I want to make sure that the people in south korea know that as one of our close allies in the region we do stand with them and their right to defend themselves and to make sure that those listening to north korea understand that we stand with the south koreas. Thats job one for us. Absolutely. The gentlemans time has expired. I think that is the end of the questionnaire this afternoon. We want to greatly thank our panel. Ambassador davies and ambassador king for your temperature this afterno, testimony this afternoon. Members will have five days to submit questions in writing. If theres no further business to come before the committee, were adjourned. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Tomorrow on washington journal, a review of the past week in congress as members depart for your five week summer recess. Also congressman todd aken on his new book firing back. The executive director of the American ImmigrationLawyers Association with the latest in the debate over immigration reform. Also news week late writer will talk about the plots to destroy america that examines conspiracy theories. We will also take your phone calls. Facebook post and tweets. Washington journal live at 7 00 a. M. Eastern on our pcompanion network cspan. Senate minority leader Mitch Mcconnel and kentucky secretary of state will deliver remarks at the annual fancy picnic live at 2 30 eastern also on cspan. American artifacts on American History t. V. This weekend our visit to the National Security archive at George Washington university reveals declassified documents about the gulf of tonkin in vietnam. 50 years ago this week they passed the resolution giving president johnson broad powers to wage war in southeast asia. Sunday at 6 00 and 10 00 p. M. Eastern. Watch more American History t. V. Next week. While congress is in recess American History tv will be in prime time on cspan 3. Sunday on book tvs in depth former republican congressman from texas and president ial kandiate rkand ia candidate ron paul with his latest book on the American Education system. Join the conversation as he takes your phone calls, emails, tweets sunday on cspan 2. Monday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern and tuesday and friday at 8 00 featuring a wide range of topics, including the middle east, immigration and marijuana and covering book favors and festivals from across the country. Television for serious readers. At a Young African leader summit earlier this week president obama announced new efforts to expandnamed it. It started in 2014 made up of 500 subsaharan african loeaders between the age of 25 and 35. This is just over an hour. To introduce the United States, please welcome Washington Fellow faith mangopet. [ applause ] thank you very much. You may have a seat. Good morning. Good morning. Young leaders of africa. Good morning distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. My name is faith, im a broadca broadcaster, business woman and world changer. But that is who i am. This morning, lets talk a little bit about who you are. Who are you with the narrative has depicted you as dark . Who are you when the shadow of corruption as well as the shadow of instability has cast a shadow of your own ingrowth greatness. Who are you when hunger has been given a face and that face is you. Who are you when the mentales m shark shackles refuse to calm down. I say you are the ones. Africa, you are the ones who will testify of the greatness and the light of our african continent. By your works, all the world will know that africa is no longer a Sleeping Giant but indeed it is awake and it is open for business. [ applause ] we would like to thank president o obamas Washington Fellowship for Young African leaders which has really opened our eyes about the endless abilities that may occur when we no longsee oursel nations, citizens who are interlinked who draw strength from collaboration. Once we learn and engage with one another, let us remain resolved in this fact, we are the ones who are africans best solution. [ applause ] so Young Leaders of africa, join me in this to welcome the president of the United States. Hes the son of a kenyan. [ applause ] he is the leader. Hes the believer of young peop people. Hello everybody. Thank you. Have a seat. Were just Getting Started here. Hello everybody. Welcome to washington. I know most of you are visiting our country for the first time so on behalf of the American People welcome to the United States of america. [ applause ] we are thrilled to have you here and to everybody whose watching online across africa or at watch parties or social media, you are apart of this too. Were very glad to have you. Can everybody give faith a major round of applause for the great introduction. [ applause ] i had to say faith didnt seem very indtimidated by the settin. She seemed not lacking in confidence. Shes doing great work in south africa to empower young entrepreneurs especially women. First i want to speak briefly about why i believe so strongly in all of you being here today. Next week i will host a truly historic event. The u. S. Africa leader summit where nearly 50 president s and prime ministers attend from just about all of your countries. It will be the largest gathering any american president has ever hosted with african heads of state and government. The summit reflects a principle that has guided my approach to africa that the security and prosperity and justice that we seek in the world cannot be achieved without a strong and prosperous selfreliance. Even as we deal with challenges and crises in other parts of the world that dominate our headlines, we have to make sure were seizing the potential of todays africa which is the youngest and Fastest Growing of the continents. So next weeks summit will focus on how we can continue to build a new model of partnership between america and africa. A partnership of equals that focuses on your capacity to expand opportunity and strengthen