He'll be feeling a good deal more comfortable financially authorities in the United States have filed a lawsuit against the head of Tesla Elan Musk accusing him of lying to investors Mr Musk has rejected the charges from New York his can get a listen in documents filed in a Manhattan court the Us Securities and Exchange Commission allege that Elon Musk made statements that were deliberately false and misleading when he sent out a tweet in early August announcing he had secured funding to take Tesla private according to the complaint Mr Musk had not even discussed key deal terms with any potential funding source as a result the f.c.c. Has said Mr Musk behaved recklessly and they've asked a federal judge to bar Mr Musk as an officer or director of a public company in addition to paying civil penalties China and Russia have called on the u.n. Security Council to consider easing sanctions on North Korea despite a warning from the u.s. Secretary of state Mike Pompei or that they must continue to be enforced the Chinese foreign minister Wang he said sanctions were not an end in themselves but needed to be accompanied by a political process Russia's foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said that sanctions should not be a collective punishment he said gradual disarmament by North Korea should be followed by an easing of sanctions. Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu has revealed what he says is a secret location where Iran has been storing nuclear equipment or material Alan Johnston reports Mr Netanyahu held up a picture of the front gate of a warehouse in Tehran and said this was a secret nuclear storage site he told the delegates assembled at the u.n. That hundreds of tons of material had been kept there and that the Iranians had intended to use it when the time was right to build a nuclear weapon Mr Netanyahu said Israel wouldn't allow that to happen the Iranians have always insisted that they don't seek an atomic arsenal wild news from the b.b.c. Officials in Mali say at least 7 soldiers and a civilian driver have been killed in a region badly affected by Islamist violence some reports but the number of deaths much higher the men died when 2 of their vehicles hit improvised explosive devices in sent from Mali much of the country is affected by jihadist violence and communal clashes on Thursday fronts deployed $120.00 extra troops to Mali tea workers in Kenya have filed a case in a Supreme Court in London charging that the British Dutch transitional company Unilever failed to meet its human rights obligations during post-election violence in 2007 the workers allege that the company failed to protect them a claim Unilever denies more than $1000.00 people were killed in the unrest Court documents say 7 Unilever workers were among those killed and 56 women were raped. Prosecutors in the Netherlands say 7 men have been arrested on suspicion of planning to attack a large public event they were detained in 4 cities from The Hague has Anna Holligan the men are believed to have been planning to use explosives and Kalashnikovs at an event and detonate a car bomb at a separate location the exact targets is still under investigation the national public prosecutor's office said the suspects were looking for a k $47.00 small arms hand grenades bombs and raw materials for one or more car bombs the intelligence service stated they intended to kill many victims the justice minister described the men who are between the ages of 21 and 34 as a terrorist cell and International Studies found that the world's populations of killer whales are at risk the cause seems to be a highly toxic chemical called p.c.b. Before it was banned decades ago p.c.b. Was prevalent in many everyday items the toxins are now leeching into the oceans and being absorbed by Orca causing damage to their reproductive capability b.b.c. News. Hello this is a saw show on the b.b.c. World Service with me Ben Carter I'm with me and had entered a program how do you bring up your sons if you're a feminist we'll hear from us and sons from different cultural backgrounds about the impact of feminism on my mother son bond plus how do you work out how many people have died as a result of a hurricane But 1st Mike Wendling a nice to see but all take an in-depth look at the impact of social media on people who are trying to lose weight. Now and I'm making a bit of an effort to get into shape Oh really my Yeah so I've been a bit slack lately on the old exercise front has been a lot going on here trending the horn I don't have hard to find the time but enough excuses I'm starting to run in the park I do have to do yoga in the morning well in that case Mike now I stay and are you serious you have a dad knowledge like I'm totally serious I'm not even exaggerating just for the purposes of our story today why would I ever do that really I'm feeling pretty good about it but I do know that if I needed a hand I needed some outside support is plenty of things out there I could turn to a ton of fitness apps that do all sorts of things there are diet trackers this technology to help you drink less quit smoking whatever it is you want to do to improve your health and included in all that of course is social media. I think you can safely call the emphasis on fitness and health a mega trend there are a huge number of accounts social media influencers and a ton of products it's big business a quick search for the hash tag fit spiration on any social network brings up literally millions of images close ups of ultra defined abs huge biceps before or after pictures keep. And workout gear lifting weights all sorts of stuff but is it actually a good idea to turn to social networks if you want to lose weight. You're listening to b.b.c. Trending the lean low fat program that takes an in-depth