35 years ago on april 12 19 81, spatial columbia lifted off from the Kennedy Space center in florida with two crew members on board, launching a new era in manned spaceflight. Shuttle, a 32 minute story on the launch of the Space Shuttle. Shuttle program was retired in 2011. Sunday, april 12, 1981. Kennedy space center, florida. The Space Shuttle, 14 stories high, 2000 tons, poised on the pad for its maiden flight. This is columbia, the Space Shuttle double bit the earth that will orbit the earth. Boosters, theet largest ever used on any launch vehicle. The first to be employed in a u. Manned flight. Liftoff, the solid rocket boosters together with the three main engines will unleash more than 6. 5 Million Pounds of thrust needed to launch the first reusable spacecraft. Never before has a winged vehicle been launched like a , returning to earth through frictional heating in it sets of 5200 degrees. Toll aerodynamically sound be launched again and again and again. If it succeeds, the Space Shuttle will truly be a remarkable flying machine. There are many other goals to be reached during the 54. 5 our mission. Is testected objectives are planned. These could not be achieved without an astronaut crew. The commander, john young. Pilot, Robert Crichton robert crippen. John young is the most experienced astronaut flying today. Crippen has over 4000 hours of jet flying time, this is his first time in space. The astronauts make their way across the access arm for the shuttle in the predawn hours before lunch. An american spaceship has never carried a human crew on its Maiden Voyage. Center,aunch control three miles from the pad, final steps are being contributed to the countdown. Final preparations are being made in the Mission Control center in houston, where control of the flight will be switched to tower. There has not been a manned launch in Kennedy Space center since apollo soyuz test project in july of 1975. For this launch, young and launch indicate, in the cape. Ascentt challenging profile ever to be phone by a space vehicle. Photographers, film, and , and newspapers and magazine writers from around the world, nearly 2700 of them, are here to cover this launch. In addition, 600,000 spectators one coastal area near the space center, arriving by every mode of transportation. They have come from every state in the union and many foreign countries. Promise of a rebirth in americas manned space program, and the dawn of a new era in space transportation awaits. 13. 4, t 10, 9, 8, 7, six, main engine start. Roger, roll. The spacel puts shuttle on its precise heading for its imaginary target in space. Roger, roll complete. Go, booster, go. Go, go. Columbia, houston, you are glad 40 go at 40. Columbia is 40 seconds and the flight. Your negative you are negative. Wrong, thenything go shuttle is not too high to use ejection seats. Srb sep is go. Capcom, all the calls are going to be a tad early. Youre looking a little hot callsmbia, your will be a little early. Columbia standby. Market. Mark. The shuttle can now continue. Just continue toward main engine cutoff the shuttle can now continue toward main engine cutoff. Market. Mark. Negative return. Your aft is good. What a view. Singleengine rotor. Columbia, you single engine rotor. Atcolumbia can land safely right nowngine the engines are generating more than 2 million horsepower. Roger. Right on the money. Nominal. Main engine cutoff, columbia is now in space, traveling over 18,000 mph. We have separation. Roger, we confirm. The external tank is jettisoned and is now falling away from the shuttle, back toward earth. The tank will break up over the indian ocean when it comes in contact with the atmosphere. Shortly, columbia will achieve orbit. Then, one of the most important tests of the mission, opening the payload bay doors. The doors must be opened before to end of the 6th orbit expose the space rated cooling system spaceradiated cooling system. Opened,nnot be yesterday will have to return home. The burns are successful. Ia is in orbit circling the earth at an altitude of approximately 150 miles. The payload bay doors are opened. Now doors coming up the doors are coming up anopen now. That is really beautiful out there. Updates. Reciate the both doors are opened. The radiators are deployed, to begin dissipating the heat. Theyre all up and up and hunkydory. They are all opened up and hunkydory. Generators look good. We want to tell all of you, we do have a few tiles missing starboard pod. I see one. And a triangle shape that are missing. We are trying to put that on the tv right now. Roger, we can see that good. From what we can see of both almost all of the wing is intact. Within minutes, and assessment is made on the impact the missing tiles would have on the remainder of the mission. Conference, later in the day, flight director Neil Hutchinson answers questions from reporters. You asked me if i knew any other tiles might be loose, the answer is no. Quite rightly, we are not