democracy and promote security and peace. This cannot be achieved by government alone. It demands the active engagement of citizens especially young people. Thats why four years ago i launched the Young AfricanLeaders Initiative to make that were tapping into the incredible talent and creativity of Young Africans like you. [ applause ] since then weve partnered with thousands of young people across the continent empowering them with the skills and training in technology they need to start new businesses to spark change in their communities. To promote education and health care and good governance. Last year in south africa, some of you were there, i announced the next step which was the Washington Fellowship for Young African leaders. The objective was to give Young Africans the opportunity to come to the United States and develop their skills as the next generation of leaders in Civil Society and business and government and the response was overwhelmi overwhelming. Across the continent young men and women set out on a journey in remote villages with no phones and internet. They navigated the back roads and travelled by bus and train just to get the apriplication f the program. One woman took a five hour bus ride and then a six and seven hour bus ride. A two ride journey just to get our interview. Ultimately some 50,000 ordinary Young Africans applied and today were at the heart of what were calling our network. The Online Community across africa that is sharing ideas and forging new alliances. I want everybody to know that youre the foundation of our far n partnership. Today were proud to welcome you our fellows among our ranks is that young woman who endured all of those bus rides. We want to welcome abigail. Where is she . There she is. [ applause ] thats a lot of bus rides. I do have a first item of business. I launched the scholarship not far from the original home of Nelson Mandela. The spirit of this program respects his optimism, his idealism, his belief in what he called the endless heroism of youth. So today with the blessing of the Mandela Family to whom were so grateful, were proud to announce that the new name of this program is the mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African leaders. [ applause ] youre the first class of mandela Washington Fellows. Thats right. I know all of you have been busy. All of you have been busy at some of americas top colleges and universities. Youve been learning how to run a business or manage a institution. As one ever you said my brain has been bubbling with all sorts of ideas. I want you to know that ive read some of the recommendations that were produced at each university and college and i thought they were outstanding pieces of work. Thats what i want you to hear today. Your ideas, your su summit you engage with some of our leading voices including some which i know you cant wait to see, michelle obama. But many members of congress who are strong supporters of this program who are here. Where are the members . Some outstanding members of congress are here. Youll get a chance to meet some of them. I know some of you are headed off to internships in some of our nations leading companies and organizations. One of you said i will take what ive learned here and put it into practice back home. Thats the whole idea. I want to say by the way i took some pictures with some of the University Officials who hosted all you have. Uniformliall uniformlially, they could not have been more impressed with the job you did. I know some of you have been experiences america as well. The places who make us who we are, including my hometown of chicago. Youve experienced some of our traditions like a block party. Youve experienced some of our food, fay said she ate a lot of texas barbecue when she was in austin. You really like that barbecue, huh . You got the whole long horn thing going on and all of that. Americans have been learning from you as well because every interaction is a chance for america to see the africa that is so often overlooked in the media. The africa that is innovative and growing an dynamic and a new generation all of you on facebook and twitter and creating new ways to connect. I see some of you tweeting this town hall. Mostly i see these guys shifting into the seat over and over again so everybody can get a picture. Dont think i didnt notice. You all just you need stay in your chairs. Everybody thinks they are slick. So the point is our Young Leaders our young afric you sha it is an investment in you given the extraordinary demand for this Fellows Program we will double it so that in two years we will welcome a thousand mandela Washington Fellows here every year. Second we will do even more to support young entrepreneurs with new grants to start a business or nonprofit. Given the success for our annual Global Entrepreneurship summit, i can announce that next years summit will be hosted for the first time in subsaharan africa. [ applause ] third, were launching a whole new set of tools to impoer yoem africans with new online courses and mentoring. New ways to meet up and Network Across africa and around the world. New training sessions and meetings with experts on how to launch start ups. It all begins today and to get started all of you all you have to do is to go to yall yallai. State. Gof and that will give you information how you can access all of this information going forward. We are joining with american universities, african institutions and private sector partners like microsoft and master card. We want to thank the two of them. They are really helping to finance that. Give them a round of applause. [ applause ] starting next year, Young Africans can come to these centers to network and access the latest technology and get training and management and entrepreneurship. Were starting in ghana, south africa and kenya. We aim to help 10s of thousands of Young Africans access the skills they need to put their ideas into action. The point is we believe in