released on june 6 of 1986. but first, the nasa video of the shuttle launch, followed by president reagan's remarks to the nation from the oval office five hours after the accident. >> t -15 seconds. t -10, 9, 8, 7, 6 -- we have main engine start. 4, 3, 2, 1, and liftoff. liftoff, the 25th spatial mission has cleared the tower. >> confirmed. challenger now heading downrange. engines have begun throttling down now. 94%. normal throttle for most of the plane. will throttle down to 65% shortly. engines at 65%, three engines running normally. velocity, three nautical miles, downrange distance three. engine is throttling up. 104%. >> challenger, go at throttle up. >> roger. >> one minute 15 seconds. altitude, nine nautical miles. down-range distance -- seven nautical miles. flight controllers here, looking carefully of the situation. obviously a major malfunction. we have no downlink. we have the report from the flight dynamics officer that the vehicle has exploded. we are looking at checking with recovery forces to see what can be done at this point. president reagan: ladies and gentlemen, i planned to speak to you about the state of the union. today's events led me to change those plans. today is a day for mourning and remembering. nancy and i share this pain with all the people of our country. this is truly a national loss. 19 years ago, almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. but we've never lost an astronaut in flight. we've never had a tragedy like this. perhaps we forgotten the courage that it took for the crew of the shuttle. they were aware of the dangers, overcame them and did their jobs brilliantly. we mourn seven heroes. michael smith, vic scobee, judith resnick, ronald mcnair, allison onizuka, gregory jarvis, and chris mcnickel. we mourn their loss as a nation together. we cannot bear as you do the full impact of this tragedy, but we feel the loss and are thinking about you so very much. your loved ones were daring and brave. they had that special grace, that special spirit that said -- give me a challenge and i will meet it with joy. they had a hunger to explore the universe and its truths. they served all of us. we've grown used to wonders in this century. it's hard to dazzle us. but for 25 years the united states space program has done just that. we've grown used to the idea of space. perhaps we forget that we've only just begun. we are still pioneers. today the members of the challenger crew were pioneers. i want to say something to the schoolchildren of america who were watching the live coverage. i know it's hard to understand, but painful things like this happen. it's all part of the process of exploration and discovery. it's all part of taking a chance and expanding man's horizons. the future doesn't belong to the fainthearted. it belongs to the brave. the challenger crew was pulling us into the future and we continue to follow. i have always had great faith in and respect for our space program. what happened today does nothing to diminish it. we don't hide our space program, keep secrets or cover things up. we do it all up front and in public. that's how freedom is and we wouldn't change it. we will continue our quest into space. there will be more shuttle flights, civilians, and teachers in space. nothing ends here. our hopes and our journeys continue. i want to add that i wish i could talk to every man and woman who works for nasa or who worked on this mission and tell them that your dedication and professionalism have moved and impressed us for decades. we know of your anguish. we share it. on this day 390 years ago the great explorer, sir francis drake, died on board a ship off the coast of panama. his great frontiers in his lifetime were the oceans. historians later said that he lived by the sea, died on it, and was buried in it. today we can say of the crew of the challenger that their dedication was, like his, complete. the crew of the space shuttle challenger honored us. we will never forget them, nor the last time that we saw them as they prepared for their journey and weight -- waved goodbye. slipping the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of god. thank you. >> flight of the space shuttle challenger, 51 l, beginning at 8:11 a.m. eastern standard time, january 28, 1980. it ended 73 seconds later in the structural breakup in which the seven crew members perished. the solid rocket boosters continued in flight and were destroyed by the range safety officer 110 seconds after launch. >> the delivery and assembly of the launch vehicle components began months prior. the solid rocket booster segments were transported by rail to the kennedy space center. the esrb's were inspected and partially assembled at the rotation, processing, and storage facility. the the segments were then moved to the vehicle assembly building and stacked on the mobile launch platform. the external tank arrived by barge and was moved into the vab, where it was checked out and made it to the stacked solid rocket boosters. after orbiter checkout, challenger was rolled into the vab. mated with the assembled external tank and srv's. the vehicle was transported from the vab to the launchpad on december 22, 1985, crawling at approximately one mile per hour. the journey takes about six hours. the