look at the world of social media Mike you asked a big question at the top there so let's try and break it down a bit but 1st a health warning if you're looking to lose weight especially a lot of ways consult a professional your doctor or g.p. And they can give you the right advice absolutely Now my own interest in this started when I heard about a study by Tim squirrel 10 is a researcher at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and essentially what I do is I look at Internet communities and I look at how people in those communities decide who and what to believe to look specifically at self-improvement communities on Reddit Now that's a a social network a really popular one but it has some fundamental differences with some of the others that you might be familiar with its text heavy rather than picture led like Instagram and there are some other differences too it's likely that a large number of people who are listening to this have used Facebook or Twitter or youtube or Instagram and that they are aware that generally speaking those platforms tend to involve you interacting with people that you already know in the real world or at least are sort of one degree of separation from you read it is people you don't know sharing things that you do care about so right it is almost entirely based around what are called subjects which are individual communities which are devoted to particular things so the really big ones of these are places like our politics and they all have a sort of our slash in front of them so our politics or our music on movies or whatever but there are smaller and smaller ones until you get down in the air extremely nice stuff and somewhere in the middle there are things. I like our Paleo and that means that people who are in these communities are drawn together by a common interest so people decide what content the most relevant to them and to their community and in the voter and then that appears to other people and they can then comment on it and so ideally the things that are most helpful most relevant most useful to you and often most funny are the things that appear even her to mention Paleo Diet enthusiastic yes paleo you better explain this because I have a relative who says they're paleo I have no idea what they eat so we've heard it possible I think everybody knows somebody who's on a paleo diet so it's also known as the caveman diet and it focuses on foods that we can theoretically hunts all find in nature the same way our hunter gatherer ancestors did before the agricultural revolution so we're talking about meat fish eggs and less of things that require cultivation like say barley in grains so outgo things like bread and pasta and you can pretty much say goodbye to carbs deep fried snacks and microwave meals not the one for me clearly as I struggle with my daily intake of hash browns I know Mike not to approach you until you've had your daily fix of 3 hash browns So the point that Tim squirrel makes is that these communities devoted to the Paleo diet can be very useful in keeping people on the diet all recommending various tips all swapping recipes. Now in addition to keeping strange is on the straight and narrow Tim says there's another benefit that it provides because it's focused around subject matter rather than individuals it doesn't tend to get dominated by big personalities that is social media celebrities or influences or people with a high follow accounts on Reddit you tend to get a lot more voices weighing in giving advice and sharing their personal stories and Tim says that's a good thing when it comes to dieting often they'll share their failures as well as their successes and they'll say you know I did this thing but before that I tried these things and these things and these things Another them worked and here's how this thing is work but it hasn't actually completely solve my problem I think that kind of new aunts is what often missing from somewhere like Instagram or something like Facebook or somewhere like Twitter in particular where you've got the character limit which makes it quite declamatory often quite confrontational whereas Reddit has a much much expanded character limit as in if you're hitting the character and you probably post an essay and that means that people really are able to get into the nitty gritty of their experience is not particularly helpful for that. I mentioned influences often these big social media stars are running their accounts as businesses and as we said before there were a huge number of fitness guru on social media led it is some would say with fresh free of influences trying to sell you their diet plans or diet food or exercise machines or whatever it is and so the conversation on Reddit is driven by quote real people. Tim's girl says that's a lot different from the big fitness accounts on a network like for example Instagram if you are on Instagram often the aspiration for you will be to get sponsored or to be adverts or to be picked up by some kind of brand as a brand ambassador and the consequence of that is that you have more of an incentive to embellish and to propagandize as it were than I think you do on something like Reddit we asked him how my implements askew the way you try to lose weight and get healthy they say here is my exercise regime here is what I'm consuming they'll put pictures and videos and that sort of thing up and then people will identify with that and then they'll sort of as a result of that will be more driven to do things like buy supplements from a person or use their discount codes for sponsorship deals or take a personal training course from that person so there's a big business side of this as well. And how does this actually pay out among all those real people on Reddit Well earlier we talked to 23 year old