Milesmarch 1954, seven from operation castle, a device 100 times of the bomb that , make thehiroshima weapons are here, stockpiling with potentialities of previous military concepts. But with apple concepts, the Intelligence Division is impossible. The Armed Forces Project conducted tests for the three services during castle. It will shape our tactical ,lanning towards new dimensions taking us from the familiar grounds of low yield capabilities into an era of new problems as well as in power. Wasnt castle was a twofold operation. Five of the six castle shots were fired at bikini atoll. Two on barges on the north side of the lagoon and oneshot on an island. One shot was fired from the old iv my crater. Many of castles projects were handicapped. It was not practical in most linesto layout instrument over dry land for sizable distances. It should be remembered that all castle shots were surface bursts. Two of them fired on Ground Surface cabs. The other two on barges. Looking out at the data we did obtain, we must first consider the radiation aspect. Initial gemma measurements on had simulation detections at a number of islands. The studies confirmed that gavel highyield devices differs from a weapon of a range. Roughly, 50 of the initial gamut goes arrived within the first half second after the burst. What the multimegaton bomb, some 80 to 90 of initial gamma will not allow on targets, at fair distances, providing a number of seconds for target personnel to take such cover. Becomesing differential of academic interest. If developed, a dosage and ranges of concern would be 1 10 the predicted levels, meaning initial gamma from the bigger that couldranges cause 100 casualties outside of heavy bunkers. Measurements are made indirectly by nuclear changes in detector elements exposed and buries distances. Ome to a field ever since nevada, we recognize that such burst may produce widespread contamination. Project wascastle in this area. Further knowledge was a military necessity, relevant to the defense of american cities. Bursts reduced fallout. We will consider land surface bursts. The sea water involved in this fireball did not alter radiation levels or fallout. Fallout history begins with the scores of millions of tons of earth vaporized by such a detonation. This material, which rises with norfireball has neither original radioactivity of either consequence. During condensation, traps radioactive bomb products, significant for intense gamma emissions. In the first few minutes, the visible fat will become 60,000 in the first few minutes, this will read from 60,000 to feet or more for 100,000 multimegaton bursts with a span over five miles in diameter. Followup of the radioactive particles inside the visible specter now begins. The operation of gravity, rainouts and other mechanisms. The active airborne particles move downwind, causing significant fallout for a period of 10 hours or more. It reaches ground and is reasonably represented as the long chain. Starting back at the time of burst again it is important to , note that the visible cloud will move with the wind, the fallout particles will settle lower particles will settle through lower winds with conflicting directions of various types. Orientation of the fallout pattern of a determined pattern is determined by a wind of ector which is a pattern from all wind from ground to cloud height. The fallout pattern may taken in a different path from an invisible cloud. Changes in the average wind vector as it most across country can cause major major distortion of the fallout pattern. The most important collectors were of two main types. Total collectors, the gun paper trays and tunnel sizes, intermental collectors. And the rotating drum, both of which exposed collection trays at timed intervals. Such an show mentation and varying combinations were placed on a number of islands at bikini and atoll. Since this constitute of coverage, 26 stations were located at three miles apart throughout the bikini lagoon. Losses of this type of equipment were heavy on the powerful first shot, but only 12 of the 26 station survived. All those within a 10 mile radius were overturned. Six, ahot, number similar grid of stations were employed to document the lagoon. To extend the coverage outside the lagoon, original planning calls for the use of floating at 30 to 100 miles from ground zero. They were instrumented with final and sticky paper collectors. Plus, small radio transmitters to assist in locating them. Success of the project was limited by difficulty of recovery due to high speeds and change of shot schedules. On the last two shots, open ocean fallout was documented by a new technique of water survey and sampling methods. One gallon water samples were taken out a number of stations in contaminated areas. They were several hundred meters down. Further data would be obtained from underwater gamma meters for determination of radiation. There were contoured surveys. Vertical profile data from the meters and an analysis of the water samples indicated that the radioactive debris mixes rapidly in uniformly throughout the surface layers and around 120 meters. This vertical mixing information made it possible to estimate further cash total fallout intensity at a given ocean site by measuring the activity of a sample of that spot. All computations had data from stations, ships and island weather stations. In fact, emphasis saw the open ocean survey resulted from the unforeseen fallout on some populated distant island. Weather station on one of them. A weather station on one of them. These islands were fallout shelters. They were the first real areas affected by high surface bursts. Within a few hours after that shot, a snowlike fallout began. For 78 hours, 228 islanders and 28 American Service personnel were evacuate for a survey and treatment. It was tentatively estimated that the gamma dose may have approached 70 roentgens for the people. 