launch was rescheduled several times, resulting in the final countdown on january 28, 1986. the weather was forecast to be clear and cold, temperatures dropping into the low 20's overnight. ice had accumulated on the launchpad during the night. several water systems were open slightly and allowed to flow into drains. the drains flow -- froze and caused overflows. high wind gusts spread the water over large areas and ice form. the air temperature at launch was 36 degrees fahrenheit. this was 15 degrees colder than any previous launch. at t minus seven minutes 40 seconds the ground launch sequencer began retracting the crew access arm. it can be put back in place within 15 to 20 seconds if an emergency arises. at t minus three minutes 15 seconds, gimbel checks of the main engines were performed. all three engines move in a preprogrammed tattered to verify flight control. the gimbel sequence ends with the engines in their start positions. at t minus three minutes 55 seconds, external liquid pressurization began and main engine purging was completed. retraction of the gaseous oxygen vent hood began. the ground launch sequencer verified its full retraction at t -37 seconds. sound suppression water was started at t minus 16 seconds. at t minus eight seconds, hydrogen igniters were turned on to burn off any free hydrogen. 6.6 seconds before launch, challengers liquid fuel main engines were ignited in sequence and run up to full thrust. thrust from the main engines bends the shuttle stack. when it returned to vertical the solid rocket boosters ignited. then the holddown bolts were exclusively -- explosively released. after the initial motion, structural forces dissipated through vibration at a rate of three cycles per second during the first few seconds of flight. roll maneuver was initiated at 7.724 seconds. the maneuver was completed at 21.124 seconds. >> normal throttle for most of the flight, 104%. >> the main engines were throttled back to 35.379 second for about 16 seconds in order to alleviate mode during maximum dynamic pressure. the engines were then throttled up to 104% at 51.19 seconds. >> challenger, go at throttled up. >> telemetry data gave no indication of problems. >> altitude, nine nautical miles. >> the solid rocket boosters continued in flight and were destroyed by the range safety officer 110 seconds after launch. data from nearly 200 cameras were analyzed during the investigation. the following sequence of events is based on the evaluation of film, video, and telemetry data. this graphic indicates viewing angles for three cameras in the vicinity of the launch site. the first view is from camera 63 at the lower right of the chart. at .678 seconds into the flight, a strong puff of gray smoke nbc -- can be seen squirting from the aft field joint. the vaporized material streaming from it indicates that there was not complete sealing action within the joint. this second view is from camera e60. the smoke can be seen between the right srv and external tank, initially moving in the upward direction. the angle between this view and e 63 is 100 degrees. with e 60 and e 63 side-by-side, it is clear that when smoke is first visible to e 60, it's not yet visible to e 63. .2 seconds later it becomes visible and is seen in multiple lobes. a third, higher resolution camera was located east of the launchpad. d 67 recorded this view at approximately the same time of maximum development with smoke appearing to the right side only. normal water condensation vapors appear to the left. this plan shows that none of the cameras directly view the surface of the shaded region of the graphic. analysis of film from several pad cameras indicate that the smoke came -- came from 370 to 210 degrees of the circumference of the aft field joint. as indicated on these chief -- pre-flight photos, the smoke emerged between the esrb and et at a point along the longitudinal access -- axis near the aft field joint. the multiple puffs of smoke occurred at a rate of four times per second, approximating the frequency of the structural load dynamics. this greatly exaggerated computer animation depicts the taxing of the joint. this flexing increases the gap between the tang and the clevis. last evidence of smoke above the detached ring appears at 2.733 seconds. last indication of smoke below the dome appears at 3.75. film records of the assembly of the solid rocket booster were reviewed to determine evidence or cause for the smoke. photographs taken just prior to mating of the segments of the aft wheel joint show that the o-ring installed had a subtle variation that was the tech could but through computer enhancement it was determined to be a shadow. no evidence of defects were observed in any of the stacking photography. the gaseous hydrogen vent arm was not captured after retraction at launch. film analysis shows that it did not contribute to the accident. post launch inspection of the holddown revealed that the kick spring assemblies on four of the posts were missing. detailed analysis determined that the assemblies could not have become detached prior to t -850 milliseconds. the next significant event was the development of the esrb burn through plume. camera 207, located six miles north of the launchpad, shows the growth of this plume. the