Throughout the history of medicine physicians and researches have dreamt of curing epidemics and infections they saw a miracle drug a Silver Bullet that would conquer one of humankinds was then a means disease causing bacteria. In one thousand nine hundred twenty eight scottish position and scientist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery a substance from a mold he named it penicillin. Had just so and has been one of the most important medical advances of the twentieth century. Armaments without shifts you wouldnt have had their ups and of the advanced city. So you can assume its really. Shades that most of us live longer and have healthy allowance. As. Penicillin appeared to be that miracle drug the Silver Bullets that would fulfill an ancient dream of human perfection in which body mind and soul united in floor must be untouched by disease. But that weapon has lost its power and the Silver Bullet has turned on its inventions today the widespread use of antibiotics has itself become a deadly threat. And if your ticket as is then resistance to antibiotics is a fact we all need to address. By the nature bacteria adapt our weapons antibiotics. Through mutation bacteria are constantly developing mechanisms that render our antibiotics harmless. Doctors and scientists are sounding the alarm unless new weapons are found in the fight against bacteria the world may soon be facing and antibiotics apocalypse oct it has been for here. Its been predicted that by twenty fifty antibiotic resistant bacteria will be among the most common causes of nonnatural death for the hog. That means that antibiotic resistant germs would kill more people than Car Accidents and even more than cancer. To watch their. Nearly a century after around Xander Fleming discovered penicillin weve come full circle might fleming have something to teach scientists today or is he somewhat of a tragic hero a humanitarian whose great discoveries served the seeds of a new catastrophe. That mean insult. Was an incredible talent. He was motorists on this you mean he could have been anybody and i think thats what shes peels now unless she use with penicillin he was while you know its incidence of story on its his. Thanks. In one hundred fourteen europe was engulfed by the First World War thirty three year old Alexander Fleming served as a medical officer in northern france in a Field Hospital a bar a tree he searched for new treatments for sepsis and gang green which claimed the lives of countless injured soldiers. Theres all the other soldiers wounds were mine battlefield from dawn till dark sky and dogged various antibiotics on to their flash i took blood and examined it for bacteria my face grew grandma and grandpa this is. The first global war of the Industrial Age resulted in carnage on a scale never seen before. Thousands upon thousands of severely Wounded Soldiers were treated at the front. Flemming realized that the antiseptic used to treat infected wounds often worsened the soldiers injuries. They actually show you the three youths and just six on the battlefield would insist. On that goads if they were killing of the body so the fences the blood cells all. The antiseptics couldnt punish the chuckie cheese moten ballistic when its. Before the war i like some of the fleming had studied medicine at some marys hospital in london. He returned there in nineteen nineteen and was appointed assistant director of its vaccine department. Spurred on by his experiences during the war he continued his research on antibacterial substances. Historian kevin brown has set up a tiny museum in flemings formula bar a tree. Watch we have is that this place and so and this is the law in which let me just stop the pain so and look at least so far shouldnt sloth. Most stink even if it just stays both when you think of it its only somewhere like this and some to death if being discovered. In a small abara treats of marys Alexander Fleming began investigating substances produced by the bodys own immune system searching for a way to turn them into therapeutic agents. The historic borstal estate just north of the city of hamburg is home to the Lightning Center for medicine and by m. Sciences. At the adjacent hospital professor christoph lerner and his team treat patients suffering from multidrug. Assistant tuberculosis is a particularly dangerous form of the disease. Most of the patients in the hospital come from forma east bloc countries like this woman from armenia she fled to germany a year ago because she couldnt obtain the necessary medical care at home shes highly contagious and has been placed on the quarantine here. But every year she went to a spa in crimea and went to the tuberculosis return. Longer retraces the patients history to determine how and where had tuberculosis might have spread and that side with any of us was during Alexander Flemings day to procure loss was one of the most serious Infectious Diseases in western europe. Thats changed over the past century and today tuberculosis isnt a major factor in western europe. So it also was a bit or so but it is still significant in Eastern Europe and in other parts of the world such as africa and asia. Its now surpassed h. I. B. Aids to become the leading cause of Infectious Disease death worldwide that pipes what would. Germanys National Reference center for mycobacteria is also part of the ball still Research Center in this high security facility tb bacteria from all over the world are collected and analyzed using state of the automated. Oratory director catalina concert and her coworkers are at the forefront of the battle against multidrug resistant bacteria which are becoming an increasing problem worldwide alex and that fleming is the next on the fleming was the first come in thats how he discovered the first drug that could be used to treat Infectious Disease. That must have been a very defining moment for him personally. And of course with the rest of the world as well and. Yet in that moment. Cancer and her team examined saliva samples to determine their resistance