It straight from the source. No matter where youre from, cspan is americas network. Unfiltered, unbiased, word for word. If it happens here or here or here or anywhere that matters. America is watching on cspan, powered by cable. Is my pleasure to introduce doctor albert bourla, chairman and ceo of pfizer, nowadays a household name. Doctor bourla has worked at pfizer and has become the companys ceo in january 2019. Right before the pandemic so the timing was pretty incredible there. His new book is called moonshot inside pfizers ninemonth race to make the impossible possible. It takes us behind the scenes during the pandemic, the testing and manufacturing of the companies vaccine. Doctor bourla meets ceo of the year on the 2022 genesis prize laureate. Hell be discussing a lot in the next hour but its not going to be a conversation between thedoctor and i. We like everyone on youtube to also participate. Let us tell your questions you have and ill try to ask and getto as many of them so please go on the chat function and be engaged with this conversation, we would appreciate that. First of all, welcome. Nice to haveyou here. Ive got to ask, i read the book. Itsfantastic. It was beyond the business book it took me behind the scenes of what happened with pfizer and how this all came about and also a nice to your personal and professional life. How did you find time to write a bookto read what youve been doing lately . Thats a good point. You know, i had a lot of motivation. I wanted to do it. I had people that were pushing me to meet deadlines so for a change i was not the one topush but the one to be pushed. And i also felt that actually the chapters were coming very quickly. I would go three or four days anand try one subject doing nothing else and i would be busy with Everything Else until i found another two or three days to write the other stuff. Why write it, what was your motivation . What was your goal, what was your point and are youhappy with the finished project . The events that happened during those nine months paints a larger history and i know that histories written by many different points of view and i wanted to make sure that i set the record the way that i felt was happening so that was a very big part of my motivation. The other one was also that because of me being the face of the company, all those lives were on me and i was the one, there were thousands of people but they really made this project. And all of them, i was afraid that that would be lost in history. I wanted to make sure i leave a record of what michael did and what everyone in this book that i described what was exactly what they did. Is phenomenal, youre right, its a part of our history we are still living through. At what point will we digest, will you digest what exactly what youve done and that weve all been through globally the last two years . Its a good question because still im trying to digest it. Clearly i think it was something that not only saved a lot of lives, not only was able to generate significant economic volume. As the vaccinations in 2021 contributed 2. 5 ged. Its huge and of course for reasons ive already related but i think what this achievement did to the world was it was a victory of hope againstdarkness. It was brought back the feeling that human ingenuity can make a difference. It was what brought together again after maybe a year or two grandchildren. This is i think the biggest impact that we had into the world and im very proud of it. I know that your ceo of a High Profile Company but is it uncomfortable for you, has been because youve also suffered some criticism here, is it a bit uncomfortable to be a public figure so to speak . Its not necessarily what you signed up for. It is. It was and it is uncomfortable and to the degree i can have a positive impact i can do it and be out there and speak because i think it comes with authority but clearly also has an addition to the glory it brings, i know that the majority of the people, they think of me e and pfizer like heroes but there is also people that they see us as the enemy and because they dont believe the vaccine was theway to go. And that has created an event issues for me and my family. Sothats to your safety as well i believe. Yes. Everything you can imagine but also weve been victims of misinformation and according to several of his websites i was arrested by the fbi and of course i was not. I left only because the previous owner that was arrested by the fbi was the pope according to the same website and one of them published that my wife died. And she died after i forced her to the vaccine and died fromcomplications of the vaccination. You can imagine me trying to find my kids and let them know what theyre going to read and its not right, believeme. Its a lot of hardship that comes with publishing it. Its candidate and revealing you writing about many of these issues in the book as well. You write that your challenge your team to make the impossible possible, thats the title of your bookas well. It sounds good for a pr team but there mustve been dark times there. People even in your own i building that challenged you and didnt believe in what washappening. There were two different dimensions. One was that and eventually although it looked to me the most difficult iwas able to accomplish and pretty soon i convinced everyone they can do it. The way to do that was by convincing them that theres no option, dont even think about failing. The world will not be the same, if we fail. Because if not us then who . Obviously were all now working virtual, was thisover resume call . I know youre a guy, a leader wants to touch and feel and