ourselves. Made an appliance process to put it on but we bought at a replacement part. You will see that will go away. Whats going to happen is youll go on the website and they will send you the instructions for 3d printing that new handle and youll be the one doing it. You will make it at home with your 3d printer or if its complex may be affected to a place that will be give oakland a kinkos, a copy shop and you will make parts for your appliances. Maybe someday your car as well and the manufacturers will love this because all that inventory in those warehouses filled with Replacement Parts that are required by law to have several years after you make something, those warehouses will be able to be dispensed with and that expense disappears, and instead send out emails are sent out websites with the makers can make their replacements. [inaudible] my grandfather was a farmer, very handy, fixed everything. The question is whether that is similar or different from the old selfsufficient farmer, agricultural nurse and to learn how to fix everything. I mean, it does make us more efficient in a way. We always have had to have tools. We are now dealing with much more sophisticated tools i guess, and it seems in the maker economy, i might be wrong, but it seems delivers more toward the service of institutions than the farmer who in the way was part of an older assistance they cant where you could grow your own food. You could raise your own lifestyle, build your own cows and you could nourish your family directly with what you were doing. In our modern information economy what is left of a subsistence thing. Only with regard to the technology that surrounds us and that is becoming more necessary all the time. I had a question. When people want to push back on this, lets say you are a no decision, the biggest thing, the h. R. Function. We dont have Human Resources anymore so we have to make all of our retirement decision, our investment decisions, our Health Care Decisions by our self. Within an organization to use the pushback about people are able to grade the arguments within their organizations saying this is costing us more than its worth . Like if we have an expert making these decisions we would not waste so much time, a knowledgeable person in h. R. Can say you need to do this rather than i have to spend three or four days of my job at my desk figuring out what is the best Health Care Plan for me, whereas if somebody in h. R. Knew also that about me they could say this is probably the best plan for you and you could get on your way and do your job. Do you see within organizations how people are able to quantify the cost of this . I think thats something that will be developing. Like with unemployment that has been a lot of Data Collected about shadow wor were and what effect it might have on unemployment. My book as far as i know is the first one to two mark this phenomena and put a spotlight on a. But in the future we will probably see some quantitative data about it. What you were saying about h. R. Is very true. Theres a part in the book were i talk about tracking Vacation Days and sick days, and all these kinds of categories used to be done by h. R. A few years ago where i worked at harvard university, we were informed it was not our job. We were issued software and would become her own recordkeepers and everything had to be documented, giving contact with your boss and your boss approval, back and forth and to add your account with your own numbers. It was all your data. Would you bring up about h. R. People choosing investment, it sounds a little bit parallel to the discussion us making about the cancer treatment. Do you want control over it or do you want an expert to tell you what to do . Its a tricky area. Some of the want to control my investment. I want to channel where the money goes but as you say theres a lot of time thats invested by myself, my investment strategy, vanguard, index, mutual funds. I keep it simple. I want a lowcost index investment that i dont have to pay too much attention to. To are those who want to read the wall street journal and stay on top of investments and churned their portfolio personally. Thats a different gain, and it really is a trade off the web you can pushback is an interesting question because people i think are entitled to say i could be using this time productively for the company instead of trying to figure out, mark out these decisions that used to be done force by the h. R. Department. Thats an argument to be made and will probably emerge in the future. Yes, sir. Yes. I think that maybe a subtitled to your book might be the disappearance of work. I have sort of been aware of this for a while and i think its really scary for the state of democracy. Because work is going away and, so the question is, as you think about it how does your argument get fed into the think tanks and a legislative issue of the day . Because believe me there is not any political discussion about this at all. Second question might be what about, i think his name is jerome who had paying for some of the shadow work in a way. Just three sort of issues and then back to the main questions. Ironically just yesterday i went to a seminar at schwab, and you can sit down at your own computer and answer a simple questionnaire and boom, a portfolio with tax efficiency and tax harvesting and rebalancing is done. Not touched by any