to drug treatment the results are sent back to the countries of origin so that doctors there can prescribe the most effective therapy. To work in this lab is very much in the spirit of Alexander Fleming. Is think it as he would be astonished to see how many antibiotics we have today and he would certainly be surprised to see that antibiotics can actually treat tuberculosis even if it is becoming less susceptible to these treatments in some parts of the world. These samples come from armenia afghanistan and sierra leone as mines it here here you can see the growth of tuberculosis bacteria which look fairly dry and grow in these separate colonies. Thats what makes typical osis tricky is that its an airborne infection when an infected person coughs the bacteria spread through droplets in the air. Its a very efficient means of transmitting disease especially in close courses and see one in the. Family members or others who live in crowded spaces are likely to become infected and thats why. When i was under fleming began his Bacteriological Research in london tuberculosis meningitis typhoid fever and syphilis were widespread especially in urban areas Public Health became one of the leading indicators of a countrys prosperity. The worlds first pharmaceutical Companies Began to market newly developed vaccines and lucrative drug therapies. Slamming took a different approach he was convinced that the human body had its own defenses against bacterial infection. In the damp cold winters in london fleming suffered from frequent risperidone infections in one thousand nine hundred twenty one he discovered in ximena his own knees all mucus that had anti septic properties he needed lysozyme. He wanted which would try and feel objects from a few snowie so mucus to the bottom changing he was stretching. After a couple of weeks something in the mucus its just songs he patchy. Now fleming always said that his best would to sound just being joan on large sound and not with an honest assessment if you could study on to a higher level than he have achieved with janis. Joplin though was last song didnt charge against the most pathogenic the most harmful by changing. How do bacteria develop resistance to new drug therapies that question is being investigated and kiri reversed this Evolution Center evolutionary biologist him and he should have organs his team are studying socalled super bugs that are spreading in hospitals some of these microbes even thrive in the disinfectants used to keep the mention of. The tough intuitively we tend to think of bacteria as something bad but we also know that our bodies are full of bacteria we have more bacteria in our intestines than we have body cells. In Laboratory Experiments drug resistant super bugs are exposed to repeated doses of antibiotics the bacteria respond with a kind of escalating arms race much as they do in their real life both. Go to the tick of third when we prescribe antibiotics we often change our bodys micro flora that itself can lead to major changes. The conwy then add drug resistant pathogens to the mix we often end up using even more antibiotics that causes even greater changes to our micro flora which can have some very serious side effects. Should a board says that like all life forms bacteria undergo evolution. Are intensive use of antibiotics of a decades was subjected bacteria to selective pressures and that is now backfiring on us. After and to buy or seek treatment only the most resistant and hence dangerous bacteria survive and reproduce thats led to what is now a Global Health emergency. That bacteria will always succeed in developing new forms of resistance you can see this on this timeline here up here you can see when specific kinds of antibiotics were first used in humans. And down below you can see the years in which resistance to those antibiotics was first observed. This timeline shows that resistance always emerges off site even for antibiotics where it was originally claimed that bacterial resistance would be impossible with the bacteria the pathogens always develop resistance to it because. The pharmaceutical giant sun does has a Production Facility in the austrian town of corn. Its the last facility in europe that still manufactures penicillin in significant amounts nowadays most antibiotics are made in china and other asian countries. If im over here literally until a team are searching for antibiotics substances that will be effective against the drug resistant bacteria which are posing an increasing threat worldwide. Its about. Fearful christians of the end were focusing on existing molecules as well as what are called old forgotten antibiotics these antibiotics that were once used but went out of fashion. The wardak a common because they werent used as widely bacteria didnt develop as much resistance to them thats what makes them so promising no what were trying to do here is to identify and develop the best formulations of those molecules so intriguing you could updated versions of old antibiotics help in the battle tests seem to show that they have a good safety profile that their effectiveness depends on how theyre administered. And whats surprising is that the group who took the medication with a lot of water had much higher serum levels. Its amazing they had a fifty percent higher concentration in their blood of the active substance that fights bacteria became filled up the other end up. In one thousand nine hundred twenty eight Alexander Fleming his wife and son spent the summer on his parents farm in scotland. Before his departure for learning set up some new bacterial cultures in petri dishes in his laboratory in london. Is assistant Stuart Craddock to keep an eye on them credit later said he hadnt touched anything in flemings laboratory. At the end of the summer fleming returned to the lab. I rummaged around in the stuff in a caucus cultures art started before the holiday. And i saw it before he left a yellow bacterial culture had been growing in the dish but now some of it had. Managed and the mode had taken its