see body language with people. It was all through zoom calls tand thank god most of the people we were working i know them very well so that helped a lot. But there were also several people that the first time i worked with them they were introduced to me as members and we were together on that. We all learned that thats not an option, we can do it. We can see, we can feel the reactions on their face and body language. For Business Leaders or any type of leaders watching this right now, whats your guidance . Ou what would be your advice on how to motivate the team . I will tell you one thing. I think that everyone has to find a way to be able to motivate according to their purpose of what they wanted to do but there are two things i would say. One is always the authentic. People have a unique capability to understand. When you dont mean what you say and you wont be able to hide so just tell them everything. The second thing is that people have a tendency to underestimate what they can and cannot do. Usually they have tendencies but they cannot do anit. They dont know. And you dont know that and you will be surprised if you ask them to do things look impossible. How much it does not happen, they will come. Did you happenmoment of when this was going to work and what was that moment . Frankly that moment was when i learned what it was because we had the way that the Drug Discovery works is that you do your best to discover the best possible candidate that you think will do the job and then you run a test to start it. Were all familiar with this but it is the final say. Once you enter into start up you cant change eanything or you have to wait to be completed and see if it works or not. You prove that it works or not so it was only at the time that i felt that we havent. All the way up till then it was a very complicated ic project though there were moments of immense satisfaction but also moments where we felt that it was a disaster and that could kill the project. It was several times that i felt that was the end of those that project. Was at a phone call orzoom called they said doctor bourla, this is not happening . The information was going by mail or phone or by zoom call so i had frequent calls. And it was not one or two moments so there are moments that working dedicated to my phone or by mail or by zoom but there were moments that i think we cannot make it. We manufacture it and it is running but i dont think we have a manufacturing process amso we can make it forexample. What was her next pivot . Why we cannot make it and lets go back and see what can be done and eventually they said we will overcome. Or we cant, we found a sign that the project will not be stable. Unfortunately, we will last a month and it will disintegrate and what are you talking about and then were trying to find solutions so there were so many things like that. But we felt that we told the whole truth atthe end. But we could describe the ups and downs of leaving but eventually we had all warriors attitude. Everybody was moving, failure is not an option so i it not that i did whatever ti can but it was the end of the world the way we know it. They did, not we did, they did. And then that hot moment was november 9. For you, november 8. And a very small group of people that everything was blinded, everything was hidden in codes and security passwords. Always with Development Nobody knows and you need several people to be able to get into their passwords so the database can be unlocked. And this is when we did that. We are run the analysis and i received a video call. You write in the book you went to a small Conference Room somewhere in connecticut and you came together as a team in person which was shocking at that point. I realized when i went there with michael, with the head of r d, it was the first time i met him since a year and a half or whatever. And it felt like i was with him because i was with him on videos every day 10 times a day every day. Do you know thats the first time its a unique impression . What we talked about here, you say we succeeded not because we were lucky but because we were prepared. Thats a bold statement for a company your size. It is bold and i truly believe it. I think that we were preparing for a moment like that, we didnt know but that this would be the moment but we started in the transformation of pfizer by a year and a half area. By investing other businesses, increasing our r d expenses, building new labs. Increasing dramatically our business expenses. All that digitizing our program, all of that was part of developing an infrastructure that we found it extremely handy when we had to use it to develop it in record time a lifesaving vaccine. But i think the biggest thing that drove the success was for two years, a year and half we were discussing what the culture of opening Research Company should be we have come with some, we obsessively started falling the value of courage. The value of equity. And without them, i dont think we would be able when we were challenged to do the impossible to be able to be successful so we had the right infrastructure, had people in the right mindset. When you say divest other things in your portfolio or the company that brands i know and phil, remind me of all the brands you decide. Lipitor, and bill. Centrum. The iconic brands of pfizer were not anymore, it was marketing driven and almost 75 percent of theirs. We divested some of that and then stayed 25 percent revenues, Smaller Company but everything or almost everything that we had driven by high in science. One partnered and i know you said you had a special relationship. In fact your humor comes