human hands. Its an algorithm. That was just yesterday. And it also just in the last couple of days theres been this stunning work by these two economists at princeton in regards to this unknown but really incredible mortality rate in white males between the age of 4554, from 19992013 up 22 , and theyre just dropping over from a lot of the drugs, heart disease, et cetera, et cetera, Mental Health issues. But i was just bet you a nickel, no, 10 cents, that it is related to what you are talking about. Jobs are going away. There is no work. So back to the to question, how do we get this into the body politic in and what about this jerome dude . He is a very interesting guy. He talks about this issue. I was touching about the shadow world of facebook and as voluntary information for surveys over places like trip advisor or yelp where consumer views that were granting them free of charge. He thinks we got to get a Little Something every time we do this. The disappearance of work is something that again we talked about, and there are those who forecast as soon as 2050 there will not be any work. Maybe we will have it sooner but robotics are taking over so many things that theres no need for people. Theres one sort of joke made the fact of the future will only have two employees. A man and a dog. That mans job is to be the dog and the dogs job is to keep the man away from the machinery. [laughter] thathis seems to be the way wee going, robotics and automation. My book was reviewed at the New York Times sunday book review cover actually of another book called by martin ford on robotics that discusses this in more detail. It may be that people are getting sick and dying because the meaning of life often comes down to work. Work is where we spent by the more time than anything else. And without meaning, our lives dont resident of the same way and i think our physical health of doesnt either. Anything that involves a template. I discussed this in shadow work as well. Take a Landscape Architecture they want to hire a Landscape Architect to set up a plan for your backyard when you just moved into a new house . Theres a lot to do. Or they want to buy for 79. 99 a piece of software which you can plug in your dimensions of your backyard and the trees you want and the shrubs you want and it will design it for you for 80 instead of 10,000. Im saying anything that can be reduced to a Software Template is a job that has some vulnerability. I got back earlier this year from two and half years in abu dhabi, and i was just an Office Worker for an American Company but we had tea boys would deliver us our tea, make our tea or coffee, do everything for us. And theres restroom attendants in every restroom in the united arab emirates. And i just wonder how happy people would be in the states if they had to look forward to being a coffee boy or a tea boy or trashcan in fear . And also how much do you think that this is just the curse of modern life . That we do these things because its cheaper, more efficient, and theres an economy to it that is driving everything. You are right in the are incentives that are inevitable. If you own a business and you can have customers do a job for nothing, who wouldnt accept that instead of paying salary and benefits to staff to do it . We are finding a lot of entrylevel jobs disappearing. That things were tight but in abu dhabi. Likely america is a country that has immigrants that come in looking for entrylevel jobs unwilling to give them, whether they are taxi drivers are working in the produce department at the supermarket. But i do talk about in the book many shadow work in versions are jobs that require very little training, like pumping gasoline. A robotic gas pump can teach you that in about 60 seconds. Thats how the pump jockey goes away. But if the atm takes over the job of a bank teller, how does a person get started . Used to be hired at a low level in the bank like my dad started as a messenger. 26 years later worked his way up to ceo and chairman of the board. How to become an executive at the Bank Industry if the atm is taking the entrylevel job away . If there are no secretaries, no support staff, how do you work your way, how do you get on the path to the Office Manager or another kind of executive job . We have to be concerned about the closing of doors to the economy, of not letting people get started because shadow work, for one thing, is taking away those opportunities. Yes, sir. My comment is about the Education System and when i started college in the 60s, early 70s, all my professors had at least a masters and most had ph. Ds. When i returned to school in 2000, everything was an adjunct spin say that again, please. All the teachers were adjunct. They didnt have career status. How little the kids know because theres no Career Teachers or anything anymore. My question is, is it possible to go back to having career professional educators . Thats a profound question. Its something worth all of us thinking about. To some degree we are giving automation of education, to, that jobs are being eliminated because they are online, open online courses, all kinds of ways to study at home with a screen instead of a human being. But they are not really equivalent. Education is not really up to working this information. Absorbing. The relationship of the human is a huge part. The mentoring, the modeling, looking up to someone who you