Transcripts For KPIX 60 Minutes 20150323

Each one contains nearly a half a ton of whats called rare earth elements, almost all of which come from china. The guidance systems on Weapons Systems and tomahawk cruise missile, any of the smart bombs have rare earths in them. Id be hardpressed to name anything that we consider Worth Building today and Going Forward that would not have a rare earth compound in it. Stahl because of this, because of the monopoly on rare earths, does china threaten our National Security . Unchecked, yes. cheers and applause rose heres something you havent seen before an astrophysicist, on stage, in a soldout auditorium. Neil Degrasse Tyson is re igniting a fascination for the great beyond. Hes succeeded carl sagan as the countrys most captivating scientific communicator. When i was 11, i said, this is so amazing, who wouldnt want to study the universe . Rose what was so amazing . The endless frontier of it all, the vastness of it, the mystery of it. Im steve kroft. Im lesley stahl. Im lara logan. Im bill whitaker. Im charlie rose. Im scott pelley. Those stories tonight on 60 minutes. Cbs money watch update brought to you in part by good evening. The new Prime Minister of greece meets with germanys chancellor tomorrow over growing tensions over the greek bailout crisis. The number of working oil rigs in the u. S. Is down to 825, a 50 drop from last october. And today delphis driverless car began a Cross Country trip. Im vinita nair, cbs news. The new, twentyfifteen ford focus believes in more. More to see. More to feel. More to make things really really. Interesting. The new focus. From the auto brand more people buy, and buy again. My name is brenda, and this is my aha moment. In the flood of 1997 my husband, my sons, myself, our dog. We all got out. Everything was fine. However, the water was over our house. We lost all of our possessions. It made me realize what is important and what isnt. You have your family you have your health and anything else is just extra and it can all be replaced. Mutual of omaha. Insure your possibilities. Insurance. Retirement. Banking. Investments. Logan there are few places on earth where christianity is as old as it is in iraq. Christians there trace their history to the firstcentury apostles. But today, their existence has been threatened by the terrorist group that calls itself Islamic State. More than 125,000 christians men, women and children have been forced from their homes over the last ten months. The Islamic State, or isis stormed into iraqs second largest city, mosul, last summer and took control. From there, it pushed into the neighboring villages and towns across this region, known as the Nineveh Plains, a vast area thats been home to christians since the First Century after christ. Much of what took almost 2,000 years to build has been lost in a matter of months. chanting on the side of a mountain overlooking the Nineveh Plains of ancient mesopotamia is the monastery of st. Matthew. Its one of the oldest on earth. The voices of its monks have echoed here since the fourth century, uttering prayers that have not changed. You do the service in aramaic. Joseph ibrahim yes. Logan which was the language of jesus. Ibrahim yes. Logan are you among the last people on earth to speak this language . Ibrahim we think so, because we kept this language through the language of prayers. Logan prayers through centuries of persecution. Father Joseph Ibrahim is one of only seven monks left here. He told us the monastery was founded in 363, and has survived the persian and ottoman empires, mongol invaders, and kurdish conquests. Today, its threatened by the Islamic State, whose fighters advanced towards st. Matthews gates shortly after taking mosul last summer. Kurdish soldiers pushed them back to this village, where their flag still flies only four miles from the monastery. What are you most afraid of . Ibrahim unknown future. Logan the unknown future . Ibrahim yes. Logan what do you think is going to happen . Ibrahim we dont know exactly, but we are expecting the worse. Logan the road from st. Matthews brings you to the frontline, just six miles from the outskirts of mosul. Every town and village between here and the occupied city is in the hands of the Islamic State. And now, were told, for the first time in nearly 2,000 years, there are no christians left inside mosul. Nicodemus sharaf they take everything from us, but they cannot take the god from our hearts, they cannot. Logan Nicodemus Sharaf is the archbishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church in mosul, one of about 10,000 christians who fled the city. We found him living as a refugee in the kurdish capital, erbil. He said isis fighters were already inside mosul when he escaped. Sharaf i didnt have any time to take anything. I was told i had five minutes to go. Just i took