place. But about fairness sometimes you stumble upon something you want looking for. Arms in the course of the jazz age to check just cultural plates worn last saw. Something on one of them. Cool to sichuan she. Spun the fleming had an eye for interesting phenomena he saw that a mold had contaminated the petri dish and that mirrored the bacteria had vanished. The mold was the creating a substance that had an antibiotic effect on to view it as. A child it does i sense that the mold was good. Of it even though i had no idea yet how good it would turn out to be claiming soon realise that a natural and to septic had begun growing in his bacterial culture the very thing he had been searching for for so long. At the Kiel UniversityEvolution Center and elsewhere around the world scientists are now racing against time to discover new methods of detecting dangerous superbugs the technology has been transformed in recent years now adays scanning electron microscopes allow scientists to peer into cells at the molecular level. The experimental subjects in this research the tiny worm like never to it invisible to the naked eye well how are the worms doing. You know theyre not doing so well and i think the bacterial strain has really done a number on that they look like theyre all bad. The researchers are testing which antibiotics kill the bacteria and allow the worms to survive and the reverse these nematodes a stand ins for human subjects after two years of investigation the researchers have observed a broader trend. If any of the on to the less we use antibiotics the fewer problems we have with multidrug resistant bacteria and that means the fewer problems we have with changes to the micro flora that can result in entirely new symptoms of disease this basic Research Suggests that multidrug resistant bacteria are largely a result of the way drugs are used today. We know that antibiotics are very important and can save lives. They should only be used in emergencies. And whats interesting is that fleming said this to me he saw that Drug Resistance could develop quite quickly. In many of the talks he gave including the one at the nobel prize ceremony he said antibiotics should be the last resort. We dont do that today far from it but we need to move back in that direction. Whats now the sandoz facility in austria began producing penicillin after the Second World War it was the First Laboratory in the world that succeeded in producing penicillin in tablets rather than injectable form. In the factory the model is still cultivated in giant steel fermenters the penicillin powder is extracted from and sandoz believes penicillin will remain an important drug despite the rise in resistant bacteria. In a cell and is the oldest antibiotic produced on an industrial scale today we have an arsenal of weapons against germs. Some of the new and very effective antibiotics being produced today are kept behind locking key as drugs of last resort and thats done to make sure the bacteria and nature dont come into too much contact with them to feel me. So are there new antibiotics being held in reserve or might Old Fashioned penicillin have a role to play in the fight against dangerous superbugs. Nearly a century after Alexander Flemings discovery of penicillin at St Marys Hospital in london we appear again to be on the cusp of a new era in Public Health. In one thousand nine hundred twenty eight fleming believed he had finally discovered a substance that would kill dangerous bacteria without doing harm to the bodys normal bacterial population. I sense that this fungus had an incredible anti septic effect i began to culture it. But that was difficult since it was very delicate. Flemming succeeded in growing the fungus in a culture and testing its anti microbial effect on other bacterial strains but obtaining enough of the fungus to test it in humans proved difficult. It was we finally managed to grow a small piece of it in a culture broth. How would the body react to it at the time flemings assistant Stuart Crowder was suffering from tonsilitis. Concentrated substrates look like. Im tasted like it as well. Gretel questionnaire we tried it was soon healthy again i wrote an article about the effect of the fungal substance which i called penicillin. I waited for that when everyone asked me how the fungus worked. On the show i had no idea how to grow its another volatile amounts needed to carry out proper tats. And he talks. To physical wounds like luke lunch some chick conventional she thinks of the child. More significantly he mentions the possibility that ministration body should systemic eaves get it into the bloodstream. Fleming sent samples of his fungus to any colleague who expressed an interest and gave talks about his discovery but few scientists appeared to take an interest well into the one nine hundred thirty s. His discovery was largely ignored. Its just plinys change. One person on his own couldnt help the next that she. Needs and change was to be the key to the science. Without cutting edge into Disciplinary Research its unlikely we will master the growing threats posed by multidrug resistant bacteria have the balls to Research Center there hamburg a team of bio physicists are conducting research on the nuclei of bacteria. There even recreating the bacterial membranes on the nano level. Is that a new membrane with a new look at we extract and work for. The bio physicist or investigating the methods the bacteria used to defend themselves they want to understand whats happening at the cell wall when a bacterium develops resistance and how you substances might disrupt that process at the molecular level. I believe its too pessimistic to assume that bacteria will once again do major harm to us. I believe that the antibiotics that already exist will help. As will the ones that are currently under development. And by putting these to sensible use i believe will get this problem under control. Before. Too most goods man and his team are investigating anti microbial peptides which are part of the bodys own defense