up in the book. Youre the extra degree june and you combined with an in introverted muslim. Yes, and sometimes he used it to play games and it was perfect i think thestorm for us, the type of combination. Edbiontech, we decided first to go with mrna, that was before we decided to go and i had asked r d to come with proposals how to develop a successful vaccine against the coronavirus and they came to me saying we should do it with mrna. In our case we could use any other technology because we were a very good, we were mastering protein vaccines. Mrna was the counterintuitive option because we were working only two years on that since 2018. And there was no time in history that mrna delivered any progress so when they told me that i was surprised and then ichallenged a lot. But their conviction was very high and they convinced me so gfor us it was if we were deciding to go mrna, biontech was the obvious partner and they had already result chonce for it and at the same time about i was asking our team what technology do you think we should be using so we knew biontech because we were working together with them on a flu vaccine and we knew that they were a fantastic partner and we knew that the technology is ready to deliver a vaccine because of what we had seen during our work with the flu so we made the move. I going with mrna you went with the moonshot in terms of. It was the one that could give theoretically the best possible product but the one that was by far the most risky. Theres so much of this thats politically driven. And regardless of what side of the file that youre in or on, were you surprised that still to this day that politics are driving much of whats happening withthe pandemic . I was surprised. I knew that the political issues are always in the forefront of the debate and with the pandemic like that, that clearly creates such conditions and anxieties. That will be magnified through the political debate but i was thinking that because of the magnitude of the threat of this pandemic was presenting for the world that politicians also were will do the right thing and that they will leave things out of political, trying to political lies it because that was a Texas Central threat for the way that we know civilization now i was surprised that eventually didnt happen. There are critics like you said at the beginning of this segment and there still are talking about theres all er teary or motives for pfizer. The pfizer profits went from 9 billion to almost 2 and a half to 21 billion last year. Your own salary 20 million. Do you get offended atthis or is this part of the job now . Ar is part of the job and im not offended at all. Whatever you do in this world there will be people that recognize your efforts and le people that dont. At of course pfizers reputation has skyrocketed. It was not good before the pandemic because it was driven down by the pharmaceutical industry and it is now among the best in the world. And im very cognizant that of that reputation comes for someone in drops but you can lose it in buckets. And im cognizant of what we enjoy right now which is the vast majority of the citizens of the world can go if we do the right things, if we dont do the right things and im treasuring this affair and im committed the same as everyone in pfizer to always do the right thing so that we maintain that highly. We talk about the 7 billion people around the world. Is there a way i know that pfizer in terms of Vaccine Equity youre charging it cost to the poor nations. Is there a way to get it to those poorer nationsbecause i know its not just the vaccine but its the distribution, if the infrastructure. Eeis there a way that pfizer, a way you can partnerwith someone or lead the chart to say we need to get into these countries andimprove their infrastructure so we can provide them with those vaccines . We must find ways to do it. Right now the obstacle for the poorest part of the world to vaccinate, it is not vaccines delivery and it is not the logistics it is infrastructure as you said to administer the vaccines over there. Two other vaccination centers. One thing is to drive 15 minutes to the cvs or walgreens of your neighborhood to get the vaccine. The other is after if you have to walk one dayto go somewhere to get the vaccine in africa so its a very different conditions they are living. And also one thing it is to have a population that is maybe 20 percent afraid of the vaccine for their skeptical about its value another thing to the 80 percent of the population they dont think that they need any vaccine. Hesitancy is high at that level. We missed an opportunity to educate people. Awe missed an opportunity to develop some very basic infrastructure. Theyre not in need of huge buildings or hospitals or equipment. They need the one person that knows how to administer vaccines around the country so its very basic things we could have happened if our effort and focus was there but unfortunately the effort you give to the poor countries instead of preparing for the education of those countries who want the vaccines will be available which i was promising the world it would be taken asorbit. Were getting a lot of questions for doctor on our chat. Lets get one of them from our viewers, what is the one thing you will readers will take away from your book. I would use, the readers will see that in every chapter i have agreat quote. And its not a greek quote, its a quote from a greek philosopher. I think what speaks more to the spirit of what made this moonshot possible is a quote that says our problem is not that we aim to high and miss. Our problem is that we aim to low and hit. And i think