worried about other tiles being loose. Is there anything, anything at all that could lead you to say you might not go for the full Duration Mission . Nothing. Columbia, houston, you guys did so good. You are go for orbit. This thing is just performing just outstanding. Roger, we agree with that. Columbia, houston, just for your information, you drop to those as arbys on target those srbs on target. The votes are fishing them back boats are fishing them back. Solid rocket boosters that separated as planned landed on target in the atlantic ocean, 151 miles down range from lunch. Launch. After being towed back to Kennedy Space center, they will be refurbished and used again in future shuttle flights. And fourth burns are so successful, they raise the club he orbit to an altitude of approximately 172 miles the orbit to an altitude of 172 miles. Thehat is as smooth as of as it could possibly go. The vehicle has just been beautifully, more than anybody ever expected for a first flight. Up here. Ightful we want to thank every buddy that has helped, we take great pride in doing so well right now everybody that has helped, we take great pride in doing so well right now. The rookie on this flight, i had a thrill from the moment of liftoff to what we are doing now. It has really been super, the spacecraft has worked all the way along. I think we have something that is really going to mean sending to the country in the world. This vehicle is performing like a champ, like all of us that have worked so hard nude that it would. Would. Ard knew that it just accidents, says robert crippen. Liftoff, srv separation, and recovery, e. G. , opening andmpact closing tests, have all been successful. This is fantastic. You worked through a long, hard day. It has sure been fun working with you today, and we look forward to seeing you in the morning. Get a good nights rest best nights rest getting good nights rest. Hasta manana. A Job Well Done by the shuttle space team i will tell you right now, she is in the machine columbia, not the kind you smoke this here is a first elcome to day two. All right. We appreciate that wakeup music. Today, the astronauts test the Onboard Systems and review procedures for tomorrows lending. Landing. A test of the Flight Control system is conducted by john young. The Flight Control system surfaces,olombias the body flaps, the writer, speed brake. Speed brake. These will be required for tomorrows lendinlanding. Testsyload bay door ensure that landing can be done before tomorrow. As with every mission, many pictures of the earth are taken by the astronauts. Over 500 on this first flight. Active volcanoes, cloud , giant whirlpools over 15 miles in diameter. Highdunes 1500 feet running unbroken for hundreds of miles. A high himalayas where mountain peaks reach 24,000 feet. One of the most remarkable aggressive or taken remarkable space photographs i ever in, sandhillsse cleared in iran. The receive a call from Vice President of the United States, george bush. Bush this trip is going to excite the forward thinking in this country, so i just wanted to call up and wish you the very best. We appreciate it, mr. Vice president. Thehe crew also check out ejection suits they will wear during entry. Reentry. They are ready for the final phase of the mission entry and landing mission, entry and landing. April 14, 1981. The edge of the rogers dry lake bed in california. The recovery convoy of 24 vehicles and more than 100 personnel are gathering here. They will collect the power to down columbia after landing here. Enormous crowds begin to arrive. A string of traffic 600 miles long waits to enter the base. Thousands more are already here. People will million see the landing. On board, the astronauts suit for landing. The orbital phases of the mission have gone extremely well. Now, the final phase must be completed. , the doors,gins which have been opened a total of 47 hours during the flight, must be closed. Then, using the rcs thrusters, lumia will move her into deorbit columbia will move into deorbit burn attitude. Then it will fire the thrusters one more time. Columbia is out of contact during the burn. Mission control will not know if the burn was successful until they are in communication with the spacecraft over australia. It is now over the indian ocean on the other side of the world. The distance must be precise of the columbia will hit the target precise so that columbia will hit the target in california. Were standing by. Columbia is now committed to entry. With the rcs post for maneuver and several firings postburn firings,and several is where the atmosphere begins at approximately 400,000. Reaches 100 65,000 feet, there will be a communication blackout, out of touch with Mission Control. The landing site is almost 4000 miles from the entry place. One airplane will check out the columbia for any damage prior to landing. When the shuttle touches down, it will be traveling within 260. Iles per hour 107 itit is going