mechanism against bacteria using a scanning electron microscope they can study how the peptides penetrate a bacterium out a membrane to reach its nucleus. Since these mechanisms help protect us when we get a wound the research is hope to develop substances that can kill bacteria using the same processes used by the n. T. Microbial peptides in our bodies. We want to kill the bacteria we might be able to do that by damaging the bacterial membrane creating holes in it so the bacteria can survive. But its possible that these substances will need to get through the membrane and be active inside the bacteria in order to be effective. Of. Lung to nine hundred thirty nine the Second World War had broken out in europe. After occupying france nazi germany set its sights on britain in september nine hundred forty eight the german looked baffled began large scale night attacks on britain to force it to capitulate. London also suffered greatly under the bombing offensive news the blitz during the air raids tens of thousands sought refuge in underground station. Managers on the fleming paid little heed to the air raids since his discovery of penicillin twelve years earlier hed made little progress in. Research and set the project aside in the medical journal the lancet oxford microbiologist Howard Florey reported that he and his team had succeeded in purifying penicillin and testing it on infected mice flemming had sent florrie a sample of his fungus some years before. Now it seemed the other scientists had succeeded in making a breakthrough. And to fight for it was destiny that contaminated my culture plate in one thousand twenty eight said it was destiny which led chain of florian one nine hundred thirty eight to investigate penicillin instead of the many other antibiotics it was destiny that time their work to come to fruition in war time and penicillin was most needed. Fleming was aware of Howard Florey his plans to flee to the United States with the penicillin should it become necessary he asked florrie to leave him some of the drug to test on patients. The wall was terrible i didnt want to let it win only people can help people canons and tanks can only destroy. In Oxford Laurie had tested penicillin on a patient a year earlier but the dose was too low and the patient died. Florrie said fleming in an people of the precious fluid by rail. I would flu be the only so. If you still. Flagging hope to save the life of a man who was dying of meningitis and marys hospital he decided to take extreme measures. To use of getting them on the clean change gene. And so interests. I mean of churchill which. Was just to kill them. I mean. In the book and yet your life he lifts so i mean would have probably been struck off the medical that just. Work is continuing a pace of the Tuberculosis Laboratory at bostonian hamburg. Is that positive in catalina comes as laboratory about five thousand saliva samples suspected of containing tb pathogens are examined the each year this ones also positive. These samples come from some of the poorest countries in the world theyre being examined for resistant strains of tuberculosis bacteria the results are registered in a database the information is intended to enable local Health Care Providers to help patients. But. You have to understand that if we built a home for every person in the world gave them enough to eat and a decent standard of living both resistant and non resistant tuberculosis would be far less of a problem. Just like we have failing states weak states there are many countries where the Health Care System is also very weak. A third of the most serious forms of multidrug resistant tuberculosis registered in germany each year are treated at the hospital in boston currently of the one hundred known cases in germany there are thirty five patients here the drugs alone cost about one hundred thousand euros per patient per year as more and more people flee their homes around the globe tb is also on the move. A lot on a few courses today we have far greater mobility than fleming had in his day but fortunately we dont have war here at home which fleming experienced twice in his own lifetime the first and the Second World Wars which brought with them a great deal of hardship and poverty now the hardship and poverty in the world at least some of it is coming to us instead. Of this insolence this young doctor is from armenia shes come here to work with crystal flounder in boston and receive training that shell take home to tackle the problem at its roots together with a german colleagues shes testing new centerpiece for the most serious cases of tuberculosis malaria. If we can change the situation at its source we wont be able to get a handle on diseases caused by multi resistant microorganisms or theyre spread we could. Do this in our today we have very good and i was. Not there. After the surgery it looks like well be able to cure your tuberculosis. To be sure that it doesnt come back youll have to take your medication for about ten more months. To come into. The system to understand for a doctor is very satisfying when were able to cure a patients this is an enormous step forward from the time before Alexander Fleming today were able to cure people suffering from Infectious Diseases and for a doctor thats wonderful of course its the terms and. In lates nine hundred forty one the us decided to end to the second world. Says ten jones after all. The United States was not. Penicillin i just change it to importance if you could get your second wounded but construction moved quickly then your enemies it give you no cheat function which. Colleague Howard Florey departed for the us in his luggage he had fresh mowed cultures and some of his purified penicillin. With funding provided by the Rockefeller FoundationAmerican Pharmaceutical Companies immediately began mass production of penicillin. Penicillin actually comes from all spores of that mold are put in the plant here they peed on a sugary liquid in which up to nine days penicillin is contained in solution and liquid has grain