first evidence of flames appeared on the right solid rocket booster at 58 .788 seconds. this occurred as the main engines have been throttled up and the srb's were increasing thrust. camera 203 was located west of the launch site and gives an aft view. the exposure was set for the booster plumes. this graphic illustrates the location of the player. -- flare. the player was located near the aft field joint 300 degrees, consistent with the smoke at liftoff. within half a second the flame had grown into a continuous and well-defined plume. at the same time, telemetry showed a divergence in chamber pressures. pressure in the right srb chamber was lower as a result of the growing leak. the plume is seen here in impinging directly onto the surface and at about 60 seconds the control system element started to respond to the course is caused -- forces caused by the plume. as recorded on e 207 and e 204, the first visible indication of the anonymous plume had penetrated was seen in the abrupt change and color of the plume. this is an indication of hydrogen leaking from the external tank. at 64.705 seconds, a bright sustained glow developed. telemetry data confirmed that 2.2 seconds later, 56.8 seconds later, the system could no longer maintain the normal re-pressurization rate. the tank pressure could no longer be maintained, indicating that it significantly had increased and was growing rapidly. 72.2 seconds, guidance systems showed right motions diverging, indicating the lower et srb strut was severed or pulled loose. during this timeframe exaggerated command responses registered in the telemetry data. at 73 seconds liquid hydrogen and oxygen pressure to the main engines showed a significant drop. this was followed at 73.124 seconds by the appearance of the pattern suggesting the structural failure. 13 milliseconds later, weber was -- vapor was observed that the inner tank. indicative of the oxygen tank failing. this could be indicative with normal loads being induced by the formal attach point or from the propulsive forces created by the aft bulkhead daily. probably both. within milliseconds liquid option region -- liquid oxygen was seen streaming along the external tank. at 73.191 seconds a flash was observed that was immediately followed by the start -- the start of total vehicle breakup. during the next 100 milliseconds, additional flashes occurred in the forward attach areas. as it broke up, the released fluids vaporized rapidly, releasing vapors and fluids that had them -- had embedded debris. no shockwave or other evidence of a violent explosion was detected in the imagery. the illumination and it does gives the cloud the appearance of a firewall. we are in automatic shutdown mode as a result of reduced propellant pressures. the last till on a tree was received after launch. the break-up was essentially obscured by the vapor cloud, hundreds of fragments were noted exiting the cloud. those identified included the main engines of the shuttle, left wing, crew cabin and both srb's. approximately one second after initial breakup film showed the front section emerging from the cloud. nitrogen tetra oxide from the further control systems provided a distinctive orange brown color to the cloud. by 74.578 seconds later fragment was believed to be seen and caused by the forward rcs revealing a separation of the nose section from the crew cabin. less than one quarter of one second later it was noted to be severed from the cargo bay. igniting a propellant discharge observed from the forward rcs. the camera south of the launchpad reported a wider array of the exiting debate. the initial emergence of the crew cabin from this perspective was 75.237 seconds. the initial path of the crew cabin from the vapor cloud across the path of an adjacent contrail. the left wing became visible at 78.531 seconds. the main engines and crew cabin are also identifiable. it was seen again with the front end and top of the cabin visible. as the subject moved further away and dropped lower on the horizon, the quality of the image for visual analysis deteriorated rapidly. long-range tracking cameras followed the esrb's at approximately 75.8 seconds the right srv was seen exiting the cloud. camera 207 shows the right srv after the breakup where the joints are clearly visible. except for the aft field joint. this confirmed the location of the plume along the longitudinal axis of the esrb. the separated nose cap and deployed parachute are identified at approximately 76.4 seconds. the shockwave from the detonation of the linear shaped charge can be seen clearly. simultaneously the left srv was destroyed. at approximately 37 seconds, challenger had encountered the first of several expected high altitude wind shear conditions that lasted until about 64 seconds. these are best illustrated by the effect on the booster exhaust trails. the effective windshear was countered by the guidance, navigation, and control systems. reconstructions were aided by comparing exhaust trail shapes with photography. the reconstructed wins were used in trajectory analysis. several flashes in the plumes were observed during the flight. as similar flashes have been seen on several previous flights, they are considered not to have contributed to the accident. the visible condensation that appears here is created by shockwaves that develop as the vehicle passes through the speed of sound. a large-scale search effort was initiated to recover the space shuttle debris. 