must survive the intense heat from traveling through the atmosphere at such a high rate of speed. Several s turns, or role reversals, roll are used to move the columbia through the atmosphere. Is traveling at more than 26 times the speed of sound. This one is done at 2008000 08,000 feet. Temperatures will reach 2000 degrees on some places on the vehicle. The aluminum skin will melt at 3000 degrees. No Test Facility owner to simulate the area dynamic instructional environment columbia is in right now, only calculations can be used to predict what would flight. Uring this the predictions and calculations had to be right. Houston, columbia is here. Houston is here, have you read . How do you read . Your state vector is good. Ok. [indiscernible] entry trajectory, velocity, and position look good. Home,ia is heading for only 470 miles away. John, we are showing you rolling to the right, looking good. Your crossing the coast, now you are crossing the coast now. The shuttle is it about 100,000 feet with a longrange peak, from anderson california. Looks perfect, right on the number. 00. 112,0 21 degrees. Reversal is done over bakersfield, california. That is beautiful. Were seeing 1. 3 gs. Coming around. The astronauts are making the final turn to light up the runway. Line up the columbia, youre really looking good. Are calm. He surface you are right on the glide slope, columbia. Good. Rything looks real the chase reports no tile or damage evident underneath the saddle. The shuttle. The othe the altitude is now under 5000 feet. Clear. Without power, columbia must land. It cannot make another attempt. 50 feet. 10, all right. 1. 3, 2, its down. 5, 4, 3, touchdown. Welcome home. Welcome home columbia. Beautiful, beautiful. We are going to dust it off first. I will tell you that, it was super. Wheels stopping. [applause] the Maiden Voyage has been a success. The astronauts and the vehicle have met or exceeded all 144 flight tested jet does best flight test objectives all 144 flight test objectives. Structural, power, thermal, all have been affirmed. Young i cannot tell you what attribute that is to be american workingman and american working woman. All walks of life and capabilities and limitations, it is all due to their efforts. They proved they can do the job, they proved it for the world to see. I am mighty proud to be associated with folks like that. What attribute, indeed. Indeed. Bute this is a Technology Never before realized in the history of manned spaceflight. The basic Building Block for the future. This is what we have been trying to do for 10 years. His vehicle will allow us to travel much cheaper than we ever did before, it will help develop Space Science and technology. It will do in five to 10 years what it wouldve taken 20 to 30 years to do otherwise. We could not do it without the special and the pay looking ability, and the sooner we do these things, the better off the country is going to be. A new era in space transportation has just begun. Routine access to space. Welcome to the future. Up next on American History tv, the Woodrow WilsonCenter Hosted a session entitled cold war lessons from the usjapan. Usjapan military strategies in the pacific. They discuss the Japan Maritime selfdefense force and the navy, and their efforts to protect japan from the efforts of the soviet union and north korea. This program is about an hour and a half. For those of you who have never been to the Woodrow Wilson center before, it was established in 1968. In commemoration of the 28th president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson remains to date, the only american president who has a phd. I guess that regardless of what the president ial Election Results may be, that still may be the case. I would like to thank, the before we begin, the cosponsors for this program, my colleagues from the institute, and the Public Policy program. We couldnt have done this program without them. Also, we really do want to thank the general support of the foundation over the years. Without spf, we would not have what we have called the japans goal of program. Japan scholar program. We are now in its eighth year. And because of it, we have been able to bring some of the most brilliant japanese mines in Foreign Policy at any given time here to the center. I am delighted to say that this year, we have been able to have wentys given t presentations already in washington and across the United States, not only about north korean policy, but also japans Foreign Policy today. He will be kicking off todays conversation, which will focus on the military strategy in the pacific during the cold war, and its relevance today. And after his presentation, we will be followed by captain forrest. You have the flyers in front of you. He was the Principal Research scientist at the center for naval analysis. He will be followed by the director of programs at the naval historical foundation. With that, i ask you to speak about 15 minutes, and then we