offered for the treatment in the process of separating the penicillin from the fluid is achieved all penicillin produced as used by the allied fighting force the liquid not charged with penicillin is poured from the bottle turned into a powder it is ready for you. The new wonder drug was launched on the American Market with great fanfare. The hope was that it would soon help in the war effort. As the movie wouldnt show on the move and move penicillin chiefs costs came down as gyptian wench. Buying nine hundred forty four reason of penicillin for widespread use in the battlefields of the views of. June the sixth one thousand nine hundred forty four the Largest Naval invasion force of all time was. Nearing the coast of normandy which was occupied by the german via muffed. On d. Day more than one hundred fifty thousand soldiers from the us british and Canadian Forces had ampules of penicillin and injection kits in their knapsacks they believed themselves to be a destructible. After the end of the Second World War penicillin remained an important weapon in the arsenal of the victorious allied countries the drug had proven effective against some of the most devastating Infectious Diseases it was now indispensable. But the allies didnt want the countries they vanquished poverty and homelessness were rife in the austrian capital vienna alone some two hundred forty thousand people had no food no roof over their heads austrian doctors were banned from prescribing penicillin they were able to obtain it only on the black market. Nineteen forty five and forty six. There was the whole question of showed and this and the use. Of these. Like nazi germany austria stood accused of committing atrocities during the Second World War penicillin became a kind of moral weapon to be used against the population. The argument was made thirsts world the church. We responsible for the thirty four we shouldnt give them consume. In vienna children of the elderly in particular suffered from epidemic levels of tuberculosis diphtheria typhoid fever and meningitis with no access to a drug that could have treated them thousands. In the mean time Alexander Fleming experienced a personal triumph in october one thousand nine hundred forty five just a few months after the end of the Second World War in europe he was awarded the nobel prize for medicine together with his oxford colleagues Howard Florey and ernst chain. Without intense pressure from the military and the exceptional circumstances of the war economy the breakthrough would have taken longer than it did. But i will say. One more mother was. Happening injunctions. And so long. So maybe i wouldnt be. Like kevin brown today countless families have their own personal stories of penicillin to tell. Pharmacologist if a little recalls the fate of her own great grandmother. And what it meant among other things my great grandmother was denied access even though she would have needed it she was suspected of having had an abortion the priest and doctors said she would have to admit this in order to receive penicillin. Feeling but she insisted that was not what had happened and she died high today that wouldnt have happened. When Alexander Fleming won the nobel prize it seems that a turning point in the history of medicine had been reached but in his acceptance speech fleming warned of a new danger. That feel like the time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in shops. Then there is the danger that people may easily underdose themselves and by exposing their microbes to normal lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant to morrow if you use penicillin use enough. The austrian town of corn the first place where penicillin was produced in tablet form on an industrial scale in the one nine hundred fifty s. The dream of a miracle drug that could be taken orally had become a reality in the west. In the us penicillin was even proposed as an ingredient in baked goods. In responsible use of penicillin including over prescribing by doctors help to unleash the looming disaster of antibiotic resistance it went hand in hand with a profit oriented pharmaceutical industry which continues to lure us with promises of perfect health. Time has nearly run out the spread of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria could spell catastrophe. And is a vital if we continue as we have then we will return to a time a phase when we wont be able to treat very simple Infectious Diseases. And of course that would be a total disaster. AleXander Fleming the scientist who discovered the miraculous properties of a fungus hes a hero of modern medicine even if he was unable to heal the world. Good look at all that. Equality and better opportunities. More and more croatians are leaving their homeland because they cant find work. Many areas are now devoid of families with children more and more schools are closing. Especially the qualified an educated on the them because they see the future in croatia. In thirty minutes on d w. If you ever have to cover up a murder the best way is to make of accidents raring to have. Never read a book like this i dont have the terrorists to german law streets. Im not laughing at the gym i just sometimes i am but i stand up english and that means the german thinks deep into the german culture of looking at the stereotypes that indians think this leaves the country that i now know that i. Needed to take from those grandmothers there you go its cold out there in the time rachel join me to meet the gentleman from d. W. Post. Modern. This is due to be a news live from berlin and intense week of break the talks begins in brussels the british Prime Minister says the next seven days will be critical but with the hardliners already rejecting what may has negotiated so far is there any chance of the two sides reaching an agreement is also coming up. Were going to tell you that. The leaders of hong kongs approach to mark or c. Umbrella movement go on trial one of them tells me that he will continue was fight even if it means going to prison. Lol