this is a wonderful, wonderful way to communicate that you can only do things only if you think big. At the same time communicate that the problem that we are facing is achieving mediocrity, achieving low goals and being happy about it rather thansetting the bar high. You have pretty and access to the best researchers, obviously within your own company and other companies. O whats next year, where do you forecast the next 6 to 12 months. Clearly there are two things, one is specific and the other one is in general. Let me start with covid. Theres a lot of work right now to try to stay ahead of the virus as the virus is mutating constantly and creating mutations but also there is a very concerted effort to go to something even better. And next generation, something that right now the goal is to be able just with one dose to maintain at least a year of protection. So that you dont have to go through this situation that every six months for every time saying this. It will hit the streets and get another shot. People will get complied with this and the right race of people that will comply with these recommendations will go down so this is what youre doing when it comes to covid. The second thing you are doing is treatments. Changer now, even more thanthe vaccine is this present situation. It is easy oral treatments because that means that the people that would get it either because they are not vaccinated or because they g were unfortunate, at least they know that is not going to be threatening or would reduce the chances that their life would be threatened or we have to stay outside the workforce for two weeks or they will suffer the consequences roof long covid which is a big issue and we are working to make sure that they will be easy for everyone to get to you but i would also take a chance to speak about other issues. I totally think that we are entering a period of scientific renaissance. Its going to be a period where major needs and the medical sphere will find solutions. And it is because of advances in biology but at the same time advances in technology and the two of them they are t coming together to produce dramatic synergistic effects. Our division of intelligence in Drug Discovery will replace discovery with design. Its going to be drug design and you will be able to have Clinical Trials happening so those things will help us to advance weight in a way more exponential way science and find solutions to cancer and many otherdiseases. You want to write some news here on the commonwealth club, are you on the verge of announcing something big. Is not going to be like tomorrows as a result we are announcing the cure of cancer but its going to be a decade that a lot of diseases, let me put it that way. The disease, the disease will be very different at the end of the decade. We talk about whats happening right now whats happening in the near future with perhaps once a year shot or Something Like that theres still about a third of americans that are not vaccinated. How do we convince third which is a sizable part of our country to get on board. I think it will be difficult. I think those people are afraid. And in fact, the more we insist on them and we exercise pressure to get them vaccinated, we are afraid and theyre forcing us to do something iyoure afraid, you can respond emotionally so this is the situation we are experiencing right now. I found that the best way to try to convince thosepeople is not by using rationale because the fear has made you inner irrational. Youre not looking at the data. The majority of the people that are dying are unvaccinated, this doesnt work anymore with them. It is more to use another emotion which is stronger than fear and thats love. And for human beings and the way i talk to them is that your decision to vaccinate or not will not affect only your life, it will affect the lives of others and predominately the lives of people you love the most. Your grandfather, grandmother, your kids are in the father that has underlying conditions, they are the ones that if you dont get vaccinated you have a high chance to transfer to them. The virus and that can be detrimental for them and thats the only thing that works i think right now. That have remained despite the pressure. You see how politics is shaping up a lot different in california,different in florida. When you meet with politicians and i know youve met with a lot of white house leaders from the Previous Administration and the Current Administration are they making progress that you think is good progress. I dont think theyre making progress and living outside of politics unfortunately and clearly i think the number of people that would be unvaccinated is would be way lower. If that was not embedded in the political debate. And because that confuse a lot of people. And we live in a situation where wearing a mask is a political statement if you are left or right,republican or democrat. Its got nothing to do, its about taking healthcare measures. The same as with tvaccinations to a certaindegree. If we didnt have that things would be way better. Were taking off our masks now across the country, is there a possibility in your mind that at the end of this year we could be putting masks back on . We digress . I hope not. I think that right now, there is so much you can do with public distance, with social distancing health measures. Measures that affect the fundamental human behavior. And i think slowly we need to relax them, is not only because people are tired which is a big part of the equation because their tire they will not do it but also because right now , we have significant tools in our hands. A very