will have enough time for questions from the audience. Thank you very much, everybody, for coming. We will talk about the cold war in the pacific today. Why do we talk about the cold war . Partly because we are interested in the cold war. I am from japan, and writing a book on the cold war. Captain scholz, housed in the pacific, wrote the full fledged first version of the Maritime Strategy in the early 1980s, which has significant implications in the pacific. Graph dr. Who also served and wrote a book on peace and confrontation between the United States and the soviet union, at sea, such as the sea of japan. We are all interested, but there is another reason why we have to talk about the cold war today. There are interesting similarities between what happened in the pacific during the cold war, and what is happening there today. During the cold war, the soviet union turned the sea of okhotsk into a sanctuary, and operated its Nuclear Powers and submarines, capable of attacking the 10th continent. Today, china has installed installations in an effort to control it, and is Building Bases in the highland islands there. Capable of attacking the u. S. Continent. Today, china has installed installations in an effort to control it, and is Building Bases in the highland islands there. The soviet union attended to keep u. S. Forces that they by at bay by establishing 2 defense lines to control this blue zone, right here. China is creating two defense lines, like here and here, on these island chains to deny u. S. Access. But then, the soviet economy collapsed. As a result of the arms race with a much wealthier western country, including the u. S. And japane, today the u. S. And japanese economy might go broke because of the arms race in china. The soviet union was a sophisticated military superpower, capable of reaching a Global Nuclear war. It is a long way for china to become a similarly capable superpower, involving conventional and nuclear realms. Most of all, while the United States and soviet union were in the cold war, the United States and china, are not. Based on a good understanding of those of those similarities and differences, we can learn lessons from the cold war experience and find a way to maintain peace and security in the Asian Pacific region today, while shaping mutually beneficial relationships among the west, japan, and china. In the following one plus hours, we will discuss the cold war in the pacific, and how to cook create peace in the region today. At first presenters captain schwartz. Thank you all for coming. Oday how are we doing on microphone and hearing . Great. I am going to briefly discuss the United Statess Maritime Strategy in the 1980s, the u. S. Navy relationships with the Japanese Maritime selfdefense wars at that time, from an American Point of view. Full disclosure, for the laugh st 20 years i have been a scholar and an analyst. Before that, a u. S. Navy officer, and i had a hand in some of the things that i am going to talk about. First of all, what was the Maritime Strategy . It has all been declassified, you can read about it, its online in publications put out by the Naval War College. For those of you are interested, you can go to it on the web, try to get a hard copy. The Maritime Strategy was the maritime and naval component. The naval component of the overall u. S. Military strategy of the 80s against the soviet union and its allies. It was a concept developed by the u. S. Navy to describe what the navys leadership thought block sovietway to theal adventurism, to deter soviet union from starting a war against the u. S. , and if the terrorists were to fail, the best way to counter and combat the soviets. It describes recommended u. S. And allied operations during peace time in response to crises , in the event of Nuclear Weapons being used. In discussing combat against the soviet union, it is assumed that the soviets are the aggressor, moving in some manner against the United States. To counter that soviet offensive, they proposed a global forward offensive joint and allied Maritime Strategy, with major campaigns in and from the norwegian and bering seas, baltic,ic ocean, the the turkish straits, eastern mediterranean, and the northwest pacific, and across the north atlantic and the north pacific. Campaigns inssible the south atlantic, the indian ocean, and the south china seas, where the soviet navy had a present. Thatbaseline, it assumes all u. S. Treaty allies, including japan, would become involved. They sucked to maintain and enlarge the western alliances, to include, if possible, china. This is china in the 1980s, were talking about. It, china wast becoming increasingly hostile over the decade. This is a very important point. This is the navys strategic viewpoint as professionals. It was understood, throughout the u. S. Government, including dothe navy, the decisions to any of us lay with the president and the secretary of defense. Not the navy. It is western democracy that