you. I believe in you. I believe in everyone of you who are doing just extraordinary things. In nigeria there he she is. She now trains birth attendants and delivers kits with sterile supplies and helping to save the lives of countless mothers and their babies. We want to thank you. We want her to save even more lives. So give you another example. Robert from uganda. Theres robert. So robert is deaf. But even though he cant hear you can see the stigma and discrimination against people are disabilities must end. Hes been their champion. Hes standing up for the rights in schools and on the job. So thank you robert. We want to be your partner in standing up for the universal rights of all people. Right . So in senegal shes taking a stance against the Human Trafficking which condemns too many girls to forced labor and sexual slavery. She runs an academy that gives them education to find a job and start new lives. Thank you. Help these young women and girls to the kind of future and dignity that we want for every woman all across the continent and around the world. I belie wheres hastings . In rural town, he saw them without electricity. Now he builds jep raet generato. Puts them down the stream for power. Thank you. We want to help you power africa. Everybody here has a story. We believe in all of you. We see whats possible. We see the vision that all of you have. Not because of what youve seen here in america but because of what youve already done back home. What you see in each other and what you see in yourself. Haze wonderful quote. Said here i have met africa. The africa i have always believed in. Shes beautiful, young, full of talent and motivation and ambition. Thats a good description. Being here with all of you and working together and dreaming together has only strengthened his determination he says to realize my aspirations for my country and my continent. From everyone across everiafric joins our young leader initiative, i want to thank you for inspiring us with your talent and motivation. You got great aspirations for your countries and continent. As you build that bright future, i want to make sure that the United States of america will be your friend and partner every step of the way. Thank you very much. Lets get a few questions and kple comments and in this town hall. [ applause ] i know this is kind of a rowdy crowd. First of all i want everybody to sit down. Sit down. Now, im not going to be able to call on everybody but just a couple of rules. Number one, dont start standing up and waving or shouting. Just raise your hand and i will try to select from the audience and take as many questions as possible. So lets keep the questions or comments relatively brief and i will try to give a brief answer. Although if you ask me what are we going to do about ending war then that may require a longer answer so we will see how it goes. Thats rule number one. Rule number two, we should have microphones in the audience. When i call on you wait until the microphone comes. Attendant will hold it in front of you. You can answer it. Please introduce yourself. Tell us what country youre from and ask your question or make your remark. Number two, just to make sure its fair, we will go boy girl, boy girl. In fact we will go girl boy, girl boy. Because one of the things we want to teach about africa is how strong the women are and how we got to [ applause ] empower women. All right . Lets see who were going to call on first. This young lady right here. Right here. So wait until the mic is there. Here theres somebody right behind you who has the microphone. Introduce yourself and welcome. Thank you mr. President. Im from south africa. My question is previously Nelson Mandela has inspired the foundation of the Southern African fund for enterprises. It has run for two decades. It has since been stopped. Is there any chance to develop another fund for enterprises in africa . Well, its a great question. One of the things thats interesting in not only some of the platforms that you developed at your universities but also during my trips to africa, is the degree to which Young Africans are less interested in aid and more interested in how can they create opportunity through business and entrepreneurship and trade not to say that we do not need deal with very serious challenges in terms of poverty. We need to make sure that were continuing to work on behalf of the least of these but i think everybody recognizes is that if you want sustained development and sustained opportunity and sustained selfdetermination than the key is to own what is produced and to be able to create jobs and opportunity organically and indigenously and then be able to meet the world on equal terms. Part of the challenge in entrepreneurship is financing. For so many individuals across the continent, its just very difficult to get that initial start up money. The truth is that in many communities around africa, its not that you need so much, but you need something, that little seed capital. What wed like to do is to work with programs that are already existing to find out where are the gaps in terms of financing and then to make sure that were utilizing the resources that we have in the most intelligent way possible to target young entrepreneurs to create small and medium sized businesses all across the kocontinent that hopefully grow into large businesses. If were supplementing that kind of financing with the training and networking that may be available, then we could see the blossoming of all kinds of entrepreneurial activities all across the continent that eventually grow into the larger businesses. So were very interested in this. This will be a primary focus of the summit that we have with the African Leaders next week. How do we make sure that financing is available and by the way, how do we make sure that the financing does not just go to those who are already at the top . How do we make sure it filters down . You shouldnt have to be the son of somebody