five books that are very old. Logan among them, this aramaic manuscript. He told us it was written 500 years ago, and said he left behind hundreds more older than this one, christian relics that may never be recovered. Sharaf i think they burn all the books. And we have books from the First Century of the christianity. Logan you had from the First Century . Sharaf of the christianity. When i remember this, i cannot. From the beginning the christianity, this is the first time we cannot pray in our churches. Logan as it seeks to erase christianity from the landscape, the Islamic State allows no christian symbols. It just released these photographs, which show the desecration of the church at what is believed to be the monastery of mar gorgis just north of mosul. And nothing is sacred. Isis blew up this mosque just over a month after taking here. Its a site holy to both christians and muslims because the Old Testament prophet jonah was said to be buried inside. Just like the nazis marked the property of jews, Christian Homes in mosul have been marked with this red symbol. Its the arabic letter n for nasara, an early islamic term for christians. When isis puts it on your home you either convert to islam, pay an extortion tax, or face the sword. Issah al qurain is one of tens of thousands who had to make that choice. He was at home with his family in the Christian Village where hed lived all his life when isis fighters came looking for him. He told us the fighters first took all his money, then his wife and children. They were telling you convert, convert, convert . translated yes, convert. In the beginning, i refused. I told them i was christian, and i had my religion and they had their religion. But they told me, if you dont convert, we will kill you and take your wife and children. Logan he agreed and was taken to mosul to convert where he was reunited with his family. Soon, isis fighters were asking about his young daughter, and he told us that frightened him more than anything. Al qurain they said to me that, in islam, the sharia says girls that are ten years old should get married. As soon as they left, my wife and i shut the door. We looked at each other and she started to cry and pray. We were so scared they were going to take our daughter from us. Logan they escaped in the back of a taxi. Issah says they talked their way through three isis checkpoints and traveled for over four hours on back roads to erbil where like archbishop sharaf, they now live as refugees. Some 30,000 christians were living in erbil before this crisis, most of them chaldean catholics, who follow their own ancient traditions but recognize the authority of the pope. Bashar warda is the archbishop of this diocese. He says his congregation has swelled by more than 60,000 refugees as kurdistan, the semi autonomous region in the north of iraq, has become a safe haven for christians fleeing the Islamic State. This is one of the oldest Christian Communities in the world, thousands of years old. Bashar warda 2,000, almost. Logan and when you look at it today, where is that Christian Community here . Warda disappearing. Its dying. Logan archbishop warda said christians in iraq, ironically felt safer under saddam hussein. Democracy brought a new wave of persecution and prompted a mass exodus of christians. When the u. S. Withdrew completely in 2011, archbishop warda says the situation became even worse because iraqs new leaders were incapable of governing without help. Warda i think american support was needed, needed forcefully. You cannot leave the country like this and tell them, well weve liberated you. We cannot do the job for you and we are walking away. This is your country, rule it. Logan so, in your view walking away in 2011 was just as damaging to iraq as 2003 when the u. S. Invaded . Warda yes. Its not blaming, but thats the reality. This is not what you came for in 2003. The 4,000 sacrifices of the american soldiers was not meant to come to this day. Logan christianity in iraq was born in the towns and villages of the Nineveh Plains like this one called tel isqof which lies less than 20 miles north of mosul. Christians have lived here and walked these streets for over a thousand years. But today, theres no one. Theyre all gone, driven out by fear. And one of the most striking things you notice is the silence. Every road was deserted, houses and possessions abandoned, others destroyed. Tel isqof had always been a refuge for Iraqs Christians until last august when isis moved in and 7,000 christians fled. Three weeks later, kurdish soldiers pushed the terrorists out. But father rony hana says isis instilled such fear here that his people wont come back. He worries, too, but returns for a few hours every morning to check on his church, which he said isis fighters used as their base. He told us one of them called him on his cell