175 roentgens on , 80 on ranjit and 40 on unit. The dosages of these outer areas did not appear to reach levels of immediate combat significance, nor did they did severely show nor did any capacity that show up in excess of 40 days. A majority of those receiving heavy radiation reported nausea on the first or second day. There was small incidents of gastrointestinal problems. Some loss of hair was a frequent system. Frequent symptom. Most of the marshallese developed multiple skin lesions, not severe, predominantly on the scalp, back of the next, and feet back of the neck, and feet. Only if you develop mild secondary infections. The lesions appeared to be directly related to the amount of fallout deposited on the skin, rather than to the generalized full body radiation. It appears that even one layer of clothing had substantial protection, suggesting that beta energy of the fallout material was relatively low. Significant blood changes were found in patients from the heavier follow areas, which would reduce the bodys ability to combat hemorrhage or infection. Returns to normal were not complete after six weeks. Subsequent surveys of the followup islands, together with domestic animals, had indicated that and take of contaminants in the lungs, would be negative double compared to the external radiation. And it would probably be negligible in comparison with the intakes of food and water, unless supplies are affected. Possibly some new air force equipment. Another look at the fallout material that came down. The small portion of the cloud material destined for the southern with the natives lives, with the natives lived. Where the natives lived emitted gamma at 130 roentgens , per hour. Or one hour after the shot. There was another four hours downwind. 40 material was admitting roentgens per hour and still became 100 miles from zero. By is accurate and time, the maximum accumulated dose at that point was around 175 roentgens, a mild sickness does for less of 60 exposed personnel. The activity increased rapidly towards the uninhabited north. And in 10 miles, reached the mean Lethal Weapon lethal level for exposed humans on the order of 450 roentgens. On the upper islands, the 50 hour dosage ran from possibly 1500 to roentgens. 3000well above the legal human does. We could plot a line of readings, but considering the average wind actor, the centerline of the fallout was apparently still further north. Mapping some few established values, we can approximate the minimum fallout pattern. The contours are selected to represent acute related dosage to plus 50l time hours. The roentgen dose has an area 450 exceeding 7000 statute square miles. An area from 250 miles long. An area, which on land, could blanket large segments of population. And note, that inside the 450 roentgen border, the dose acute related by age plus 50 hours for exposed humans. On the defensive side, it should be remembered that the gamma intensity of followup at plus eight seven hours has decayed to 1 10 of what it was at age plus one. At age plus 48 hours, it is only one 100th of the age plus value. Additionally, the shelter of a drilling will test those cut those rates to one half of the outside rates. The basement would reduce it to a 10. Attenuations in excess of 1000 can be gained in basements or multistory buildings, or shelters with three feet of earth overhead. In general, it should be recognized at the best average shelters available and cities will cut those rates between 1 8 of the full dose. Immediate evacuation one fallout begins is not because of sheer physical disability and dangerous areas. The most practical solution appears to be the widespread use of available shelter of three to four days before attempting mass evacuation. We will consider now a phase of the fallout studies, which was of major importance to naval operations. This was an experiment with a pair of liberty ships to experiment with a pair of liberty ships to be of the fall water spray system designed to wipe contamination from Weather Services as the ship regresses to a heavy fallout area. Additional studies were made, other ships were shielding in locations. The entry of airborne contaminants through boiler air systems. The liberty ships designated as vehicles for these and related studies were fully equipped with a wash down system. Each ships modification included a flight deck, to gun installations, and an aircraft carried aft. Both ships were heavily insured rented to measure pulses. Each of them participated in with 400 tech dirt channels. Transmitting data to the recording rooms. Airborne and whether debt distribution studies were also accomplished. This ships were a clip with troll control systems for remote operations of steering in the wash down. During the first two shots, both ships were unmanned into the fallout