22 ships, six underwater search vessels, 33 aircraft participating in the operation. the pieces initially recovered were those found floating on the surface. the submarine fleet was used to locate and inspect underwater debris. objects identified as being important to the investigation were retrieved. 50% of the entire vehicle was recovered in the effort. approximately 93,000 square miles of ocean were searched. the recovered hardware was brought to the logistics facility where reconstruction efforts helped to identify the investigation team's findings as well as to analyze the breakup mechanics of the or bitter, et's and srvs. parts were arranged on the floor according to their location on the vehicle. 45% of the orbitor was recovered the debris confirmed that it did not contribute to the cause of the accident and that the breakup was the result of arrow dynamic effects rather than explosive effects. shown here are parts of the orbitor forward fuselage structure which surrounds the rew cabin. extensive heating and erosion was detected. the paint was scorched and blackened on the right side of he aft fuselage. thermal distress was apparent on the right rutter speed brake. while the left showed little ffect. thermal effects were also seen on the elevon. the aft left side of the orbitor showed no apparent sign of heat damage. the remaining recovered parts of the orbitor showed no explosion from within the vehicle. all three main engines were recovered and helped to verify that they did not contribute to the cause of the accident. the external tank was similarly reconstructed. 25% of the liquid hydrogen tank, 80% of the inner tank and 5% of the liquid oxygen tank was recovered. most of the external hardware was also record. -- hee covered. the nose cap sustained very little damage. in general, the recovered pieces were quite large the spray-on foam insulation exhibited varying degrees of thermal effects from extreme charring to practically no effect. he external tank ranged safety destruct explosive charges were recovered undetonated eliminating them as a possible factor in external tank breakup. the intertank region showed signs of buckling consistent with the thrust that resulted from the aft section of the tank. this sheering failure of the forward fitting with the right srb was caused by the booster's rotation after the aft tructure failed. the stringers show ed evidence of contact which show match on the forward assembly of the right srb. a section of the ring frame and a section of the aft dome from the lower strut attachment area was recovered in one piece. the lower strut attachment fitting had been pulled away. the effects of the anomalous srb plume can be seen on the external tank area which was shielded by the strut and attachment fitting. approximately 50% of the solid rock and booster hardware was recovered. an ordinance storage facility was used to how's the pieces as some contained unburned propellant. marks seen on the right srb match the contact area shown previously on the stringers. the size and location of the burn-through as indicated by the recovered srb debris were illustrated on the assembled booster. the aft center section of the joint shows a large hole sir couple he 307 rential. the steel case material showed evidence of hot gas erosion caused by combustion products flowing through the opening. the aft section of the right srb showed a hole approximately 33 by 21 inches. the burn surface extended into the aft attached strut region. the exterior surface of the aft case featured a large case area. the shape and location of this heat shot shows an impingment from the escaping gases. there was a small burn throughs in case wall which appeared to have penetrated from the outside in. due to the impingment of hot gases from the anomalous plume. the hole in the solid rocket booster segments was the result of the joint leakage on the srb determined to be the cause of he accident. the presidential commission concluded that the cause of the challenger accident was the failure of the pressure seal and the aft field joint. the failure was due to a faulty design rendering the seal sensitive to a number of factors. those factors include the effects of temperature, physical dimensions, the character of materials, the effects of reuse and processing, and the reaction of the joint to dynamic loading. more detailed analystes are contained in volume 3 of the report of the presidential commission on the space shuttle challenger accident. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national able satellite corp. 2016] these were both very popular 1979. in 1976 and but these are movies about history. t american >> brooklyn law school professor talks about his book invent bid law arguing that alexander graham bell is solely remembered as the history. inve the telephone despite the contributions of others, because he secured a patent onopoly. we look back at the 1992 presidential campaign and arkansas governor bill clinton second place finish and his positioning as the comeback kid. young and we is don't know yet what the final tally will be. i think we know enough to say new ome certainty that hampshire tonight has made bill clinton the comeback kid. >> we will also feature both ads.ratic and republican t 8:00 p.m. on the presidency, university of washington professor author pivotal. starting with the election of 1912. for the complete american history tv weekend schedule go to c-span.org. >> the mission santa barbara was first established in 1786. it was the tenth of 21 california missions to be founded. it was rebuilt twice after two major earth quakes destroyed the infrastructure. in 1812 and 1925. our cable partners worked with c-span city tours staff when we traveled to explore its rich history. you can learn more all weekend here on american history tv on c-span-3. >> what brought people was the weather. doctors would say come to santa barbara. mineral hot springs, fresh ocean air, fresh mountain air. at was seen for the cure for so many people in the 1870s when we really boomed as a health resort. in 1871 a man came through california and so many people in the the transcontinental railroad had just been completed for a couple of years. so they wanted him to write about the wonders of california and bring people out here. so as he came through he wrote down about the various things he saw. but in a section called california for invalids and health seekers. santa barbara is one of the best because one can choose the climate. you can go inland and get one temperature, a little drier. come down to the ocean. and get a e area different temperature. all five to ten different degrees from each other. but it was this nice constant temperature that he thought would temperature. all five to ten different degrees from each other. but it was this nice constant temperature that he thought would be perfect. that began the big invalid boom. primarily the type of people were from the wealthier families because who else could afford to take the train out get on a steamer come to santa barbara and check into a hotel. and that cost $20 a week but that was big money back then. who u had these people would stay here for weeks if not months. so generally the well to do. that's what put them on the map. also at that time people had different ideas about if not months. so generally the well to do. that's what put them on the map. also at that time people had different ideas about california. they thought it was full of dess prado's and villains and indians. so this was to put people's mind at rest to say what a glorious place california is. i think tourism got started in santa barbara after the book. and we had the invalids coming out. and people coming out. we do? what do they're sitting there breathing the fresh air but let's give the rest of the people something to do. so they started writing about wonder drives. you think today who would want to go out to a ranch and farm to see foliage? because that was really big. what people were growing. so they would go to farms and ranches and delight in all the agriculture being produced. you name it they were growing it. there was the mission. that was probably the biggest draw. after you see the mission what else was there? so carriage drives, hikes in the mountains. and bit by bit they added other hings. that turn of the century coming into the 1920s the fiesta program started. this was because many people had realized that all we do? they're these great tails of the past are lost. the songs of the spanish and mexican era. so some of these people married into the old spanish families. the costumes. the grandparents could still remember the songs. so they put on a community wide celebration which took place over several days. that started drawing big tourism in the 1920s. and that program is still with us today. santa barbara benefited from tourism. came, they saw, they stayed. and the people that stayed fell in love with this community and adopted it. we had many extremely wealthy people that stayed at the potter hotel one of the great beachfront hotels. and those people started looking and seeing what it needed are hospitals, schools, greatly benefited from these people that stayed here and invested. we also had this remarkable open beap beach front. you will not find condominiums, apartments or hotels on the beach front. it's open public land because some of these people were really foresighted bought up this land and gave it to the city so it would be open for the public to enjoy. over the years tourism has changed dramatically. he original people that came out here were captive audience. they couldn't leave the city once they were here. maybe take a train but u where are you going to go and why? so there was a lot of things created for them to keep them here and heafment once the automobile got here people were free to stay, take off, spend an evening, take off. we had a more transient type of tourist. so now we have people come in for the weekend. they can come up from anywhere. people come in for a couple of days. we still occasionally have people who are good enough to stay for weeks if not months. tourism is our biggest industry and we rely on tourists to come here. have a great time and tell their friends how great santa barbara was.

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