or the daughter of somebody [ applause ] you should be able to get if youve got a good idea, you should be able to test that idea and be judged on your own merits. Thats where i think question help bypass what often times is sadly too many countries, a system in which you have to know somebody in order to be able to finance your ideas. One thing i do want to say though keep in mind even the United States, if youre starting a business, its always hard getting financing. So there are a lot of u. S. Entrepreneurs and Small Business people when they are starting off, they are borrowing from their brothers and sisters and being and scratching taking credit cards and they are running up debt. Inherently theres risk involved. I dont want to give anybody the illusion out there starting a business or wanting to launch a business that its going to be easy. It will not be. There are ways where we can make a difference. Often times in particular rural ways of africa, you dont need a lot of capital to get started. If you buy one piece of equipment that can increase yields for a whole bunch of farmers in that community and then the profits additional profits that they make now allows you to buy two pieces of equipment and then four and then eight. You can grow fairly rainpidly because the baseline of capital in that community may be relatively low. So you dont necessarily have huge barriers of entry. You just have to make sure you have that initial capital but of course in communities like that, even a small amount of capital can be hard to come by. Thats why making sure this is a top priority of our efforts is something that we will really emphasize. Okay . All right. So lets see. Theres a gentlemans turn. I will call on this guy just because hes so tall. I like height. Gl there you go. Thank you mr. President. Im from senegal. President obama is the first president of United States of africa. I would like to know can you share the two important issues you will discuss the first president of the United Nations of africa. Im sorry. Im the first africanamerican president of the United States. But i wasnt sure of okay. Africa. Heads of state. What are the top two issues when i will be discussing in m sum. If africa becomes United States of africa and you get the chance to meet the first president i sigh. Kind its kind of like an intellectual exercise. Its an interesting. The idea is if somehow africa unified into a United States of africa. What would be something that i would say to him or her . Yes. First of all, i think the thing i would emphasize first and foremost is the issue of governance. Now, sometimes this is an issue that raises some sensitivities because i think people feel like whose the United States to tell us how to governor . We have different systems. We have different traditions. What may work for the United States may not work for us. Oh, by the way, the United States, we dont see that congress is always cooperating so well and your system is not perfect. I understand all of that. So lets acknowledge that. What i will see is this. That regardless of the resources a country possesses, regardless of how talented the people are, if you do not have a basic system of rule of law, of respect for civil rights and human rights, if you do not give people a credible, legitimate way to work through the political process to express their aspirations, if you dont respect basic freedom of speech and freedom of assembly, if you there are not laws in place in which everybody is equal under the law so that theres not one set of rules for the wealthy and one set of rules for ordinary people. If you do not have a Economic System that is transparent and accountable so that people trust that if they work hard, they will be rewarded for their work and corruption is rooted out, if you dont have those basic mechanisms, it is very rare for a country to succeed. I will go further than that. That country will not succeed over the long term. It pay succeed over the short term because it may have Natural Resources to extract and can generate enough money to then distribute and create Patronage Networks but over time, that country will decline. If you look at examples around the world, you will have a country like singapore which has nothing. Its a small tiny city state with not a lot of it has no real Natural Resources and yet its taken off. You have other country which i wont mention have incredible resources, but because theres not a basic system of rule of law that people have confidence in, it never takes off. Businesses never take root. What i would emphasize is governance as a starting point. Its not alone sufficient. You then also have to have an Education System thats in place and you have to have over time infrastructure and there are all kinds of other elements that are necessary but if you dont have the basic premise that ordinary citizens can succeed based on their individual efforts, that they dont have to pay a bribe in order to start a business or even get a telephone, that they wont be shaken down when they are driving down the street because the Police Officers arent getting paid enough. This is the accepted way to supplement their income, if you dont have those things in place, then overtime. Theres no trust in the society. People dont have confidence that things are working the way that they should. So then everybody starts trying to figure out okay whats my angle. How am i going to get my thing . It creates a culture in which you cant really take off. Right . Look, youre never going to eliminate 100 of corruption. Youre never here in the United States, occasionally we have to throw people in jail for taking money for contracts and having done favors for politicians. All of thats true. The difference here in the United States as is true in many of the more developed industrialized countries is thats more the aberration rather than the norm. The truth in the United States if you want to start a business, you go in, you