Military medicine, one exhibit display focused on the advancements in surgical kits. We see a surgical kit from the time of the revolutionary war n and the war of 1812, compared 18 and contrasted with kits from rq afghanistan. One thing to notice in the surgical kit from the war of 1812 is that the knives may look to us today very much like kitchen knives or butcher knives, but these were the precise tools of that era. So its interesting to note that those knives are alongside the tools used to extract bullets from injuries and one can imagine the pain that might have been caused by even the tools themselves. Another object kit of note is the kit used to do a postmortem examination, an autopsy on the remains of the father of the United States navy, john paul jones, jones had died and was buried in france at the end of the 18th century, but in 1905 a surgeon named joseph corniel had jones remains exhumed and core kneel used this kit that we have on display to positively identify jones remains which were then reinn turned at the Naval Academy in annapolis, maryland. Another exhibit in this gallery features on advances in the protection of Service Members. Different eras of the 20th century. A helmet from world war i showing the very clear path of a bullet as it passed from front to back of that helmet and then from world war ii and korea the middle part of the 20th century, again, the bullet still punk ring the helmet but as the Newer Technology and materials were developed we see this kevlar helmet from the first gulf war, gn, slowing and stopping a bullet becomes the immediate need and so this allows us to show the advances in the materials but also the concern with stopping and preventing head injuries. Another feature of our exhibit on the history of innovation in military medicine is this display on facial reconstruction and advances in plastic surgery. From the time of the civil war through the 20th century and to the type of work thats being done on Service Members recovering today in the early 21st century. An interesting story is that of Carlton Bergen who is featured here with photographs. Bergen was injured and in his mouth, in his pallet and nose. He was treated by a doctor in new york who successfully treated more than 30 patients during the course of the civil war. Its not something wellrecognized or understood about the nature of facial reconstruction surgery during the war itself, but bergen is told, interestingly, by a series of photographs documenting the series of streurgeries, but we o have two very unique casts done at different times of his recovery and on display a piece of bergens jaw. So this is a unique part of the nature of the museums collection. We not only have photographic evidence, 3d evidence, but also an tomorrow cal specimen all from the same individual. The cast that is we see here are from world war i and world war ii. Some of the models you see here on display are evidence of the different stages of the surgical repair done on an individual over a series of surgeries. You can see the nature of this soldiers injury prior to repair and then in this case and in the case below you can see how the surgeon was inflating the issue so that to create enough tissue for eventual use to restore that particular structure, in this case the nose or a flap over an injured eye. These then became the teaching models of the mid 20th century before there were ipads and on screen technologies, this was how surgeonsrbcn of the era wer learning and tracking an individual case as a teaching study. And we compare those to 3d stereo lit graphic prints, thats a big word. 3d stereo lit graphic prints of soldiers injured in the war in iraq. These 3d casts were done at what was then still Walter Reed Medical Center and if you can imagine taking cat scan data and pushing those through a 3d printer, they provide the surgeon a real world model of that soldiers injuries. These were soldiers injured in the war, survived their injuries, were recovering at walter reed and the surgeons used these models to help plan future injuries. So learn what gone could be recovered or discarded, to plan for the prosthetic that might be used to reshape and protect that soldiers skull and then also found themselves limiting the number of surgeries and decreasing the chances of infection and haste thing the recovery of that Service Member and restoring some measure of the quality of life that they deserved. The last feature in the exhibit on innovations in military medicine focuses on walter reed, major walter reed. Walter reed who is known for his work in the discovery of the transmission of the yellow fever vector identifying that mosquitoes were transmitting yellow fever was actually a curator of the medical museum, this museums ancestor when he died in 1902. We use this exhibit element to remember the man and his particular legacy and also the institutions that came to honor him, including Walter Reed ArmyMedical Center and the Walter Reed Army institute of research. So the exhibit features walter reeds own microscope and the guest books of vip visitors to visited the walter reed General Hospital during the era of the korean war and vietnam war. You can see on the pages of these guest books, vips and celebrities who were visiting the soldiers recovering at the hospital during that time. Next we are going to go to an exhibit on Human Anatomy and pathology with a special emphasis on traumatic brain injury. So come along. We are in the second of the three exhibit galleries here at the medical museum. This exhibit gallery focuses broadly on anatomy and pathology. One piece of the exhibit features normal Human Anatomy. This gives us a chance to show normal human tomorrow cal structures, lungs, kidneys, stomach, brains, hearts, in a condition that shows you what you look like on the inside when youre healthy. These are very unique specimens, therapy