is being controlled, that is understood. Is that ifview today the president asks you what do you recommend, what are my navy shouldnt say, we dont know. This represents the navys advice, if you will. How did this happen, how did it emerged . How did this happen, how did it emerged . Is a different history from other navies, it existed since its birth in the days of John Paul Jones and the american revolution. This has been codified in writing a century later by andral offered tim henn what were the characteristics . Seeking to carry the fight to the enemy, global campaigns, coordination with and support of the other u. S. Services in america. You have to remember, this was devised in the face of a massive soviets naval buildup. Submarines, aircraft, missiles, satellites, and worldwide soviets Navy Deployments that took place in the 1960s and. 0s and 80s the strategy was also developed in reaction to the american carter administrations defense policies from 1977 to 1981, navy saw the u. S. Necessary principally to transport supplies to the air force in germany. They didnt see any useful role amphibious or submarine fleet and reduced funding to those forces. The u. S. Navy thought it had a better idea, it developed the idea and a planning document in a planning document. In a series of annual global wargames at the Naval War College in newport, rhode nd, this is important. The u. S. Navy also achieved, in the league 1970s, a better understanding of how the soviets thought about naval combat operations at sea, and what their priorities were paid were. There is nothing written about that because it is classified, but there is a book by our colleagues, David Rosenberg and for sport and chris ford. It is about as close as you can get to how u. S. Naval intelligence was involved at the time. Chief among the priorities as we understood them where the soviets, regarding naval combat operations at sea, the deployment and protection of the Strategic NuclearBallistic Missile submarine fleet, which they were increasingly placing in what they called, bastions in the barents sea. Secondary priorities were protection of the soviet homeland from attacks from the sea, and to support the soviet armies as they swarmed into western europe, norway, turkey, hokkaido, and perhaps china. 1978, admiral heyward left Pacific Fleet and became chief of Naval Operations ahead of the u. S. Navy, coming to washington in expanding the offensive concepts he developed in the pacific. These concepts involved the early forward use against the soviets of carrier battle groups , attack submarines, and other u. S. And allied naval forces. Two years later, Ronald Reagan defeated president carter for presidency of the United States. He appointed an aggressive and topple republican naval strategist, dr. John aflame and , and increased the navy budget considerably. Then what happened . Result was 1982, the the conceptualizing, the employment of the Maritime Strategy, a secret document. Notnclassified version was presented until 1986. The navy moved forward to implement the strategy was writing, practicing it and forward, joint, and allied exercises off the soviet coast, developing new operational concepts and tactics, expanding warworking program program, practicing these tactics at sea, like top. Un and strike you history,ack at naval we see just how other navy planners had gone about this business and what they had done. Our colleague, ted miller, was writing a book, struggling to get through it. It was perfect for our purposes, learning how to plan and write these things. He wrote plan orange, but against a different time and a different enemy. In naval writing, it is a classic, the classic in my world. China,. Reached out to visiting chinese sports for the First Time Since the communist revolution. A key aspect of the strategy was going after the soviet nuclear Strategic Reserve in the past and in the bastion. We believed this would contribute to deterring them from starting the war, just as we believed that demonstrate in an early offensive posture off hokkaido in the islands of the aegean sea under the ice cap would reinforce the deterrent effect of u. S. And allied naval forces. So, that was us. What role was japan playing . First of all, a defendants own air, land, and water space, including the straits between the islands. This obviously blocked the soviet fleet from coming out. The alliance was tight, that way. Continued support, we hoped we would get for u. S. Forces in japan. We saw japan as a country that was able to absorb and use andctively antiair, antiwar capabilities as sophisticated as our own. We hoped that the japanese would coordinate with us and our south korean allies. Se roles all caps lamented all complemented the roles of others in nato and south america. This is a very compelling case. Not everybody agreed with this. There were several criticisms that were aimed at the Maritime Strategy. I can show you some of the scar tissue. Some