incorporate. You might have to pay a fee of 50 or 100 or whatever it ends up being. Thats it. Youve got your business. Now, the business might not be making any money at that point. The point is basically rule of law is observed. Thats the norm. Thats what whhappens 95 of th time. Thats, i think, where you have to start. Thats where young people, i think, have to have High Expectations for their leadership. Dont be fooled by this notion that well, you know, the we have a different way. African way. Well, no. The african way is not that you suddenly youve been in office and suddenly you have a Swiss Bank Account of 2 billion. Thats not the african way. Part of rule of law is that leader eventually give up power over time. It doesnt have to be the same way every time but if you have entrenched leadership forever, what happens is that you dont get new ideas and new blood, and it is inevitable, i think, sometimes that rufl lle of law become less and less observes because people become more concerned about keeping their positions than doing the right thing. So great question even though it took me a while to understand it. A young ladies turn. How about that young lady right there. Yeah, you. Yeah. Hold on a second. The microphone is coming. I just wanted to find out how committed the u. S. In assisting inequality . Well, listen, i am you will not find anybody more committed than i am to this issue. Let me tell you why, first of all, i was mentioning earlier if you look compare tatively at countries around the world what societies succeed and which ones dont, one of the single best measures of how a country succeeds or not is how it treats its women. [ applause ] if you think about it, it makes sense because first of all, women are half the population. So if you have a team we just finished the world cup, right . If you have a soccer team or what you all call a Football Team and you go out and the other side has a full team and you send out half of your team, how are you going to do it . You will not do as well. If you are not empowering half of your population that means you have half as few possible scientis scientists. Half as few possible engineers. You are crippling your own development unnecessarily. So thats point number one. Point number two is if you educate and empower and respect a mother, then you are educating the children. Right . With a man, you educate him, its okay. A woman you educate her and suddenly, youve got an entire village and entire region and entire country suddenly becoming educated. So this is an absolute priority for us. Well be discussing this with the heads of state and government that we see next week. Weve seen some progress on some fronts but this is where sometimes traditions can get in the way. As many of you know my father was from kenya and thats the kenya contingent. But i think what applies to kenya is true and applies to many of the countries in africa. It is not unique in africa. We see this in other parts the world. Some of old ways of gender relations might have made sense in a particular setting. So in kenya for example, in the tribe, poit was based on the id that women had their own compounds and land so they were empowered in that area to be self sufficient. Then urbanization happened. Suddenly, the men may be traveling oto the city and suddenly theres another family in the city and the women who were left back in the villages may not be empowered in the same way so what worked then might not work today. In fact, it does not work today. If you seek if you try to duplicate traditions that were based on an entirely based economy and an entirely Different Society and different expectations, well, thats going to break down. Its not going to work. As a continent, you have to update and create new traditions. Thats where young people come this. You dont have to accept whats the old ways of doing things. You can respect the past and respect traditions while recognizing they have to be adapted to a new age. Now, i have to say theres some traditions that just have to be gotten rid of. Theres no excuse for them. You know . Female genital mutilation, im sorry. I dont consider that a tradition worth hanging onto. I think thats a tradition that is barbaric and should be eliminated. Violence towards women, i dont care for that tradition. Im not interested in it. It needs to be eliminated. So part of the task is it find what traditions are worth hanging onto and what traditions you got to get rid of. There was a tradition in medicine that if you were sick, they would bleed you. Thats a bad tradition. We discovered, you know, lets try other things like medicine. You know . So we dont have to cling onto things like that just dont work and doing that to women does not work and the society will fail as a consequence. So everything we do, any program we have, any Education Program we have, any Health Program we have, any Small Business or Economic Development program that we have, we will write into it a gender equality component to it. This is not going to be some side note. This will be part of everything that we do. The last point im going to make. In order for this to be successful, all the men here have to be just as committed to empowering women as the women are. Thats important. Dont think that this is just the job for women to worry about womens issues. The men have to worry about it. If youre a strong man you should not feel threatened by strong women. [ applause ] all right. So we got a gentleman. This gentleman in this bright tie right here. Go ahead. Thank you your excellency. Im coming from kenya. Thank y thank you for the opportunity. Africa is losing people to starvation and diseases that are curable because our government are having huge debts to the countries. As a Global Leader in the family of nations, when will the u. S. Lead the other g 8 countries in forgiving africa these debts so that our governments can be in a position to deliver and provide essential Services Like social, health care, and Infrastructural Development services to our people . Thank you. Thank you. Let me make a couple of points on this. First of all, i think its important to recognize on issues of health, the significance progress that has been made because i think sometimes we are so improperly focused on the challenges that we forget to ro remind ourself how far weve come. When you know how far youve come it gives you confidence how how much further you can go. Over the last 20 years, hiv occurrence has been cut in half in africa. Tuberculosis and malaria has been reduced. 