big problem portion of the population is vaccinated but we have 75percent , even oumore if you count the illegal people that have treatments but if you get the disease, youre not owing to end up in hospital or high levels of probability that you will end up in hospital would be a level of probability you would end up in hospital. With all of that we can start relaxing the measures and what i hope will end up happening is that still people will go and maintain protection by getting their vaccine is still when they have symptoms they will check themselves so they can get a treatment. If we do the simple things i think we can live lives the way we use to. I asked this representing allthe parents with young kids which is me as well. I have a fouryearold. At what point will my daughter eligible to get this vaccine. Are we close whether its pfizer or another company . Next month we will have our data unblinded so we will know. We know we have a safe vaccine because its easy to detect. What isnt blinded is to see how effective it is and i hope we will have a very effective vaccine. If thats true and my hopes materialize and im sure they will do the review very quickly and wewill be ready. We already are manufacturing quantities but if its approved we will make them itavailable. Was there a setback because we thought for the younger kids would be able to do it by march and then it got delayed, what happened . We were asked on the second dose. We know this will be, we need three doses to be successful. It is the same for adults. We know that this is the case. However, omicron affects disproportionately younger kids. Although the other variants were less severe, most severe to adults and this one is less severe but it was not the case for kids. For kids a lot of them got infected and ended up in p hospital so there was a lot of pressure. They said maybe we start with the two doses and we will get results on the third so why dont we submit the data on the second dose waiting but we knew they were waiting to see the data on the third dose. So that was what confused people. Eventually we felt we better wait because transparency and a full set of data is very important and it was coming up in a few weeks time. So instead of months now it will come in april and we will have a full set of good data set that everybody can see e transparent way. Are getting a lot of Great Questions here. One of the questions how did three companies that manufacture the vaccine agreed to Work Together . Good question, its big business here. I think the whole industry works together. For example, we formed a partnership with biontech. We wouldnt be able to do it alone and biontech wouldnt be able to do it alone. I think moderna formed a partnership with the Us Government also a partnership with astrazeneca to do their own vaccine. We dont know if it was successful or not. Therewas a lot of collaboration. Our Service Manufacturing , we started manufacturing very early days the antivirus, very few people know what the they didnt have the capacity to do that immediately. And we discussed and we offered and started manufacturing them so there was a lot of good cooperation. About it. I think also though the competition also help because its very clear that scientists wanted to be first, the scientists of pfizer wanted to be first and ethats a good thing because eventually, whoever was the first came faster than if we worked it alone. Is this a business book, i know this is a book about pfizer and taking us behindthescenes of how you made this breakthrough but it is also a business book that could be transferred to Different Industries . I think so. I think there are a reading of whats happened, one can draw lessons that might apply to his or her own ssituation and their own business environment. So its always good to learn how other people resolve difficult problems. Talk about one thing that stood out to me about many thingsthat stood out in the book. When during the Trump Administration about Jared Kushner was asking to deliver perhaps change the delivery to prioritize the United States ahead of other countries, can you describe what transpired west and mark. Jared kushner called me and got involved in discovery but delayed like quite late in the game. It was after the elections, he knew that they were leaving maybe december or january. T and hes intention was that to increase the quantities of vaccines that the us were receiving, the us could sign a contract with us hundred Million Dollars at that time. Europeans could sign 200 million doses. When the us signed contract repeatedly, are you sure you dont want to make 200 million, this is how much europeans are getting , we said no and then we were successful. They wanted more. But we didnt have it of course, we sent out everything to the hasituation so in any case we agreed we will provide congress an additional billion dollars and in the beginning jared was helpful i have to say in terms of there was a lot of things that the bureaucracy was setting us to how to sign a contract. We told them next hundred Million Dollars if you have a contract, lets add 100 million doses, whatever is the contract. They were saying the first contract was for concept, the project was not approved and now its approved so this type of things were delaying things and it was helpful to resolve but then she wanted all hundred Million Dollars. And i told them we dont have any so everything was made in us, stays in the us but i cannot do that because we are only making in europe so we cannot test between us and europe, we need to give the whole world. I hear you but i care for america. So that was basically the