Hello. I am the deputy director. We are here to give you the highlights of the museum. The museum was founded in as the 1862 Army Medical Museum. Our Mission Today is very much the same. It is to collect objects that preserve the legacy of american medicine. What we will show you today are highlights of the Museum Collections from the last 150 years in areas of military medicine, Human Anatomy and pathology, forensic identification, bioengineering, and a special few artifacts we have on display here. So, come along. We have moved into an exhibit on military medicine. But we start our tour today with this object, the floor of what was known as trauma bay 2 from the Theater Hospital in iraq. From 2003 until 2007, during the height of the iraq war, the Theater Hospital served as the evacuation point where american soldiers were treated before being flown to germany and the United States for the next level of care. Trauma bay two was where the worst wounded were treated. This piece of floor helps tell the story of modern batter filled medicine, and it shares that story by the deep gouges you see in the floor. If you can imagine, the gurneys being carried into the emergency room and those gurney legs being kicked into place over and over again. The yellow stains show the antiseptic, the betadines used to clean wounds in advance of surgery. The black stains embedded in those gouges are the blood of the patients treated at bay two. The story that was shared with us from the caregivers at the balad hospital, this became known as the place where the most american lives were saved or lost in vietnam. Since vietnam. It carries a special story. We can remember so many lives that were lost, but so many lives that were saved. We are honored by visitors to this floor who are young men or women who started on the road to recovery and can trace that recovery to their time at the balad Theater Hospital during the iraq war and often were treated right here on bay two. As we move on through the rest of this room that is focused on the history and innovation in military medicine, one exhibit on display focuses on the advances in surgical kits. We see surgical kits from the war of 1812 compared in contrast with kits from the civil war, the middle part of the 20th century from world war ii, and then kits used by medical examiners from iraq and afghanistan. One thing to notice in the surgical kit from the war of 1812 is the knives may look to us today very much like kitchen knives or butcher knives, but these were the precise tools of that era. Its interesting to note those knives are alongside the tools used to extract bullets from injuries. One can imagine the pain that might been caused by using the tools themselves. Another object, kit of note is athe kit used to do postmortem examination on john paul jones. Jones died and was buried in france at the end of the 18th century. But in 1905, a surgeon had jones remains exhumed and used this kit to positively identify jones remains, which were then reinterred at the Naval Academy at annapolis, maryland. Another exhibit in this gallery features advances in the protection of Service Members, and so we featured three helmets from different eras of the 20th century. A helmet from world war i showing the very clear path of a bullet as it passes from front to back. Been from world war ii and korea , the middle part of the 20th century, again, the bullet still puncturing the helmet. But as the Newer Technology and materials are developed, we see the kevlar helmet from the first gulf war, and again, slowing in and stopping a bullet becomes the immediate need, and this allows us to show the advances in the materials, but also the concern with stopping and preventing head injuries. Another feature of our exhibit on the history of innovation in the history of military medicine is this display on facial reconstruction and advances in plastic surgery. From the 20th century, the type of work being done on Service Members recovering today in the early 21st century. An interesting story is that of carlton bergen, who is featured here with photographs. Bergen was injured in his mouth and his palette and his nose. He was treated by a doctor in new york by a surgeon who successfully treated more than 30 patients during the course of the civil war. Its not something well recognized or understood about facial reconstructions or jury during the war it though area during the war itself. But bergen is told through this series of photographs documenting the series of surgeries, but we also have two very unique casts done at different times of his recovery and on display, a piece of his jaw. We not only have photographic evidence, 3d evidence, but also anatomical specimen, all from the same individual. The casts we see here are from world war i and world war ii. Some of the models you see here on display are evidence of the different stages of the surgical repair done on an individual over a series of surgeries. You can see the nature of this soldiers injury prior to repair and in this case and the case below you can see how the surgeon was inflating the tissue so it created enough tissue for eventual use to restore that particular structure, in this case, the nose or a flat over the injured eye. These then became the teaching models of the mid20th century. Before there were ipads and onscreen technology, this was how surgeons of the era were learning and tracking an individual case as a teaching study. 