region. They were controlled from an aircraft with a secondary control center. During the remainder shot on which the project was active, shots four and five was manned by a small crew, which controlled the ship. This party exercised radio control of the nearby 40. The flow rate was approximately 2000 gallons per minute. Radiation levels below decks remained low enough to take the ship back after each shot. Unprotected by washdown could not demand for the return trip. After each past period radio control was dropped. The f4 u airplanes were removed to shore for further study and cleaning operations. Comparisons of radiation data led to an estimate of washdown affected this on exposed aircrafts effectiveness on exposed aircrafts. The weather deck gamma level will be by distance estimated at 2 10, in compartments close to the weather system. Approximately one 1000th of interior below decks. The system appeared to be minor. The mushroom had intakes that would dos the airborne contamination by 99 . Stopping the fans made no apparent difference. Some thought five figures would give a rough idea of the levels of intensity involved in the project. 10 hours after the shot, areas on the debt on the deck accumulated a total dose of 40 roentgens. They had 400 roentgens approaching a lethal dose. Random sampling on the deck showed a dangerous 45 roentgens per hours. It was only two, and negligible rate by comparison. The weight of the Spring Assembly can be minor, even for fighting ships. The entire ahead of water can be handled by a ships normal pump. The washdown system can serve the purpose for which it was designed, to hold Gamma Radiation below decks to combat ships and fallout areas, and to hold whether surface contamination to levels emitting immediate topside Emergency Action after the fallout. No thermal military effects were scheduled, the measurements were made of the thermal spectrum and total energy. The graph shows that the main thermal of the weapons is completed inside of a couple of seconds. The high yield weapons takes three seconds to reach the peak of the polls, but has a long duration. Therefore, it would allow target personnel to repeat the thermal affect. The slower delivery time requires youll wield thermal data low yield thermal data. It requires twice as many calories per centimeter. It is 350 for 15 megatons and still more for higher yields. The thermal destructive range of megaton weapons is huge. Wearing for layer winter uniforms, a maximum burst height with a 100 military bomb can present 50 casualties from 10 square miles. With the same 25 mile visibility, a 15 megaton burst will produce 50 casualties over 75 square mile area. It should be remembered that far higher casualty rates will be produced near zero. Extending the comparisons, we see the 100 kilotons will probably cause heavy primary or secondary fire damage, over the same 10 square miles. A great many small types and fires will be initiated over some 25 square miles. Using the 15 megaton burst, we give very heavy fire damage over 75 square miles. The small fire may become an excess of 200 square miles. No estimate can be made as to how many of these fires would survive the blast went. Based on hiroshima and nagasaki, destruction could be extensive. Tied directly to thermal effects of magnitudes as the highpriority problems of minimum safety parameters for aircraft delivering high yield bombs. One attack on this problem was early work on means of delaying bomb burst until it reaches a safe distance. Rogue parachutes parachutes were designed. It remained to derive more solid data as to what does the states difference. The aircraft was at the 36 and abc six nab 47 and a b52 may be possible. On the b 57, it was on the aluminum skin. A temperature rise and the skin of 370 degrees fahrenheit over ambient were critical to the airplane safety. The critical peak overpressure for the b 47 was one psi. The gamma and gus loading envelopes would be well inside 35,000 feet. Instrumentation was extensive, primarily to measure thermal affect. 43 couples were installed at selective points in the supporting structure. They gave formal time history and total input. Additional instruments included pressure gauges. Six hammers under the fuselage six cameras under the fuselage were aimed at zero to assist calculation. A thermal shield was designed for attachment inside the canopy of the aircraft to protect pilot and copilot. Locating the test aircrafts flight provision, radar was supplemented by the system, which use the phase relationship of radio signals and transmitters on the ground and aircraft. Participating on five of the shots, the b 47 flight pattern was selected to position at that the erotica maximum allowable temperature rise, 370 degrees. In practically every instance, the maximum skin temperature rise was substantially lower than protect predicted for the income. And the cooling factors were conservative. Heat damage was minor, involving only some patches of blistered paint at various points. Because of the b 47, the pressure recorder was a third of a pound. The only blast damage was the inflight refueling. On the p 36, also heavily instrumented, the maximum save their dont their moment had a 4 thermal measure at a 400 degree temperature rise. This and other critical underside areas were quoted to increase thermal activity. It was estimated to