Is nice to see my friends supporting me and my wife so i hope this is more than just being a friend of mine the you get more out of this is a significant piece of history with the history of human spaceflight. What this book provides is a perspective of the men and women dedicated themselves to pushing the limits of Space Exploration and in doing so, we survey the programs and technology and the aspects that made space travel possible i dont just want to get the astronauts like john glenn that is amazing. Neil armstrong. There is a lot of interesting things i hope but it spans the period of 17833 present. But the book also reveals three definitions of space and that is where i will begin is the definition space because back before we have rockets space was anything off the ground and back in 1783 French Brothers could build the first hot air balloon they lofted to amend for the very first time off of the surface and effectively in space seoul for them not was off the ground that was 3,000 feet on the very first flight i would have a hard time doing that in the unknown aircraft. So those early explorers so those people there is not much aviation you can do your at the mercy of whatever lift you are generating handywork the ballast to go up and down so from 1783 with any altitude of the surface of the earth was pro in the 1930s we started to go higher and higher and into the stratosphere. When we did negative it so one of the first aspects that you encounter is temperature because as you go up the temperature goes down. Is a nice sunny day and you get on the yttrium the tram it is 5,000 feet above albuquerque it is 17. 5 degrees cooler it is 77 degrees and you can feel that. Have been if you have been on that . Great. The second thing that rediscovered is that oxygen although the same percentage is 20 percent of the atmosphere is the pressure going down your lungs and your body is sore bless oxygen so that was a problem. So then of course, pressure that decrease is 1 inch per thousand feet based on the mercury barometer so 30 mm her thousand feet so that is the second definition of space where the body is reacting adversely to the highaltitude and you have to be aware that by the time you get at 63,000 feet the pressure is 47 mm and the sea level is very slight pressure. It creates a partial pressure imbalance and because blood is made mostly of water as the level boyles 212 degrees and a 63,000 feet it boils at your body temperature. 90. 6 your blood will boreal and it turned into favor say you need a pressurized space suit or a space capsule and this 63,000 feet was defined by a fellow named Harry Armstrong is called the armstrong limits if you want to go beyond 63,000 feet you need a pressurized environment. Dont hesitate to ask any questions if i dont know the answer i make it up. [laughter] be official definition which is the third is 100 kilometers or 62 miles created after the space age began to verify records for space travel for duration and height and administered that was defined in 1985 when the airplane started to fly to have a regulating body to validate the records so after the space age began they had to come up with an official definition space and of course, 100 is a nice round number their works at 62 miles so that you or any official realm of girl so hopefully in a few more years there are private enterprise is that will start taking people on rights above 62 miles you will hear that in the reporting done in these rockets flights because they have to go past that for them to be considered in space astronauts. And though it is the pitcher of . That happens to be joe jumping out of a balloon at 102,000 feet in 1961. That is a long way up there. [inaudible] just for reference there are 28 chapters in the book he has taped taping equipment onto this other box that he was sitting on so that was his instrumentation container if i read the ones making the drug the job i would not make it that big he is still with us and lives in florida the it he is just as cocky as he was. H. G. Wells is author of a war of the worlds written in the late 1800s was the first one to use the term our space and that has taken on an omnibus complication. So the book examines the role of Science Fiction because that played an important part of the taming or exploration of space the Science Fiction writers excited the imagination of young people around the world to look at what the problems are to get people into space so lot of these early inventors old read the Science Fiction authors and were motivated by them. Of course, many of these early inventors became members of Rocket Societys that is where you spend your friday and saturday getting together so this led to its engineering advances. That actually came out of world war ii because one of those early inventors was the person who was responsible for what come came from world war ii he was working with the nazis soul in addition to the Science Fiction and writers we also had space medicine comingofage in the late 40s and 50s. In one was the air force base hero negative rocket sled that was documenting his bride as 600 miles an hour so that you get a big enough throw at 80 miles but he is doing 600 another very famous individual that was deeply involved to show the astronauts of the early 60s. This is the rocket engine looking at the engineering innovations to get one this is it produces 56,000 pounds of thrust that is a phenomenal