disagreement. Eventually we were able to find quantities increased production and eventually we ended up in a positive area. Now with President Biden and his administration, whats the greatest challenge with this printed ministration and what do you hope that will be better . Our challenge is not the administration, our challenge is the virus. The biggest challenge is omicron. I was certain after doing the third dose we would go to a. Early we would start the counts and the whole world turns upside down. Everybodys trying to do their best and the same is with the Us Government and that i think they are very competent people that they know ndexactly their stuff. Its a lot of this is not black and white and in the gray zone and its not very will be the way optimal way to go so they have to make choices like all of us. To deal with these situations. I think we are doing very well frankly. One of the questions kefrom our viewers, you believe the United States willrecommend that fourth shot but israel has done . I think we will submit, i think we have a compelling data about it. I think there is a need. And i cant speak about them if they will approve itor not. They have to see first and based on what they see they will make their own decision. What i know is we will provide it. The premise, one of the biggest promises was still usually takes 8 to 10 years to get something approved and tested and mpmanufactured yet it took pfizer and these othercompanies months. How can you sick simply summarize what happened, how that happened . First of all nits, we didnt try to improve the current processes of doing things. We had toreinvent them. If i was asking the people to make instead of 10 years they would try to do it by improving their current process. Eight months they have to think outofthebox. Same as with manufacturing, i think it was secondyear of manufacturing. Yearly they were making 200 million of vaccines every year. So i asked them to make 300 of the new vaccine but they never made. Still they would try to do it. I asked them to make 3 billion of this vaccine so they had to invent everything so thats a very big part. D we need to think scratch inand redesign everything, reengineer everything and the second is you need to really do things in parallel and really to believe that nothing is impossible. So a lot of ideas are rejected without really going into try and find ways to materialize them because too many people say its impossible. T but if someone doesnt let you go and tells you know, find a way to do it, then youre forced to go inside this idea of whats impossible and suddenly you find ways you can do it and thats what happened. And employees walk out or escort anyone who didnt want to comply west and mark. We didnt have that and in fact everybody worked extremely, extremelyelegantly. They all wanted the best even those that felt it cant be done. They are the ones that eventually made it done and the first month when so many things were impossible were made possible that created a different mindset in the remaining eight months so the same people were striving in front of every obstacle placed in front ofus. You are a pfizer lifer, are you burnedout . Is this yourswansong or have you been reinvigorated . I think im reinvigorated e every year and every year on becoming a better manager, better businessperson. S here i feel that the end of the year i am at the same level in the beginning, i know its the year i have to go. So far i think im learning. What do you want to do next whether its in the country or outside ofthe Country Company with this book . What i would like to do is to see children but im not sure. Other than that, i dont know. Friends. A lot of things that can be intellectually stimulated. Weve got a glimpse of your personal life in this book which is nice. Kind of how things shake your life and your r professional career from yourparents. I know your mother had a neardeath experience and also your kids. Does personal life change your professional life western mark. Always and with each one of us. And not only the personal life but i think the family is what builds the personality and character for each one of us and therefore every one of us the family positive or negative, not always positive but has a severe impact. And that follows us for the remainder of our lives and dictates the way that we think and act. When you talk about your parents and your kids, is that part of the culture that you also bring in . I think me coming from south Europe Clearly the family ties are, i wouldnt say close. Everybody has close family ties. One is going into the life of the other. And myself, i felt it was the best thing to happen to me that mykids had to come back from college and live with me for nine months. I dont think it was the same for every parent and i know it wasnt the same formy kids, they didnt like it but for me , it was the big reward. Im close to my family and my friends. Questions from our viewers, was mapping the human genome project the beginning of so many drug breakthroughs here . Absolutely. I think it is the biggest breakthrough of the year. This is where it comes also the Technology Maturation because one thing it is to be able to unlock the human genome but the human genome its billions of billions just by itself. So its impossible to process it without the advances that we have intechnology so the two of them is what will bring the solutions. How are you sourcing your talent now, youre up and coming researchers and scientists, where are they coming from . In one geographic spot orhow do you find your people. I think in pfizer is not from the top. Its so diverse, so many