would like to be like. Someone who can show you the way by their example, not just the information that they are communicating is a crucial part of what education is. We may have to remind ourselves not to lose sight of that. Yes, sir. By now what i am saying is very much a recap of the other peoples questions and your comments, too. But it appears to me shadow work, the pace is accelerating and its a driven a lot by, we see these bushes for increases in the minimum wage pushes a lot of it is focused on the fast food industry. I read and i see things. There are robotic burger makers. They exist. They are just waiting in the wings for them to become economically viable. A franchisee could buy a burger maker for the price of a new buick, and how many people will that displays . Even the frontline cashier, the little screen could be turned around so the customer could access it. Swiped his card and told his burger out of the slot. C. , its pretty careful when we look at the jobs that this costs. Yeah your are you finished . Id be anxious to a comment. You are right on the money. The things about robots, whether they be in a supermarket kiosk for checkout or any fast food business, is the average cooperative employees. They dont mind working on my 24 hours a day. They dont form unions. They dont strike. Robots dont call in sick. They dont get fringe benefits. They dont provide any hassle really at all for the employer. They do need maintenance. They have to be maintained and sometimes upgraded. But compared to human employees and offer a lot of advantages and they are squeezing people out of the market. What you are saying is really happening at fast food places theyre putting kiosks out in front of the counter now and will be a smaller menu at rush hour. Rush hour is every time, people dont have as many choices to make so that speeds things up. Multilingual, easily changed into spanish or something. Pictures of the food. All of this is done automatically. The picture of the tablet on a restaurant table is part of this thing. Its one of those cases where screens are taking over for humans. I remember in grade school they had the weekly reader that they gave out in the very early 60s. The front page was a picture of the st. Louis arch nearing completion. Robotics has taken over like painting automobiles. In the future if saying we are going to have more part of dignity and less work hours. We will have way more leisure time. Instead of working 40 hours week will be working 30 or 25 our a week and enjoyed life much more. Then you go back to fastforward 30 years and both mom and dad are working out, and family life has fallen apart. I dont know what happened to the model that was so hopeful in the early 60s. I dont know what happened to all the benefits of all that additional production. The middle class. The middle class isnt getting wealthy, is it . Appointed, your absolute right, from the 60s and even earlier the famous economist John Maynard Keynes wrote an essay in the early 20s about economic prospects from her grandfathers. He thought people would be and knocking off after three hours of work and we have the same standard or better of living but due to technology, productivity will go up so high that people would not need to work that much. You can take three, four months of vacation every year. It hasnt quite worked out that way. Want to do things, the one recent it hasnt is our standard of living has gone through the roof. We buy more stuff. When we have more income, instead of taking off three months of vacation, we tend to raise our consumption. You can graph that very, very well. We are only all kinds of things that didnt exist in the 20s or 60s or 80s for that matter. We have all kinds of appliances, hardware, computer things and technology, central airconditioning. We have many, many things that didnt exist half a century or a century ago. So what has happened is americans particularly have made the choice to shop more with more money, essentially to buy more rather than to take time off and we feel very hundred as a result. We are working very hard and in the sense we dont seem to be getting anymore leisure time out of it. Thank you for speaking tonight. I have just been thinking over everything you have been talking about and wondering, i dont know, maybe instead of these jobs that you were saying are being lied i dont know, usurped any way by the consumer, that they are shadows that perhaps are becoming more invisible and that people who can afford it can buy their way to having the sense of like power or freedom, and that maybe the issue that youre addressing could be more of a class, like the middle or upperclass, or only people who can afford it. People who still work in those types of jobs, its not, it might not be the same kind of job but just we are just making it hidden, you know . I dont know if you have a perspective on that. I have one reflection i guess related. Theres a passage in my book where i talk about something related to the diy, do you know that acronym . Doityourself. I say there is an opposite of that for those who are wealthy enough to hold the dny. Do nothing or so. If you have enough money you can hire someone to walk her dog, take care of your stomach will, do your lawnmowing under gardening, to organize your parties and to do your kids. I could go on and on and on, right . The opposite of shadow work. Is creating