number. How did you get those propellers into a chamber at a steady rate . To like to do regenerative cooling but is all part of the innovation that the team came up with the neck period and it is unfortunate it was used as a terror weapon but ultimately engineering got into the United States to help move us along to the moon. So that is what the book examines and also provides a Historical Perspective of an area i feel deeply about because i lived through most of this as a teenager in the 50s and the things going on just before russia launched their first satellite i was deeply involved that still have boxes of magazine articles in newspaper articles are trying to figure out what to do with but it is interesting to go back and read these things 65 years old. So whats i provide is a concise reading so there are several chapters that show house but neck with the legislation went on during that time and known as the great space race and went from october 4th 1997 through july 1969 when we amended on the moon most people accept as the end of the space race because the soviets could not keep up with the efforts of going to give them. The book also shows how that was engineered with those rockets that were involved so the excitement of the first flight as i tried to recreate these events remember what got me so excited and i try to bring that excited to my reader so this was a very historic commitment so it is interesting even after the commitment was made scientist were coming to president kennedy to say we dont think you can do this so for kennedy that was difficult for him to handle but he did it very well. So right here i have some of the headline newspaper articles that i cut out to save it is interesting to see what they revealed because of the soviets were able to launch the first satellite so what does that tell you about their technology . The capital is qualm so somebody had to say calmed down. Sylvia education is one of the biggest myths that were perpetrated is that because they took the population to make scientists out of them creating the environment which every person has that ability to have a good education but in fact, they selected people because they sought a good intellect it was not a Broad Spectrum those who also spending most of their time doing farming and not education so it is interesting to note after this occurred with a great turmoil a big change that occurred in the late 60s the s. A. T. Scores dropped 15 points interesting. So after the great space race we created a vehicle that could be used but in doing so to identify and compromise on factors related to safety is came back to bite us because nasa cannot effectively manage the risk because if we look at those two neutralitys of this Shuttle Program of challenger and columbia it wasnt the result of those computerized profiles because the rubber orings and the foam that is common should not have caused the demise of those astronauts so to raise the possibility to have private enterprise because typically it can do a better or cheaper were seeing that with firms like spacex that come back and land vertically to be reused is impressive so i also talk about a permanent presence in space like the space station and of course, the iss which is now in use over 15 years now we see private enterprise trying to get into this will we have a permanent presence in space . And to be decommissioned and 2024. So what will happen after the iss . I will talk about my personal effort to create the book 6303 pages more impressive was 210,000 words that is 1. 2 million keystrokes with these two figures because i am not a touch typist. Can you imagine sitting to really hit the key 1. 2 million times . One of the things that i wanted to do is to have the book readable with the average person with a highschool education i wanted the reading level to be no greater than 12th grade so this came off of the screen of microsoft word. So to run this bill check then you get the reading level with a number of characters per word the more involved in the reading level i should have done it but i grabbed 3,000 words out of the book and ran the index and it came up with 12 witches highschool level. In interesting point the new york timess river between the sixth and eighth grade level i dont know of the wall street journal is any better. 194 illustrations. So just to be sure i want to have maurer detail with engineering innovations and either an to use the microsoft word feature and the only picture was with microsoft to draw and it is not very clear. So there is 20 illustrations like this. So to be used as a college text and the publisher who took on this project is to have the features a college text might have said he read through the book in which i have done is the sidebars and if you get to the orbital decay to stop and analyze and that will describe what it is in their 60s throughout the book. Tool id to let me 5,000 hours and 14 years i started around 2003 because i dont even remember. If you realize in a given year the average person puts into a thousand hours in a year you can say theres only two 1 2 years of effort scattered over 14 years so yes there is a significant effort but over a period of time you can do other things like the dishes or break the bad. Make the bed or have a life. So that gives you some idea so for most riders to find a publisher is a challenge. And those to publishers they did do space books they did