phone to ask how to operate the church generator. They really did, they asked you that . And you told them . I guided them to where it was located around the corner from here, he told us, and explained how to turn it on. The last thing i said was to please take care of the church and they just hung up. The cleansing of Iraqs Christians from this land is something archbishop sharaf believes ought to be generating a much louder cry of outrage from his muslim friends and neighbors. Sharaf speak up. Of course, there is good people of the islam people. There is not all muslim people they are bad, i believe. But where is the good people . Where is their voice . Nothing. Few. Few. Logan with everything that has happened here to the christians, what has been lost . Sharaf they lost our dignity here. Im sorry to say that. We dont have dignity in our country, in our land. Logan most everyone we met welcomed u. S. Led air strikes here, but they also said it is not nearly enough. Taking back mosul, a city of about 1. 5 million people, is widely understood to be a difficult prospect. Archbishop warda believes the iraqi army cant do it alone and as long as the city remains in the hands of isis who he refers to as daesh, its arabic name no christians will be going home. Warda for me, daesh is a cancer. Its a disease. So, sometimes, you take some hard measures, unfortunate measures to deal and to treat this cancer. Logan so you want to see a Major Military offensive to retake mosul . Warda yeah, to get iraq to its normal situation. Logan and by getting iraq to its normal situation, you mean restoring the border between iraq and syria . Warda yes. Logan getting rid of daesh, the Islamic State . Warda exactly. Logan defeating them militarily . Warda please god. Logan the Christian Community hastily set up militias to guard their deserted villages and homes along the frontline, and theyre getting a little help. We were surprised to come across american brett felton, a christian veteran of the iraq war, who traveled on his own from detroit to train christian volunteers. And this man, khamis, who said he came from australia, driven to defend the land where he was born. What do you think the Islamic State intends to do with the christians here . Khamis to wipe them out, to be nothing. No place left that bears the name of christian or christianity. Logan christians in the Frontier Town of al qosh live in the shadow of the Islamic State. Under constant threat, the militiamen keep watch as they celebrate their faith and carry out traditions that are as old as christianity on the Nineveh Plains. bells tolling why has this American Christian volunteered to battle isis on his own . Go to 60minutesovertime. Com. Sponsored by lyrica. 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They all depend on something called rare earth elements unusual metals that are sprinkled inside almost every piece of high tech you can think of. Most people have never heard of them. But we have become so reliant on rare earths that a few years ago, an intense global power struggle broke out over their free flow. The reason is that one country has a virtual monopoly roughly 90 of the mining, refining, and processing of rare earths, china. And in 2010, it used that power to disrupt the worlds supply. Its especially troubling, because it was the United States that started the rare earth revolution in the first place. It all began here at this mine in Mountain Pass, california, an hour west of las vegas, when geologists first identified rare earth elements deep in the Mojave Desert. They were considered geological oddities until the 60s, when it was discovered that one of these elements, europium, enhanced the color red in tv sets, and soon the rare earth industry was born. Cbs presents this program in color Constantine Karayannopoulos rare earth chemistry is fascinating. Theres so many more things that we could be doing with rare earths. Stahl Constantine Karayannopoulos, chairman of molycorp, which has owned and operated the Mountain Pass mine for six decades, took us to the heart of the operation. Is this considered a big mine . Karayannopoulos in terms of rare earth standards, yes. Its one of the biggest in the world. Stahl are we actually walking on rare earth elements right now . Karayannopoulos were physically on the ore body. Stahl we are right on it. Karayannopoulos it starts at the top of the mine, then comes down, and were walking on it and it goes in that direction. Stahl so, what are rare earth elements . If you ever took high school chemistry, you learned that theyre clumped together at the end of the periodic table atomic numbers 57 through 71 and they have difficultto pronounce greek or scandinavian names. Karayannopoulos lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium. Stahl some of them are phosphorescent. Erbium amplifies