be the overpressure level, beyond which the bombay doors and buckling of skin might occur. The p 36 is flight pattern was on all but the last shot. If shot later to avoid the crowd. As a matter of record, no fallout problems were encountered by either attempts. The highest intensity thermal recorded on the b 36 with skin temperature rise, 65 critical. Prediction would generally conservative with some inconsistencies. One effect observed was a momentary rise in temperature above the normal 500 degree fahrenheit. It was the result of choking of the just jet exhaust by overpressure and when shock waves pass. No jet turbine damage was observed. Last arrival, the b 36 momentarily dropped and raise their seat by 700 rpm before returning to normal. This was due to the engine torque talents being absent being upset by the shockwaves. Visible thermal damage included buckling on the elevators were it had peeled or blisters blistered. Some unprotected sponge rubber was burned, one that developed thermal and or shock effect. Blistering and blackening appeared. The highest overpressure reached a tense of the pell level with the average around half a pound. Last damage included characteristic sheetmetal dishing of wings, bombay doors and landing doors. Failure and severe crushing of the radome. The highest loadings were on shop five, reaching 16 to 90 of the load at various critical stations. The b 36 can withstand the critical overpressure of 8 10 of a pound with minor damage. With delivery techniques, that b 36 delivering multimegaton alms will experience less than overpressure. Another phase of the aircraft delivery problem was cameras, which recorded time on the corner of their film. These aircraft carefully positioned to pictures of cloud rise and spread. They determine their dangers to delivering bombers. Adding the preliminary daters data from these progress, we saw the b 36 can deliver weapons with this with assurance of surviving the attack. Strategic air command bombers from guam were in the skies on the castle shops because of the indirect bomb damage, which was just one of many projects. Many phases of basic blast phenomenon were measured, the projects were not on a wide scale. Structured testing was minimize for reason of economy and lack of suitable site. Bikini blast line instrumentation was a familiar type. Air density and temperature gauges, ground battle gauges and accelerometers, dynamic pressure, and some gauges designed because of uncertainty as for the degree that excess existing gauges had of the air. It is been expected that waveforms from the castle shop, largely propagated in cool air over the water would be clean and of ideal shape. Thatome records indicated water loading indicating that the lagoon water was not a perfectly reflecting surface as had been assumed. However, the nonideal behavior did not significantly affect the deep pressure levels whose curves went with the theory. An Interesting Development on shop three was a rainstorm. There was one edge roughly over ground zero, which was on the island. Instrument readings to the east and west indicate that this unmeasured rain dampened peak measure levels by approximatle with theory for a rain of moderate intensity. The real military importance of high yield blast effects is not on the quality or types, but enormous rains convicted tilt kiloton weapons. It may be more arbitrary than precise. The japanese surveys indicate that psi will destroy all would structures, multistory masonry like steelures, frame buildings, and unconventional reinforced, brick buildings. This can reasonably be designed as Severe Damage. For psi, heavily damaged portions of any building would collapse with those structures. We will call this moderate damage. A 100 kiloton weapon will cause Severe Damage over an area of five square miles. Moderate damage over 12 square miles. Contrast this five and 12 and 240 square miles of moderate damage from his 15 megaton surface burst. 240 square miles more than 20 hiroshimas in a group, more than 10 manhattans in which blasts with fire bring almost total distraction. Destruction. In idea of the extensive damage the 15 megatons skin due at greater distances is obtained by a look at the bikinibased tent, almost 16 miles from shop one. The pressure reached around 1. 6 psi with a 12 second positive phase, the area concerned in destruction of the order would be some 800 square miles. Nearly three times the area of all the boroughs of new york city. Numerous secondary fires would probably aggravate the damage in any metropolitan area. Studies involve mainly coconut palms up to 50 feet tall, and stands of python yet, a leaf, that reducing up to 80 feet high. Before and after pictures, four and a quarter psi. Here is a before picture 12 miles from shop one. And then some afters. Overpressure 2. 4 psi, principal damage, crown and branch breakage, tested. Groundlevel measurements taken 2000tervals through a spectrum of trees come indicated that large tree stands not reduce pressure and pci regions. Crater depth measurement made on showed equator depth, which may be 32 less, which were partially disturbed. 14 and a half megatons fired on a resurface must equator some 6000 feet across. Estimated depth, 240 feet. The depth was only 8 of the width. 