aviation. But one went out of business after the 2008 decline of the economy. And the ability to have been existing publisher i looked at University Publishers the first i discovered university of new mexico was not interested which surprised me because they have a great heritage of aviation and space i went to university of nebraska and florida and florida came back very strong and said yes we would like to publish but now the interesting thing they wouldnt just publish anything they wanted me to provide them with three authorities that could verify the accuracy of my work. Fortunately happen to have Three Friends i had cultivated over the years the most prominent is a graduate of the air force academy former air force pilot and a shuttle commander. You can get too much more significant of a person working on your side and the second was a former flight controller at houstons so that is the other side of the ground team and the third person i knew through Civil Air Patrol he was pr guy. Sold berry and in particular jump into this she has authored several books on her own in new where she was going with this and gave great advice on style and validating the historical aspects and put a lot of work into this and i was impressed. So then they get turned on so now it is unjust to attend thousand words now a salable commodity. To do the editing of illustrations and the index i have had some pretty good editors and i had to pay them a couple of dollars. [laughter] with University Press of florida hired this girl and she worked for three months that is impressive that is quite an installment of confidence of the book so we went back and forth she did it just read for, as or ed dangling participle but if the paired graf did not jive she would say i dont understand we were trying to say so that is wonderful from the standpoint of the typical reader. She found a total of 6,000 problems that is only 10 her page. [laughter] respect tour three months with the illustrations and finally i got to the index and that was a lot of fun because there is a great indexing feature that was on my manuscript not the final design that has no relationship to what i gave it saw had to take mine based on what the final book would look like and then run the index because then you have to collect these injuries to figure out how your group them so there is 900 entries in the index had think it is 50 and 16 pages so after the writing a lot more a goes into creating the book. I will ask several of you to look at these topics and select one i will read entry to give you a feel for my style and what youll see in this book. Walt disney any that would be one of the first traces 80 were probably wondering how will i factor him into the history of human space flight . But to do all disney i will start on page 118 values my cheaters because the light is not that good and i want to read this so i already gave you some background on von braun a teenager and enthusiast and got into a Rocket Society in the early 30s and was chosen by the nazis to head up their Rocket Program that went into world war ii so the years between 1946 and 50 although filled with support of u. S. Army was kept after the war his new employer did not provide an opportunity to develop a new or larger rocket he privately embark on a steady of a large expedition to mars and expressed a scenario in the form of a novel this is the late forties the project was the insightful look what could be achieved if mankind decided to travel beyond the of gravitation of the earth each attempt way 4,000 tons operated by 70 men making the trip the flotilla to carry all of those to be selfsufficient for two 1 2 years does this not sound like magellan . Following publication joining ryan to write a series of articles for colliers magazine they appeared in five installments between 1952 and 1954 and was called upon to bring life to the vision coupled with his own creative imagination these interplanetary vehicles were revealed with the places that humans had yet to visit some now get to walt disney the man who made mickey mouse the household pet and the informations busiest he was eager to round out a new tv series called of Wonderful World of disney to highlight man in space in cooperation the animators brought to life his imaginary creations a Younger Generation was acquainted with the prospect of the future all these endeavors are viewed as critical to get the idea is going into space before the public and especially the minds of the young. The first of three disney shows man in space aired 1955 president eisenhower is recorded to have requested a copy after a brief analysis there was no movement to appropriate money for such a venture so that is the disney came in and he shows wary motivational lot of congressmen thought we should go there but still Science Fiction to so many of us in that era. Another selection . So i have to add a paragraph in front of this march 1961 working on a ballistic trajectory because the atlas going into orbit was not quite ready but the grant the ground rules had all the key elements to be successful and they needed one more test so the old boiler plate was brought out and refurbished so to incorporate those cases flew the nearperfect trajectory the following day the soviets flew their last unmanned test even hollywood cannot have scripted a more cliffhanger to see who would be the first into space as april 61 moved into the calendar