50 less women die giving birth. 50 more childrens lives are spared. Were also empowering governments themselves to begin to set up Public Health infrastructure and networks and training nurses and clinicians and specialists so that it becomes selfsufficient. So were making progress. Now, i think theres a legitimate discussion to be had around debt forgiveness. In meetings with what now is the g 7. I just want to let you know. Thats a whole other topic that we dont want to get too far off. I think theres a genuine openness to how can we help make sure that countries are not saddled with debts that may have been squandered by past leaders but now hamstrung countries countries are unable to get out from under the yolk of those debts. The only thing i will do i will challenge the notion that the primary reason that theres been a failure of Service Delivery is because of onerous debt imposed by the west. Let me Say Something that may be somewhat controversial. Im older than all of you. That i know. By definition. If youre my age and youre not supposed to be in this program. You lied about your age. When i was a College Student issues of dependency and terms of trade and legacy of colonialism, those were all topics of great fervent discussion. Theres no doubt that dating back to the colonial era, you can trace many of the problems that have plagued the continent. Whether its how lines were drawn without regard for natural boundaries and tribal and ethnic relationships. Whether you look at all of the resources that were extracted and the wellalth that was extracted without any real return to the nature of trade as it developed in the 60s and 70s so that value was never actually produced in the country but was sent somewhere else. There are all kinds of legitimate arguments you can look at in terms of history that impeded african development. But at some point we have to stop looking somewhere else for solutions you have to start looking for solutions internally. As powerful as history is and you ned need to know that history you have to look to the future and say we didnt get ai good deal then but lets make sure that were not making excuses for not going forward. The truth is that theres not a single counted ri ry in africa the way this is true for the United States as well that with the resources it had could not be doing better. There are a lot of countries that are generating a lot of wealth but you can guess. Its a well educated crowd. There are a lot of countries that are generating a lot of income. Have a lot of Natural Resources but arent putting that money back into villages to educate children. There are a lot of countries where the leaders have a lot of resources but the money is not going back to provide Health Clinics for young mothers. So yes i think its important for western countries and advanced countries to look at past practices if loans have been made to countries that werent put into Productive Enterprises by those leaders at that time, those leaders may be long gone but countries are still unable to dig themself out from under those debts can we strategically in pin point fashion, find ways to assist in provide some relief. Thats a legitimate discussion. But do not think that that is the main impediment at this point to why we have not seen greater progress in many countries because theres enough resources there in country even if debts being serviced to do better than were doing in many cases. All right. Okay. So its a young ladies turn. I havent gotten anybody way back in the back there. How about that young lady right there with the glasses. Yeah, right there. There you go. Thank you mr. President. My name is zu i like that name. From madagascar. Its a great honor for me mr. President to thank you for behalf of the people to reintegrate madagascar last month. My question is we want to have your confirmation right here what will happen after 20 and 15. We know this is a great way to decrease wealth and employment in our country. So what will happen. So the goal i think everybody here is probably aware. This is one of the primary tools we have to promote trade between the u. S. And many african countries. Its set to expire. Theres a negotiation process taking place as we speak. More progress will be made next week. I think that weve learned some lessons about what works and what doesnt through the first stage. In some cases, what weve discovered is that many countries cant even if they have no Tariff Barriers that they are experiencing, they still have problems in terms of getting their goods to market. Part of what were trying to do is to find ways in which we can lower some other barriers to export for african countries. Not just the tariffs issue but how can we make sure that there is greater transportation networ networks. How can we make sure that trade financing is in place. What are the other mechanisms that may inhibit exports from african countries . So thats the first thing. On a separate track, part of what were also trying to figure out is how can we promote interafrican trade . Because so often this does relate to a legacy of the past in colonialism, you have strong infrastructure to send flowers from kenya to paris but its very hard to send tea from kenya down to tanzanyia. Much closer but infrastructure is not built. We need to find ways to integrate africa. Much is a question of instfr infrastructure. Screeria nig