light, and is used in fiberoptic cables. Gadolinium has Magnetic Properties and is used in m. R. I. Machines and xrays. As for neodymium . You may be carrying some of it in your pocket. Karayannopoulos next time your phone vibrates, think of us because the vibration motor is a small motor that contains a tiny neodymium magnet in it. Stahl karayannopoulos showed us around a new model home to illustrate that rare earths are making our appliances Energy Efficient, like stateoftheart refrigerators, touchscreen thermostats, Energy Efficient light bulbs, the air conditioning systems. Theyre also in our cars in the form of catalytic converters sensors, and hybrid car batteries. Karayannopoulos hybrids, in particular, use a lot more because they contain electric motors that would not function without rare earths. Stahl a prius has roughly 25 pounds of rare earths. And theyre hidden in plain sight in our every day lives, in our computers and gadgets. Even the lights and cameras we used to film this story are chock full of rare earths. What im getting from you is that modern life depends on these elements. Karayannopoulos absolutely. Stahl despite their name rare earths are not rare. Small amounts can be found in your backyard. Theyre trapped in what looks like ordinary rock. But there are only a few places on earth with concentrations high enough to mine. Karayannopoulos rare earths normally are found in very, very low concentrations. This is probably running something in the 25 grade. Stahl thats good . Karayannopoulos which is remarkable. To anyone who has ever worked with rare earths, this is a thing of beauty. Stahl but getting the rare earths out of that rock is nasty business, requiring toxic acids and lots of water. In fact, the mine was shut down by the state of california in 1998 after radioactive water seeped into the surrounding Mojave Desert from an underground pipe. The mine lay dormant for a decade, giving china an opportunity. Dan mcgroarty the chinese made a very conscious decision to enter that industry. Stahl Dan Mcgroarty was special assistant to president george h. W. Bush, and today advises the u. S. Government on critical materials. When the molycorp mine closed, he says china was already well on its way to becoming the king of rare earths. Mcgroarty theres a point at which the lines cross. The United States production declines, chinese productions ramping up. Those lines cross somewhere around 1986. Stahl so how did they pull it off . What were the factors that allowed them to basically take this away from us . Mcgroarty well, the advantage of lower labor costs would be a place to start. Also, environmentally, very. Almost no Environmental Constraints around mining safety considerations for the miners doing mining, in huge contrast to the United States. So, that translates directly into lower pricing. And lower pricing can push other people out of the market. Stahl and thats basically what happened . Mcgroarty thats basically what happened. Stahl the chinese also had orders from the top. In a littlenoticed speech in 1992, Deng Xiaoping signaled chinas intention to corner the market. What exactly did he say . Mcgroarty the middle east has oil. China has rare earths. Stahl he actually said that, Deng Xiaoping . Mcgroarty actually said that. I think its fair to say, at that point, people in the rest of the world, who had been saying, what are. What is he talking about . Just went right over our heads. Mcgroarty i think so. Stahl did we just not foresee what they foresaw . Mcgroarty its extraordinary if they actually foresaw all the uses. Our designers and developers advanced the miniaturized applications for laptops and cell phones, while the chinese were going after the metals and materials out of which these things are actually built. Stahl how did they get the knowhow . Mcgroarty an enormous amount of investment. Its kind of like the chinese moon shot, the moon program. Stahl china poured billions into the industry, ignoring the consequences. We obtained this video from a freelance cameraman showing the area near baotou, chinas rare earth capital, where the air land and water are so saturated with chemical toxins, the chinese have had to relocate entire villages. This is one of the few places where rare earths are turned into metals, which are then alloyed, or blended, into things like permanent magnets. Ed richardson these are magnets that once you magnetize them, they stay that way. Stahl ed richardson, president of the u. S. Magnetic materials association, says the most important use of rare earths is in magnets. Only a small amount can produce magnets able to lift a thousand times their weight. Richardson this is a cell phone. Stahl he showed us how miniaturized rare earth magnets can be. Richardson so im going to take it apart layer by layer and were going to get to the point where we can