came from within the navy itself, and some came from academics. Socalled military reformers and several criticisms from the soviets. Some thought that you just cannot do it. We couldnt do what we said we would try to do with naval forces. Some thought it was dangerously xpiratory there were several academics, colleagues, friends of mine, john near signer friends of mine who said that by doing this, we were destabilizing. Everything that we ever did was destabilizing, so there were several debates during this period. Some thoughts the allies thought the allies cannot be depended on. There were discussions about that. Some thought that the soviet priorities would not be what we said they were. The british thought that convoys were the answer, that cutting of lines sea Lines Communication was essential. Some thought we would not make much difference to the soviets anyway. Since we were not directly involved in central europe, that was we just had the wrong the wrong it and navy navy for it. And there were others that simply said it was too expensive. The navy worked hard to understand these criticisms. The Reagan Administration remained supportive, and the endured after the secretaries left washington. And indeed, after the collapse 1990. Soviet union in it was extorted, they were still throwing destroyers and cruisers into the water in 1990, as poland and the Czech Republic and east germany were all fading. That was something the navy took up, and the japanese navy. The soviets also staged their own games and exercises, interfering with us, and spying on the spirit they resisted spying on us. ,hey were assisted by americans including a few members of the navy who were paid. This was the Walker Brothers family, there were others. The soviets were aided by a few western companies who sold the soviets vital advanced submarine technology when they knew they shouldnt. Sovietsortant way, the unleashed a major diplomatic offensive calling on major arms control agreements, which would have the actual effect of constraining only the u. S. Navy to come to the existence of exposed allies. Fortunately, in our view, none of this works. U. S. Navy held tough against arms measures, and the allied governments and the navys worked increasingly closely with the United States navy, as to the u. S. Marine corps, coast guard, and air force. And then what happened . Soviet pact collapsed, there came the collapse of the soviet union itself. The u. S. Navy developed a new concept for dealing with the immediate postcold war world. As the postcold war world evolved, so did u. S. Navy thinking. The current strategy is the cooperative strategy for 20th century 21st century seapower. This was published a year ago this month. The alliances have endeared and endured and an expanded. This is often frontpage news, and is often why youre here. My time is up. I look forward to your comments and questions and send things back to my colleagues. Slide. Ess we have a ok. The first slide should be nemesis of namasota. Saved the best for last, there. Thanks again to everybody for coming. Thank you, peter. I am showing you a picture of usss number so that namasota. Bidder is talking about our Maritime Strategy, and years ago i was off the coast of vladivostok. Thanks, peter, for sending me to siberia. Couldnt come up with a strategy for tahiti, could you . [laughter] mr. Winkler anyway, during my frequent trips to vladivostok, withd several encounters our soviet counterparts. I want to look little bit more macro, as far as the strategy during the cold war. Lets talk about the obvious, i that the and end of the war, we had japan. We handled japan really set the stage for Everything Else that would follow. Unlike germany, with the exception of the northern islands, their territorial integrity remained intact. Talking again about the uss navasota, it was mostly a civilian crew. One of the crew members was a navy seal or who had sailed in right after will work too. He told us about his after wwii. He told us about meeting a couple of children who were playing outside, saying hello to the kids, and the mother coming to run outside the house. She was terrified, she thought these americans are going to harm her children. Instead, the sailor and his shipmates pulled out a couple of hershey bars. That is symbolic of how the , in contrast japan to what happened in world war i, we learned some lessons from we learned some lessons from versailles. Thewe brought japan into coalition of nations that would help contain soviet expansion is quite a remarkable story. Japan and the western Alliance Importance becomes obvious early on. The American Occupation troops stationed in japan are floating to the north korean onslaught. It was the counter information by macarthur, the brilliant counter stroke that stabilized the situation it is interesting that some of the lsts were manned by japanese. Japan location was critical in that for maintaining south korea the way it is as an ally