only if you knew how close it could be. 5 30 a. M. When the cosmonauts were awakened from a sound asleep deeper into the soviet union this Team Formerly occupied before the untimely demise surreptitiously placed beneath the of mattress to match to the doctors our hovering over their move so then they went under a brief medical exam the to had to pass the final approval of the chief designer than the soviet premier the only receive the not the nod for beat the first cosmonaut it is told the following day they said if anything inhibit them within preparations to be a favorite choice of the Selection Committee to complement his personal commitment for the votes of today would like to see he scored higher than many of the others he also satisfied the communist party as he was from a workingclass family and was a devout atheist and his background was russian so the two were greeted by officials that had concerns for the reliability of a rocket at the base day parted and then returning to a the transporting and it was erected just two days earlier he was helped into the spacecraft and all through the of procedure officials were observant anytime the stress could be too much for the 26 rural. However to be quite composed considering this history of which she was the center now at t minus 80 minutes account resumed and it he negative 30 minutes the technicians left the service to our as the countdown reached zero those rockets came to life and a half a Million Pounds of fuel began to burn whole fleet a controlled manner he was the first to ride into the cosmos with the vibration sitting on top of the most powerful creation of man part of his new venture. I get excited he did go into orbit about 150 miles dont quote me on that so those are a couple was segments to give you an idea of what you read in the book you picked some good ones i know go to a legend to the future because this is the history and it is difficult to predict the future but i do talk about returning to the moon and my favorite is going to mars and a little bit about the stars. So the last chapter is for five pages and talks about the generality i dedicated the book to the visionaries of the past or the technicians to make it happen and those fliers who would risk all to be part of the greatest of all human endeavors thanks for being here this evening. [applause] questions . How close to the russians get . Bin akio have to buy the book to find out. [laughter] they had four attempts but each time it ended in disaster but what they tried to do was pretend that they would use robotics and they did that successfully compared to 500 pounds of lunar soil so that was day big drain on the economy. What about cantor kissinger . Donna was very impressed one very graphic aspect getting up at 50,000 feet he realized his left lung was not pressurizing and so i already told you when exposed to extremely low pressures blood boils so his hand started to swell up so of course, the proper response would be to read you back to the ground to say i have lost pressurization i am coming down. That he toughed it out but that he and the london he went up to the altitude to make a free fall now with his ascent he actually passed out because the timing was off remember showed you that box he was sitting on . It got stuck in only takes a few seconds to get the timing off they started it when he shed jump but because he had difficulty getting off the bench he was about five seconds late so the chute that was supposed to stabilize them opened too early and he wasnt stabilized so he spun and lost consciousness and fortunately the Automated Systems deployed the parachute and he landed safely unconscious but safe so that jump was the record but as he was free falling at first there is no sensation of falling because you have a record you are looking at the aground 20 miles away at is one of the first things he relates to us there is no feeling of falling thereafter he went out he rolled over on his back to see the balloon it looked like the balloon shooting away the heat was falling away but it was perspective so here he freeforalls at 600 miles an hour that is terminal velocity as he is into the of lower atmosphere as los into about 150 miles an hour so now he does see movement and by reflex he would flex his knees to absorber the impact he tells you peas and is so honest is wonderful i got some great quotations from him i hope you appreciate those as much. Locally behalf parallels and he at the similar problem. Exactly healy jumped 42,000 feet in 73 but he was on a static line so his parachute opened right away actually he was testing the subject and it was the personal oxygen container he was taking with him opening in a High Altitude but they discover that no one to open the parachutes that early so today when a guy eject a 40,000 feet stalactites falls. 8q all very much. To cover anything from a shadow program. It is all topsecret. And i cannot tell you. [laughter] it did have the parallel program and one was called dinosaur but it was very public in the 60s it was expensive but that was killed by mcnamara and after kennedy was killed because he was the bean counter and was unsure it would give a return for those dollars invested virtually all of those astronauts were assigned to become shot shuttle astronauts but it was a miniature shuttle for 20 years earlier. Thank you very much. [applause] [inaudible conversations] good evening i am the