actually see the magnets, the rare earth magnets, that are inside there. Stahl oh, let me see this. Richardson theres three little magnets in there. Stahl oh, one, two, three. Richardson right. If you put the paperclip on, you can see how it sticks. Stahl and this little tiny thing is the speaker. Richardson right. This is how devices have gotten small, very powerful, because the magnets are so powerful, you dont have to use much of it. Stahl the u. S. Developed this technology, but china bought most of it right out from under us. For instance, in 1995, china bought the biggest American Rare Earth Magnet Company magnequench, which was based in indiana. Richardson when they bought the factory, they now had the patents. They now had the equipment. And they actually had some of the magnequench employees in the United States go to china and teach the people how to make the products. Stahl did we not understand the strategic importance of keeping that industry here . Richardson we didnt get it. And unfortunately, the technology was transferred to china before that technology was appreciated. And now, were seeing so many, for instance, Defense Systems that are dependent on it. Stahl does that make us dependent on china for our Defense Systems . Richardson oh, we are very dependent on china. Stahl we are dependent on china for our weaponry. Richardson right. Stahl a prime example of that is the new f35 fighter jet, the most technologically advanced weapons system in history. Each one contains nearly half a ton of rare earths. Former white house official Dan Mcgroarty says thats just for starters. Mcgroarty the guidance systems on Weapons Systems and tomahawk cruise missile, any of the smart bombs have rare earths in them. Lasers. Id be hardpressed to name anything that we would consider Worth Building today and Going Forward that would not have a rare earth compound in it. Stahl because of this, because of the monopoly on rare earths, does china threaten our National Security . Mcgroarty unchecked, yes. Stahl what finally woke up the u. S. Government was an incident at sea in 2010. A chinese fishing trawler rammed a Japanese Coast Guard ship in a territorial dispute. The japanese seized the boats captain, and two weeks later china stopped shipping rare earths to japan. Mcgroarty the chinese cut them off. And for 30 to 40 days, the rare earths did not flow to japan. So it was a real shot across the bow for the japanese that this is something that you have to be worried with. Stahl it was a wakeup call. Finally, 20 years after Deng Xiaopings speech, rare earths were on the u. S. Radar screen. Barack obama this case involves something called rare earth materials. Stahl president obama announced a formal complaint to the World Trade Organization against china for creating shortages for foreign buyers and last august, the w. T. O. Ruled against beijing. No one in the Obama Administration would talk to us on camera about rare earths and our dependence on china, including the department of energy, the pentagon, or the u. S. Trade representative. Even the private sector didnt want to discuss the problem. We tried to get interviews with heads of companies that use the magnets and other products coming out of china, and they would not talk to us. Is there fear in hightech companies that if they Say Something negative, maybe china wont sell them what they need . Mcgroarty i think that there is grave concern in these companies, but perhaps not a willingness to talk about that on a street corner. So what is the u. S. Doing to restore the industry here . Out in california, molycorp was allowed to reopen after it developed new technology that protects the environment. But even when its at full capacity, the mine will only produce a fraction of the worlds supply of rare earths. The pentagon has begun stockpiling rare earths, and industry is researching new technologies that would replace them. Do you get any help from the u. S. Government . They want to have a rare earth industry here. Karayannopoulos encouragement, yeah. Stahl encouragement, thats it . Karayannopoulos yeah. Stahl the government is not offering incentives like tax breaks or subsidies that would lure businesses into the market. What needs to change to bring more of the industry back to the United States . Karayannopoulos first of all, we need to take a longterm view. It took 20 years to lose the dominant position, at least 20 years. And its probably going to take us ten, 15 years, if we execute, for some of these supply chains to start coming back. Stahl but trouble is once again looming for the u. S. Rare earth industry. Since restarting operations two years ago, molycorps Mountain Pass mine has yet to turn a profit, and is so deeply in debt that just last week, its own auditor warned it may not be able to stay in business. Woman its been a journey to get where i am. And i didnt get here alone. There were people who listened along the way. People who gave me options. Kept me on track. And through it all my retirement never got left behind. So today, im prepared for anything we may want tomorrow to be. Every someday needs a plan. Lets talk about your old 401 k today. 