3dompare those two stereolithographic prints of soldiers injured in the war in iraq. These 3d casts were done out what was then the Walter Reed Medical Center. If you can imagine taking cat scan data and putting them through a 3d printer. They provide the surgeon with a real world model of that soldiers injuries. These were soldiers injured in the war. They survived and were recovering at walter reed, and the surgeons used these models to plan future surgeries, to learn what bone could be recovered or discarded, to plan for the prophetic that might be used to reshape and protect that and then alsol found themselves limiting the number of surgeries and limiting the chance of infection and restoring some of the measure of qualityoflife they deserved. The last feature in the exhibit on the innovations in military medicine focuses on walter reed, major walter reed. Walter reed, who is known for his work in the discovery of the transmission of yellow fever, identifying that mosquitoes were transmitting yellow fever, was actually a curator of the Army Medical Museum, this museums ancestor as it were. When he died in 1902. We use this exhibit element to remember the man and his particular legacy, and also the institutions that came to honor him including the Walter Reed Medical Center and the Walter Reed Institute of research. It includes his own microscope and the guest books of v. I. P. s visitors who visited the hospital during the korean and vietnam war. You can see v. I. P. s and celebrities visiting the soldiers recovering at the hospital during that time. Next, we are going to go to an exhibit on Human Anatomy and pathology with a special emphasis on traumatic brain injury. So, come along. We are in the second of three exhibit galleries here at the medical museum. This exhibit gallery focuses broadly on anatomy and pathology. One piece of the exhibit features normal Human Anatomy. This gives us a chance to show normal human anatomical structures lungs, kidneys, stomachs, brains, hearts. In a condition that shows what you what you look like inside when you are healthy. These are very unique specimens. They are preserved in all manner of states. But the exhibit focuses on traumatic brain injury. T. B. I. Was identified as one of the signature injuries of the wars in iraq and afghanistan, so we focused the rest of this exhibit gallery to give our visitor a chance to understand the nature and functions of the brains. Those technologies like these helmets here to showcase the protection of the brain on the battlefield or football field. But the rest of the exhibit gallery gives us a chance to focus on actual human brain specimens showing the graphic nature of real traumatic brain injuries. You see over and over again on display, sectioned or whole brains showing whether it is a , aorrhage, a stab wound gunshot wound, or in this here,ularly any case evidence of a man who was in a car wreck, did not seek medical attention, and died 10 days later. The medical examiner found evidence of a hemorrhage that eventually claimed that mans life. As you move through the exhibit gallery and as the exhibit progresses, we then deal with the surgical response to tbis. But that gives as a chance to talk about the historic efforts, and on display are two precolumbian, peruvian skulls. These are hundreds of years old showing evidence of trepanation. It is a drill to relieve pressure in the brain. We contrast these two skulls from peru with the skull of a Civil War Soldier showing essentially the same type of surgical treatment. We then give the visitor a chance to see the types of tools used, and at the end of the exhibit, an opportunity to see the types of tools used for modern t. B. I. Rehabilitation which includes interestingly , enough, video games, and the Important Role that Service Animals play in helping t. B. I. Patients recover and go about their daily lives. So, we have come to the third of the three exhibit galleries. We have moved here to an exhibit on biomechanical engineering which features this artificial kidney. The kidney here was invented by a dutch physician who developed this technology in nazi occupied holland. The first generation of this device was built using scrap parts from downed german airplanes and leftover kitchen utensils. When the doctor moved to the United States, he develops this generation of the device and the artificial kidney we have on display was used out walter reed general hospital. They purchased it because the device they had in use during the time of the korean war had to be shipped to the front to a mash unit, and as you can imagine, a device like this, similar now to what we would use for the routine dialysis treatment, was used for similar types of kidney conditions during the korean war and traveled with a mash unit, treating soldiers during the war itself. The rest of the exhibit features things that might look familiar to visitors, especially anyone who might have had a Knee Replacement or hip replacement or prostatic inserted in their shoulder. But something you do not often see our our actual heart valves. The display of those here gives you a chance to see what it