served in all manner of states, wet tissue, blast nation and dry mounted specimens, but the rest of the exhibit gallery focuses on traumatic brain injury and tbi was identified as one of the signature injuries of the wars in iraq or afghanistan and so we focused the rest of this exhibit gallery to give our visitor a chance to understand the nature and functions of the brain, those technologies like these helmets here that help to showcase the protection of the brain, both on the battlefield or on the football field, but the rest of the exhibit gallery gives us a chance to focus on actual human brain specimens showing the graphic nature of real traumatic brain injuries. So you see over and over again on display sectioned or whole brains showing, whether its a hemorrhage, a stab wound, a gunshot wound or in this particularly unique case here, evidence of a man who was in a car wreck, did not seek medical attention and died ten days later and the medical examiner found as you can see in the specimen on the shelf the evidence of a hemorrhage which eventually claimed that mans life. So as you move through the exhibit gallery and as the exhibit progresses we then deal with surgical response to tbis, but that gives us a chance to talk about the historic efforts. On display are two pre columbian peruvian skulls, these are now hundreds and hundreds of years old showing evidence of something called thefanation its an effort to relieve pressure in the brain. We contrast these two skulls from peru with the skull of a Civil War Soldier showing essentially the same type of surgical treatment. We then give the visitor a chance to see the types of tools used. At the end of the exhibit an opportunity to see the types of tools used for modern tpi rehabilitation, which includes, interestingly enough, video games and the Important Role that Service Animals play in helping tbi patients recover and go about their daily lives. So weve come to the third of the three exhibit galleries here at the medical museum and weve moved here to an exhibit on Biomedical Engineering which features this artificial kidney. The kidney here was invented by a dutch physician who developed this technology in nazi occupied holland and the first generation of this device was built using scrap parts from downed german airplanes and left over kitchen utensils. When dr. Kolf moved to the United States he developed this generation of the device and the artificial kidney we have here on display was used at walter reed General Hospital. They purchased it because the device they had in use during the time of the korean war had to be shipped to the front to a mass unit and to if you can imagine, a device like this, similar now to what we would use for pretty routine dialysis treatment, was used for similar types of kidney conditions during the korean war and traveled with a mass unit treating soldiers during the war itself. The rest of the exhibit features things that might look familiar to visitors, especially anyone who might have had a Knee Replacement or hip replacement or a prosthetic inserted in their shoulder. Something you dont often see are actual heart valves. So a display of those here gives us a chance to know what it looks like before its inserted into you, but compare that to an actual human heart, its in that wet tissue preparation there, and looking carefully you can see the heart valves carefully inserted into the tissue itself. We are now in front of an exhibit on human pathology. For a visitor remember to compare this to an exhibit in another gallery on normal Human Anatomy. What you see here are actual human specimens showing rare and unique conditions, mostly some genetic and metabolic conditions, including this specimen here, peter clubbingy, who at the time of the spanish american war was diagnosed with a rare and severe form of Rheumatoid Arthritis and upon a very close examination you will see that his giants are all fused and where there should be space between his vertebrae, there is no space. Another interesting item, part of clukys specimen is noticing that his teeth and jaw looked like they were opened up. After peters jaw fused they opened up his teeth there and broke some of his teeth out to that mr. Cluky could ingest today foods. This was the only way that he was able to consume anything in those last years of his life. Another thing to note about peter clukys specimen is the contrast between the white remaining natural bone that is in the skeleton and the yellow replica bones. Over the course of all of these many decades, peter cluky died in the 1920s, some bones were taken for study so the replicas were put in place, but that still gives us a chance to see in the knee giants, the spine and the jaw very clearly the fused giants and imagine a little bit about what it might have been like for peter at the peter clubbingy lived out the rest of his life sitting up like this or lying on his side and died and willed his remains to the Army Medical Museum so that his body could be studied for science. He has been sitting in various iterations of this museum pretty much just like that in that chair for many decades and he is just part of this exhibit on human pathology, which includes some very unique specimens. Examples of things that we dont see very often anymore, including the effects of smallpox, you can see that on these two feet here. Or the effects of lep ross si or he will fan tie a sis or a mega colon, a condition where the colon grew outside of the body. We also feature specimens such as a section of a smokers lung, an enlarged heart that is sectioned so that you can see the condition of the plaque buildup inside of the heart itself, a unique specimen, a human hair ball on display showing in the shape, urge clee removed from a girl who was 12 years old who went on to live a happy healthy life, but you can see it formed in the shape