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Heres something you havent seen before an astrophysicist, on stage, in a soldout auditorium. cheers and applause his following has grown as he has mastered many mediums, including television, twitter, and radio. Neil Degrasse Tyson the good thing about science is that its true whether or not you believe in it. cheers and applause rose we caught up with him in seattle, where he said, a cosmic perspective could improve life on earth. Tyson we, in astrophysics, we think of the universe all the time. So, to us, earth is just another planet. From a distance, its a speck. And im convinced that if everyone had a cosmic perspective, you wouldnt have legions of armies waging war on other people because someone would say, stop, look at the universe. Rose so, youve become a superstar of the universe. Tyson laughs the status that you refer to is. I. Im shocked by it every day, just every day. Every day i wake up, and i look at my twitter feed and. Rose two million, by the way. Tyson two and a half million. Im thinking, i need to remind these people, hey look, im an astrophysicist. Did i tell you that . laughter you can. Theres still time to back out. But for me, as an educator and as a scientist, what it tells me is there really is an under served curiosity in adults. Rose to spark that curiosity, he told us this is the most mindaltering picture ever taken, shot 46 years ago from apollo 8 while orbiting the moon. Tyson this was the first time any of us had seen earth the way nature had intended, with oceans and land and clouds. So many of us had only ever seen earth on a school room globe. And so this is the birth of a cosmic perspective. Rose and that idea should change our world. Tyson back then, that idea did change our world. Earth day was founded. Leaded gas was banned. D. D. T. Was banned. All of a sudden, people were thinking about earth as. As a world, that were all in it together. Were thinking, were exploring the moon and we discovered the earth for the first time. Rose hes the head of the Hayden Planetarium in new york and lives in the city with his wife and two children. Tyson received his doctorate from columbia. He says there are so few astrophysicists that they are literally one in a million. Please tell me, what is an astrophysicist . Tyson in astrophysics, we care about how matter, motion, and energy manifest in objects and phenomenon in the universe. Stars are born, they live out their lives, they die. Some of the ones that die explode. Our sun will not be one of those, but it will die. And itll take earth with us. So we b. Make sure we have other destinations in mind when that happens. And ive got it on my. On my calendar. laughter rose i was going to say, when is this going to happen . I want to make. I want to make plans. Tyson in about five billion years, and so, we probably have other issues to concern ourselves with for our survival between now and then. Rose you said, i am, we are stardust. Tyson yes. Rose what does that mean . Tyson for me, the most astonishing fact is that the molecules that comprise our body are traceable. Are traceable to the crucibles of the centers of stars, that manufactured these elements from lighter versions of themselves, and then exploded, scattering this enrichment across the galaxy into gas clouds that would later collapse to form nextgeneration star systems. One of those star systems was ours. These atoms and molecules are in us because, in fact, the universe is in us. And we are not only figuratively, but literally, stardust. Rose tyson became most widely known hosting the Television Series cosmos. Tyson when we try to look even farther into the universe we come to what appears to be the end of space, but actually its the beginning of time. Rose fans line up down the block to watch him record his radio show, star talk. Tyson the sun keeps all the planets on their appointed orbits, yet somehow manages to ripen a bunch of grapes as though it had nothing else in the world to do. Galileo. laughter star talk radio. Thank you. cheers and applause rose next month, star talk radio will also become a weekly Cable Television show. He is not in movies yet, but he becomes a movie critic when he spots a scene thats supposed to be scientifically accurate but isnt. You saw the movie titanic. Tyson yes. Rose and there was a scene in which theyre looking up at the stars, and you see it. Tyson it wasnt just a scene. The ship is sinking at a longitude latitude time date we know. And theres. Only one sky should have been