immigrants to start with. There are more immigrants than needed, so many diverse people, four of five religions in element members. We have men and women, we have every type of diversity so i think its important you have people from diverse backgrounds. So that the synthesis of their ideas will be synergistic rather than the same. Right now particularly nbecause we have been able to our reputation is so high because we are considered by so many heroes, saviors of the world. People are from all over theplace are raising their hands to join. And we are very lucky to have a lot of talent in flow right now. The instability in eastern europeand in russia and ukraine, how did that impact you . It doesnt impact pfizer directly. To the degree that it is material we have smaller business, i worry a lot about our people there but we have few people, we take good care of them. But clearly this is an event that worries all of us because it was unthinkable 2 months before and suddenly we see in front of us a war, unjustified that can figure dramatic consequences for humanity. Thats what everybody this brings back to mind this world war because this is suddenly how things started so im very concerned not about pfizer but what does this mean for peace and war stability. As we wrap it up a couple more questions before me in this, can you talk about the challenges and that need to change now in the healthcare industry,thats a big question. We can talk about that for hours but one thing that stands out, some of the challenges of what needs to change in healthcare. I would say for me there is one thing that is clear clearly not sustainable in the us. And this is that patients are paying for their medicines like if they dont have insurance although they do have one of f the best and most expensive insurances in the world. Its a system that works for everybody has to pay for their medicines out of pocket and in fact to pay their medicines are way higher prices than the prices that we are subject for example to the insurance, almost double. Cthat needs to change. That needs clearly to change and find ways that medicines are way more affordable into the us. Weve been talking about that you four years, nothings changed. Nothing has changed andi think the only nothing will change, things will get worse. And i think many multiple times you are almost able to find solutions but nothing happens. I dont think that the situation is sustainable, we need tochange them. Whats next for pfizer as a company . Science and breakthroughs that change patients lives. We try to harness the power of science in the most creative, most innovative ways possible. We tried to harness the power of technology and put together erwith biology writ were focusing on specific areas represent significant issues to the world. Cancer, Infectious Diseases which you saw now what happens with covid. Heart diseases, metabolic diseases, obesity, diabetes, all that are areas we are working very intensively. Gene therapy and areas of course to do with genetically , genetic diseases. So its so much medically, so much the opportunity i have us toprovide solutions. But i think it will be a good decade for pfizer. Was it good luck or maybe bad luck all of a sudden you being ceo january 2019 not knowing how the world was going to changea few months later . Good luck, no bad luck, its meant to be. Thank you so much for your time. We appreciate it. The book is fabulous and nki think everyone should go out and buy a copy because its good insight into what happened and what continues to happen. Any last comments, ill give you the last word. Thank you for your urinterest and thank you very much also for your audience. Moonshot, inside pfizers ninemonth race to make the possible impossiblepossible. We encourage all of you to pick up a copy. If you want to watch more programs or support the commonwealth clubs efforts in making in person and virtual programming possible please visit commonwealth club. Org. Take good care. American history tv saturdays on cspan2 exploring the people and events that tell the american story. At 8 50 p. M. Eastern mark play professor of musicology and American Culture at the university of michigan recounts the history of the starspangled banner and how its meaning has evolved and at 10 pm eastern author and professor patrice donaldson reports on how black soldiers between the civil war and world war i use their military service to further civil rights. Exploring the american story. What American History tv saturdays on cspan2 and find a full schedule on your Program Guide or watch online anytime at history. Book tv every sunday on cspan2 features leading authors discussing their latest nonfiction books. At 3 pm eastern project veritas founder james okeefe shares his book american muckraker where he discusses his journalism career and some of the investigations his group has undertaken and then at 9 pm in their book battle for the american mind, fox news host pete headset and his coauthor David Goodwin argue our k12 School System is teaching children to hate america and its history. What book tv every sunday and find a full schedule on your Program Guide or watchonline anytime booktv. Org. If youre enjoying book tv sign up for our newsletter using the qr code on the screen receive a schedule of upcoming programs, author discussions, book festivals and more. Book tv every sunday or anytime online booktv. Org. Television for serious readers. At the 2022 Steamboat InstituteEnergy Conference in colorado bjorn lomborg, president of the Copenhagen Consensus Center and author of false alarm argued overblown fears of Climate Change are costing time and