of a stomach. Another unique specimen is also a section of a lung of a soldier who died of the influenza pandemic that killed 50 Million People around the world in 1918 and 1919 and thats just a few of the interesting pathological specimens on display. We are now at an exhibit on forensic identification and the sciences involved in determining a positive scientific identification on missing war dead. We start with the story of colonel scharff. In the early 1990s a small piece of bone was found at a crash site. While it was thought to be colonel scharff there was a positive identification because of dna matched from the bone was matched with dna recovered from love letters that colonel scharff had licked the envelopes of and sent to his wife during the war decades earlier. That dna proved a positive match so that helps tell the story about the role that dna plays today in a modern forensic identification. And includes this early thermo psych clear used to amplify dna recovered from ancient bone materials and as the exhibit goes on we talk about the importance of forensic anthropology, the use of dental evidence and the role of the medical examiner and collateral the arms forces examiner in developing the protocols and practices and procedures in a modern scientific identification bringing home our war dead from wars even long ago. We also feature an Interesting Development about the value of Data Collected during this long process. One thing learned, a lech learned from the wars in iraq and afghanistan is that the too many soldiers were lives were lost because of the not having the right tool to reinflate the lung on a battlefield. So treat a collapsed lung. The medical examiner was able to determine that by adding to the medics kit a longer pneumothorax needle, the medic in the field had a better chance of being able to quickly reinflate a lung and allow that soldier a chance to get to the next level higher trauma treatment center. So what we have on display, the early models of the pneumothorax needle and that developed based on the data of all those lives that were lost. The medical museum is home to one of the Worlds Largest collections of micro scopes. It was started in the 1880s by our curator who set about to collect representative examples of the technology at the time. One of those includes this microscope by robert hook, an employee of the royal society, to used this microscope to observe the cell for the first time. This example gives us a chance to talk about the history of science and why its important to recognize that the this one device helps change the nature of observation of the Natural World around us and for us this stands as one of the oldest objects in the collection, but also gives us a chance to reflect on one of the most important moments in the history of science in general. Finally, we are here in an exhibit that commemorates the history of the Army Medical Museum and what we now now today as the museum of National Health and medicine. On display are a range of artifacts that commemorate or tell interesting stories from different eras of the museums history. Especially of interest are two items related to president ial health. The box on display in the back, looks like a cigarshaped box. The visitor that comes to the museum can look carefully down through the top. What they would see are mic stone slides and the sectioned biopsied tissue from the throat of president u police ease grant. That tissue is of the cans that are eventually took his life and the pathologist who prepared the slides also put them into this special keepsake box of sorts and it was eventually made its way to the museums hold js and has been part of our display since this iteration of the Museum Opened in 2012. It shares some display space with a very interesting anatomical specimen, its three vertebrae from the lower part of the spine of president james garfield. James gar field shot in july of 1881 while he was going on a train and what you see is the red rot of the path of the bullet. Garfield died some three months later not necessarily as a direct result of the bullet that path that you see there, but of infection that was caused for the most part by not sterile practices not being performed by the physician who was managing his care. You might recall the pathology exhibit that we looked at earlier, which included that human hair ball, the tricobezor and other specimens of note. In display in that case is also the spleen of the assassin of president james garfield, a man named charles gateaux who was called and tried and executed but it was found later that he was actually dying of malaria, so the spleen actually doesnt say anything about charles gateaux but it is a remarkable specimen showing the effects of malaria on that particular or began. The rest of the exhibit case has many objects on display but a few others of note. Standing in the back of the case, the reeses monkey skeleton is of an early american astronaut, her name was able, she flew into space in 1959 and was part of the series of animals that nasa and the Space Program sent into space to test the early era of the Space Program and able unfortunately died shortly after her return from space during a surgery to remove the electrodes that were used to measure her vital signs during her flight in space. Along the back wall are four dental tools. These tools are attributed to paul ref veer. Paul revere who we know from his Midnight Ride through the country to warn the colonists about the advancing British Forces also did some interesting work as a dn tis and these tools were used by revere and we think were probably related to work that he did on a man named joe warren. He was a colonial leader and fought and died at the battle of bunker hill. As the story was told revere helped identify warrens remains from a mass grave of those killed in bunker hill and did