over that. That sinking ship. Rose and it wasnt. Tyson it was the wrong sky. But it was not only the wrong sky; they, like, made it up. And the left half of the sky was a mirror reflection of the right. So its not only the wrong sky it was a lazy sky. Rose its a movie. Tyson you really want to take me there. You want. Say it again. Let me hear it. Rose its a movie tyson okay. They found the titanic. They photographed the titanic. They knew what the state rooms looked like and the china patterns and the. Rose so they set the standard. Tyson they required of me that i analyze it at that level. Rose instead of the fake sky, tyson said the real sky would have looked like this. So, in a later release, director James Cameron changed the sky to tysons specifications. And as for whats falling from the sky, he showed me a piece of an asteroid that he keeps in his office. And where is this rock from . Tyson and this is a rock from space. Rose oh, my. Ooh. Heavy. Tyson yeah, yeah. You can feel just the weight of this thing. And this was part of a much larger asteroid that collided with earth about 50,000 years ago. And so now, imagine this about a million times larger going 40,000 miles an hour colliding with earth. And you get a sense of the energy of what is out there and that earth is in a shooting gallery and the. Rose and this is why we have to worry about asteroids . Tyson i should think so. laughter rose tyson first became interested in the stars staring up at them from the roof of his apartment building. Now, his playground is the Hayden Planetarium. Tyson the milky ways actually visible behind me here. Rose this is the planetarium that changed his life when he was just nine years old. Youd seen the sky from your rooftop. Tyson oh, from my roof in the bronx. And i saw all dozen stars that are visible. laughter on a good night, maybe 14 stars. And i come in here, and they dim the light, and i said, wow and it was the universe. Rose when you walked out of this planetarium, i mean, were you a different person because you were overwhelmed by the experience . Tyson you put your finger on it. Id spent my entire life never knowing that such a sky existed. And then to be struck by it, to be starstruck by it. And after that day, i said, i want to learn more about it. Tyson children keep changing their minds about what they want to be, but tyson stuck with the stars. Tyson and if you asked me, as a kid at age 11, that annoying question that adults always ask kids. What is it. . Rose what do you want to do when you grow up . Tyson i would say, astrophysicist, and that pretty much shut everybody up in the room. laughter the universe is so amazing and so limitless, and who wouldnt want to study the universe . Rose what was so amazing . Tyson the endless frontier of it all. The vastness of it. The mystery of it. Rose but tyson had to fight societal stereotypes to reach his goal. Because he is black, he said teachers pushed him toward athletics, not astrophysics, which he called the path of most resistance. Tyson when i needed to overcome the low expectations of others or the. The bias that would be expressed in one circumstance or another, id keep on keepin on. And i climb over the obstacle, go around it, dig under it, fly over it. Thats what kept me going. Otherwise, i would have never been an astrophysicist. Rose at age 56, tyson is still starstruck by both the sky and the planetarium that brought it to life. Tyson so imprinted was i by that sky that, to this day, i go to mountain tops where the finest observatories in the world are located and i say to myself, that reminds me of the Hayden Planetarium. laughter rose and when you walk outside, wherever you are, do you look up every time you walk outdoors . Tyson any time i exit a building, i look up, even if i can tell you that kids. Kids will look up when they come out and adults just stop. Weve stopped catching snowflakes in our mouth, we stopped jumping into puddles and i. I dont want to ever lose that. In life and in the universe, its always best to keep looking up. Rose uplifting and upbeat, he is as ebullient backstage as he is on it. Tyson everyone should. Their minds should be blown at least once a day. We are moments away from opening the house. This is a halfhour call to the top of the show. Tyson i am ready. The ceiling has spoken. Rose he relates easily to everybody. Watch how he connected to this questioner. I saw you a couple of years ago in houston. Tyson houston, the first word ever spoken from the surface of the moon. laughter houston. Tranquility base here. The eagle has landed. Rose but tyson upset a lot of people when he argued in part that pluto was too small and insignificant to qualify as a planet, despite what wed learned in school. Tyson i didnt kill pluto, but i was an accessory. Rose yeah, you were complicit. Tyson i drove the getaway