looks like before it is inserted in you. But compare that to an actual human heart. Looking carefully, you can see the heart valves carefully inserted into the tissue itself. We are now in front of an exhibit on human pathology, and for a visitor to the museum, remember to compare this to a n exhibit in another gallery on normal Human Anatomy. What you see here are actual human specimens showing rare and unique conditions. You see genetic and metabolic conditions, including this specimen here, peter coffee, who at the time of the spanishamerican war was diagnosed with a rare and severe form of rheumatoid arthritis. Upon close examination, you will see his joints are all fused, and where there should be shaped space between his vertebra, there is no space. Another interesting item, part of the specimen here, noting his teeth and jaw look like they were opened up. After peters jaw fused, they opened up his teeth there and broke some teeth out so he could ingest soft foods. This was the only way he was able to consume anything in the last years of his life. Another thing to note about the specimen is that the contrast between the white remaining natural bone that is in the skeleton and the yellow replica bones. Over the course of all of these many decades, he died in the 1920s the bones were taken for study, so the replicas were put in place. But it still gives us a chance to see in the knee joint, the spine, the jaw very clearly the fused joints and imagine a little bit what it might been like for peter at the end of his life. Peter cluckey live the rest of his life sitting up like this or on his side and died and told willed his remains to the Army Medical Museum so his body could be studied for science. He has been sitting in various iterations of this museum pretty much just like that in that chair for many decades. He is just part of this exhibit on human pathology, which includes some very unique specimens. Examples of things we do not see very often anymore, including the effects of smallpox. You see that on these two feet here. Or the effects of leprosy, also here in this wet tissue preparation. Or elephantiasis. Or a very unique specimen, a megacolon, a condition where the colon grew outside of the body. We also feature specimen such as a section of a smokers lung. An enlarged heart, so you can see the condition of the plaque buildup inside the heart itself. A unique specimen, a trico bezoar, a human hairball on display, in the shape of a stomach. This was surgically removed from a girl who was 12 years old. Who went on to recovery and lived a happy, healthy life. You can see it is formed in the shape of the stomach. Another unique specimen is also a section of a lung of a soldier who died of the influenza pandemic. This is a few of the pathological specimens on display. We are now at an exhibit on forensic identification and the science that is involved in determining a positive scientific examination on missing war dead. We start with the story of colonel charles sharp. Colonel sharp was a pilot in vietnam. He was shot down and his body was not immediately recovered. But in the 1990s, a small piece of bone was found at a crash site. While it might have been colonel sharps, there is no positive identification. But eventually d. N. A. Extracted from the bone was matched with d. N. A. Recovered from love letters that colonel sharp had licked the envelopes of and sent to his wife during the war decades earlier. And that d. N. A. Proved a positive match. That helps tell the story about the role d. N. A. Plays today in a modern forensic identification and includes this early parma thermo cycler used to amplify d. N. A. Recovered from ancient bone materials. As the exhibit goes on, we talk about the importance of forensic anthropology, the use of dental evidence, and the role of the medical examiner, and particularly, the Armed Forces Medical examiner, developing the protocols and practices and procedures in a modern scientific identification, bringing home our war dead from wars even long ago. We also feature an Interesting Development about the value of Data Collected during this long process. One thing learned, a Lesson Learned from the wars in iraq and afghanistan, is too many soldiers lives were lost because of not having the right tool to reinflate the lung on the battlefield. To treat a collapsed lung. The medical examiner was able to determine that by adding to the medics kit a longer pneumothorax needle, connecticut the medic had a better chance to quickly reinflate a lung and let the soldier get to the next higher level trauma treatment center. We had on display the models of the pneumothorax needle, and that is based on the data of all of the lives lost. The medical museum is home to largesthe worlds collections of microscopes. It started out collecting examples of Representative Technology of the time. It included this microscope by robert cook, a member of the Royal Society who used a , microscope to observe a cell for the first time. This gives us a chance to talk about the history of science and why it is important to recognize this one device helps change the of observation of the Natural World around us. It stands as one of the oldest objects in the collection but also gives us a chance to reflect on the importance of science in