130 kilotons fired on the surface of the island made the crater 700 feet across. Estimated depth s 75 feet. The creator went 90 feet into the lagoon bottom and was 1500 feet across. In general, the craters were broader and shallower than anticipated. Although rigorous scaling was, it arrived for application of land service versed in general. It was extensively improved. A considerable grid of an sure a considerable a considerable grid of instrumentation was established from 6000 to 20,000 feet from zero for measure underwater pressure transmissions. The pressure time gauges would extended to various depths. Some being self recording and some sending data to large cylinders referred to as tuna cans. A number of the tuna cans tilde needed data to a teleporting data to an aircraft. They gauges would have several phone fridays. Mechanical, electromechanical and electric. It would affect ships, submarines, harbor facilities, minefields. The primary findings was that the pressures from a Shallow Water surface burst with the same magnitude of the air over pressures of the same distances. And probably of small, military value. American and russian mines were more between 18,000 feet from a Water Surface burst. Only the american marked 39 mines, survived a 3500 feet. Wild 4500 feet, the russians also survived. At 4500 feet, the russians also survived. 60 of the older United States model survived at 17,000 feet. No mines were damaged at 11,000 feet. It should be remembered that it took six megatons for these fx. For these effects. A 20 kiloton device might not be reliable beyond 500 feet, though the scaling factors are uncertain. Instruments were set up on bikini islands. Normal theoryowed to a degree, but a number of anomalies remain to be explained. Shot in theon Northern Lagoon said water five feet deep over an island 12. 5 miles away. Hpd one at 12 miles eight feet the at 12 miles. Reacting beyond the radius could be damaging to certain categories of targets. One aspect of the dynamic or brand pressure of campus of to be expected shockwaves. Causedion of shockwaves substantial lowering of static pressure. Equipment damage was excessive for low static pressure. The question arose as to whether the dynamic pressure was adequate criterium. The influence of the dust in the air and the blasts duration were in question. Damage from castles clean shots correlated with damage of the same dynamic pressures. It is concluded that dynamic pressure is a valid criterium to damage in this class. Summary, a could be said that castle keep us more substantial knowledge of the possibility of nuclear warfare. Iv mike showed us the hidden power and castle was in the outlines, pinpointing vital data. The finding that must be considered most significant is that of the thousands upon thousands of square miles government potentially lethal by windcarried fallout by a multimegaton surface burst. Today, beginning at 6 00 p. M. Stern on American History to be, robert ohara talks about the life of montgomery c. Meg. P. M. , showing to advocacy films in the 1950s of traffic and road safety. We need proper road safety. We are talking safe driving. Cars and rows have improved, but the driver must improve, too. Almost as great a challenge to communities as the road itself. How can communities go about a Safety Program . On american artifacts, a behindthescenes tour of the Smithsonian Castle on the national mall. At 6 45 p. M. , the u. S. Commission on civil rights mark the anniversary of the americans with disabilities act with a report on its history and the work that remains. American history tv, all weekend, every weekend, only on cspan3. Cspan has been meeting winners of the student camera documentary competition. At glamour rehigh school in wyoming at a high school in toming, people gathered congratulate the winner of a video on fossil fuels. Receiveddo, a student a secondplace prize on his document. On his documentary on cyber security. St. Thomas more high school in rapid city, south dakota is where audrey, grace, and carolyn won thirdplace prizes at 750 on their documentary on racial inequality in america. In sioux falls, south dakota, seventh grader received a thirdplace prize of 750 for his documentary on the national debt. And another student won alamo group mentioned and another student won Honorable Mention on his documentary. And a number of students won Honorable Mentions. Documentary sarah won for her documentary on the national debt. And three other students received Honorable Mentions for their documentary on global warming. Thank you to all the students who took part in our 2017 student camera documentary a petition. Visitch the videos, studentcam. Org. Cspan, where history unfold daily. Was created as a Public Service by americas cable companies, and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. Up next on American History tv, from the National Constitution center in inladelphia, john, editor chief, discusses his new book washingtons farewell. In conversation with the constitutions scholarship, he argues president washington more future generations about the dangers of hyper partisanship, excessive debt, and war of words. This is about one hour. We are fortunate today to have as our guest on john avalon, the editor in chief of the the daily beast and now must. And he is here to discuss his book entitled washington farewell, which has only been praised as a fantastic contribution to our national literature. John will be with