car, perhaps. Thats all ill admit to. Rose he got hate mail from Elementary School students including this letter he read during his performance in seattle. Tyson why cant pluto be a planet . Some people like pluto, and if it doesnt exist, then they dont have a favorite planet. laughter right . Please write back, but not in cursive because i cant read cursive. laughter rose his big finish is often this picture of earth, taken from the cassini spacecraft showing earth as a tiny dot under saturns rings. Tyson carl sagan would ultimately write a book called the Pale Blue Dot where he waxed poetic about its meaning and significance. I want to end with a recitation from the book of carl. laughter if you look at earth from space, you see a dot, thats here. Thats home. Thats us. It underscores the responsibility to deal more kindly and compassionately with one another, and to preserve and cherish that Pale Blue Dot, the only home weve ever known. Thank you all. cheers and applause r a fight when youve got somebody thats got your back. Having chantix as a partner made it more successful. Along with support, Chantix Varenicline is proven to help people quit smoking. Chantix helped reduce my urge to smoke. Some people had changes in behavior, thinking or mood hostility, agitation, depressed mood and suicidal thoughts or actions while taking or after stopping chantix. Some people had seizures while taking chantix. If you have any of these stop chantix and call your doctor right away. Tell your doctor about any history of Mental Health problems, which could get worse while taking chantix or history of seizures. Dont take chantix if youve had a serious allergic or skin reaction to it. If you develop these stop chantix and see your doctor right away as some can be lifethreatening. Tell your doctor if you have a history of heart or blood vessel problems or develop new or worse symptoms. Get medical help right away if you have symptoms of a heart attack or stroke. Decrease alcohol use while taking chantix. Use caution when driving or operating machinery. Common side effects include nausea trouble sleeping and unusual dreams. Chantix absolutely helped me quit smoking. Ask your doctor if chantix is right for you. For most people, earning cash back ends here, at the purchase. But the citi double cash card doesnt end there. It lets you earn cash back when you buy and again as you pay. Thats cash back twice. Its cash back with a side of cash back. The citi double cash card. The only card that lets you earn cash back twice on every purchase. With 1 when you buy and 1 as you pay. With two ways to earn, it makes a lot of other cards seem onesided. Stahl now an update on a story we called the storm after the storm. We reported on allegations of wide scale fraud in the federal Flood Insurance program. After Superstorm Sandy thousands of reports written for Insurance Companies by onscene engineers were altered to make it appear the structural damage to homes wasnt as severe as originally reported. Engineer andrew braum told our sharyn alfonsi, it happened to the damage reports he wrote. Alfonsi how many of those reports were doctored . Andrew braum at least 175 of them, or approximately 96 is the number that i calculated. Alfonsi 175 of your reports were doctored . Braum correct, they were altered. Alfonsi and the ones that werent changed . Braum the ones that werent changed, interestingly, were ones where i recommended that no repairs are required. Stahl following our story, fema, the federal Emergency Management agency, agreed to reopen every Flood Insurance claim filed by sandys victims. One fema Flood Insurance manager resigned. Another retired, and more heads may roll soon. Im lesley stahl. Well be back next week with another edition of 60 minutes. And tomorrow, be sure to watch cbs this morning. under loud music this is the place. Their beard salve is made from sustainable tea tree oil and kale. You, my friend, recognize when a trend has reached critical mass. Yes, when others focus on one thing you see whats coming next. You see opportunity. Thats what a type e does. And so it begins. With e trades investing insights center, you can spot trends before they become trendy. E trade. Opportunity is everywhere. Captioning funded by cbs and ford captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org sirens wailing in distance explosions in distance alarm beeping alarm stops gunfire in distance indistinct shouting gunfire continues man youre off to a good start. gunfire continues over tv jason, why dont you turn that off now . Come on, come get some breakfast. Jason all right, let me. Thats enough carnage for 7 00 a. M. All right, let me save it. Hold on. Uh, oh, ill save it for you. Jason well. Dad. Come on. laughs come on, lets go. Hey, dont act like you got some big problem with my game. You play it, too. Okay. Aah oh, come on