an army of professional helpers who do everything. We give you time just to work on your screenplay. I talk about Beverly Hills as a place where i first noticed it in force, a force away because there were so many households there that seemed to have these helpers around. I guess if you can afford it, its great but still you have to supervise this army of helping professionals who are working on your property and, your coat and are made going for your house, some loss of privacy as well. But it is, you know, as we have an economy or more and more concentration of wealth happens at the upper end theres a strong counterweight to shadow work happening there. Yes. Might turn . It is spent where do i want to begin a . I just spent eight hours to mexico in a roomful of continuing education the last speaker was an economist who spoke 490 minutes about how wonderful everything is in this world and our economy is growing and there are all these Jobs Available and the walmart, not walmart, mcdonalds people, for crying out loud, those are not career jobs. Those are jobs for high school kids. I just became infuriated being a Bernie Sanders liberal, as i stood up at the end of the program and asked him, being a consumer driven society, being that jobs are down, wages are down, theyre going away, out of the country, how can this economy survive . That is the answer i would like to hear. Do you know . I wish i had the answer. An answer to any of those big things. We are definitely facing a crisis of sorts. I will say that there is a right of light to give you take a look at the selfservice gas pumps. It does eliminate the old job at the pump jockey which was the low skilled job. But it does create some jobs because the rest of the people to design and build of those new pumps. To program them, to find await to radiate using a transmitter, dated to the satellite so that the bank gets the credit card information about the sale that was just me. They have to be maintained, upgrade and replace. Those are new jobs that are consequent of the robotic gasoline pumps. Probably few of them, but they are highly technical jobs. That are more technically skilled jobs and but we have to do is our educational system catch up with the jobs that are being treated in the future so that people coming out of high school will have the Technical Skills to be able to perform those jobs and sort of lead the way into the future. One last question first i want to bind everybody the book is available for sale outside the if youre interested in the subject, i know this is a phenomenon i was the money with at the time. It did change the way that i looked at it. Its a fantastic read. If you dont bite tonight the library has copies. But absolutely please give it a look. Heres my last question. This morning at taco bell during the world series they ran a promotion where if someone stole a base they are going to give away breakfast sandwiches on one day, that day was today. Of course, there were tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands of free breakfast sandwiches handed out this plan. As i go to work i drove by a taco bell and theres this row of cars outside of taco bell waiting to get a free sandwich. And i thought to myself, we live in a world where people will stay in line for 30 minutes to get a free 99 cents sandwich. And how does that feed into our willingness to accept of his shadow work in the proliferation of it . Thats a fascinating situation. We have, i think of some ways we have emotional buttons to get pushed by certain things like free food. Yes, ill take the. Free beer, we will be there. Food is not something that is a scarce supply in this country, and its funny because i was thinking those cars are burning up may be more than 99 cents worth of gasoline waiting in line to get the free sandwich. But theres something about this idea of a free feed that is attracted to his. We have these very, you know, another thing that hasnt caught up with the modern world is our emotional lives which were formed in prehistoric times. The next book im working up has to do with manufactured fear, that fear button that can be pushed so readily and it will get us to react before we talk about whether the thing we are reacting to israel or not. And is there any reality to this. I think theres a loss of perspective within we are wasting a lot of gasoline or time, waiting for a 99 cents sandwich we can get for free. I guess only the future will tell whether we figured things out a little better and understand, put some perspective on it that money, particularly that small amount, does it really mean that much. What about the direct satisfaction . Is this what we really want . Thank you very much. A real pleasure. [applause] [inaudible conversations] heres a look at some of the current best selling books according to the conservative book club. Thats minion clyburn, currently in the second term, one of three democrats on the commission. Commissioner clyburn i want to start on issue youve been working on since you got on the commission and that prison phone rate. Where are we on that issue . Guest where we are is basically in the court. We will take that issue, is one as you mentioned, very important to me. Millions of families to the tune of 2. 7 million children and over two million inmates were paying rates that were outrageous

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