general. Finally, we are here at the exhibit commemorating the history of the Army Medical Museum and what we know today as the National Museum of medicine. On display here are a range of artifacts that tell interesting stories from different eras of the museums history. Especially of interest are two items related to president ial health. The box on display in the back, it looks like a cigar shaped box. The visitor can look carefully down through the top. Are what they will see ou microscope slides and sections of biopsy tissue from the throat of president ulysses s. Grant. That is the tissue of the cancer that eventually took his life. They are preserved and put in this keepsake box of sorts and it eventually made its way to the museum holdings and it has been part of our displays since this iteration of the Museum Opened in 2012. It shares display space with a very interesting anatomical specimen. It is three vertebra from the lower part of the spine from president james garfield. James garfield was shot in july of 1881 when he was going on a train, and what you see is the path of the bullet. Garfield died some three months later, not necessarily as a direct result of the bullet path you see there, but infection that was caused, for the most part, by not sterile practices performed by the physician managing his care. You might recall the past g ge he have followed unite recall the have followed g athology exhibit we look at earlier, which included that human hairball, some other specimens of note. On display in that case is also the spleen of the assassin of president james garfield, who was caught and tried and convicted and executed. But it was found later that he was actually dying of malaria, and so the spleen that is on display does not say anything about charles, but it is a remarkable specimen showing the effects of malaria on that organ. The rest of that exhibit case has a few objects on display. A few of note standing at the back of the case, the rhesus monkey skeleton is an early american astronaut. She flew into space in 1959 and was part of the series of animals that nasa, these and the Space Program sent into space to test early eras of the program. Unfortunately she died shortly after her return from space during a surgery to remove the electrodes that were used to measure her vital signs during her flight into space. Four the back wall are dental tools. These tools are attributed to paul revere. Paul revere, who we know for his Midnight Ride to warn the colonists about advancing british forces, also did some interesting work as a dentist. These tools were used by revere and we think were probably related to work you did on a man them to work he did on a man named joe warren. He was a colonial leader, fought and died at the battle of bunker hill. The story is told, revere helped identify warrens remains from a mass grave and did so because he had done some work on his teeth before he was killed. A unique feature for our visitors who come to the museum here at Silver Spring is the chance to save through the Looking Glass into a working museum laboratory. This special laboratory is to was equipped to help us prepare and manage the artifacts in the museums care. Remains see are human anatomical specimens, bones, laid out on the counter there. Person museum staff doing some lab work in preparation for dealing with objects in conservation. But we could use this lab to manage paper materials, other types of tissue, or to prepare objects for longterm storage or display. So, our last stop on our visit is in one of the storage rooms where we manage our growing collection. You can see few paintings in the museums holdings here in the row behind me. The large painting their features our museums founder who founded the museum in 1862. One thing that i personally find important about working here at this museum is the stories we tell our the stories of american soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines it is important to share the sacrifices that they made. For doctors and innovators to help convey their stories and we are glad to be able to share that with visitors who come to see us every day at the museum. This was the second of two programs from our visit to the National Museum of health and medicine. The first focused on the civil war collection. You can watch all of our american artifacts programs by visiting our website, www. Cspan. Org history. With live coverage of the house on cspan and the senate we shown2, on cspan3 you the most relevant hearings and Public Affairs events. On weekends, cspan3 is home to American History tv, including six unique series. The civil war anniversary, historyartifacts bookshelf with the bestknown history writers, the presidency looking at policy and legacies of our nations commanders in chief. Lectures in history with College Professors and our new series reel america featuring archival and governmental films. Created by the cable tv industry and funded by your local provider. Like us on h. D. , facebook, and follow us on twitter. All weekend, American History tv is featuring cincinnati, the childhood home of president Ulysses S Grant and William Howard taft. Partners, the staff visited sites exploring the citys rich history. Learn more about cincinnati all weekend here on American History tv