Joey Morgan Ellie from Michigan in the u.s. Who told us about his weight loss journey which started in April of 2050 I just interviewed hi 1st job and got it and I was starting in May and I lost about 20 pounds at that point because I had to hit about 400 pounds to walk I couldn't do anything that a normal 20 year old was supposed to do 400 pounds well that is 180 kilos Yes Joe it was seriously overweight and his story is one of a constant daily fights he said he would feel anxious about food and although he lost some weight he was becoming discourage which led him to spend more time alone I became even more reclusive I basically started myself because I was so scared to eat because every time I ate I would actually panic and it sounds silly that you know eating a cheeseburger causes somebody to panic but at the end of the data that was my trigger was you know greasy food bad food. And so this was July of 2017 now I'm 318 if you're listening in metric that's about 145 kilos so he was still overweight but that's a big drop Joe he says he was encouraged by the community on Reddit that he was part of it was breast taking to see the support you get from people that you don't even know sometimes that affirmation is more important than even you know the people closest to you know because they don't have a biased opinion about you you know they don't have this preconceived notion about you you would trust people that you don't even know. Joe is Isa and Tim squirrel is an academic Fair enough but we shouldn't need to get the feel of a trained health professional Christi percents is a registered dietitian in Chicago and for the most part she agrees with the research that indicates that social media set up or sees a not necessarily very good feel healthy. Meals are nutritionally balanced maybe they're promoting avoiding carbohydrates altogether or adding coconut oil to everything when you know you know that's not the healthiest fat you could be choosing if there's one points Christie would like to make it is that there's a lot of confusing or just plain bad suffice that influences a peddling on social media consumers are of these messages will respond and say oh I didn't realize I needed to be adding coconut oil to everything and then go in circles say oh yes it's the best thing you could be eating here you know here's a website I and you can get one free if you use my special code kind of thing so in fact they're promoting a product versus trying to help people so I think the waters are pretty mighty by you know a lot of paid endorsements as well and it just further adds to all of the confusion people have about nutrition and food but Christie doesn't share Tim schools in P.C.'s I'm full. Read it as a way to help you lose weight the negative thing about being able to hide behind that anonymity is that people will say things on Reddit that they would never say to an actual person or even say you know on Facebook or something that is linked to your actual name and identity again this is something we've seen be full on Reddit and at the social networks but in fairly different contexts but it is a site that has grappled with extremist communities like women hating in cells and other hate communities these are groups with participation is made easier by the pseudonyms that people can hide behind. When it comes to diets let me give you an example Mike this is some practical 1200 calories is plenty which is just pain wrong for the vast majority of adults a very small woman who isn't very active could potentially live on 1200 calories a day but it probably isn't recommended for most of us that's nowhere near enough most expense agree that men need about 200000 calories a day women on average about 2000 and I actually had a client who was a member of the group and got at 1st a lot of support there and then when she started working with me we did a calculation and realize she was dramatically under eating and feeling awful you know low energy she wasn't able to meet her nutrient needs so working together we increased what she was having and all of the sudden she started dropping weight RINGBACK and feeling better and feeling more energized so she went back to the red a group and said you know this energy level isn't enough for everybody I know it wasn't for me and here is my experience and she was completely attacked by that group and told that I must be a hack 1st time think very beautiful little bit more to support her workout Krista told us. 2nd story about another kind of hers who was sent me nots helped by social media I do have a client who came to me after she was following some different social media employment service and was inspired to do something called intermittent fasting she was following some individuals who recommended that you stop eating at around 6 o'clock at night and then don't eat anything else until about noon the next day so the reason this client came to me was she was getting all of her information on how to do this just from social media and what she found was that she would wake up in the middle of the night you know feeling shaky and have to eat something and she ended up feeling like she had had a she had to miss a lot of work so she came to me saying you know I'm really trying and I've reached out for support but I need to sit down and talk with somebody about how to make this work for me so I think that's just one example of how we see these trends on social media and think that person got amazing results and you know you kind of look at it maybe yourself and do a lot of comparisons which social media really breathes and that can only be walking away feeling like you're not good enough there's a pattern 1000000000 up here for sure yeah Simply put you need to be aware of how you're using social media if you want to lose weight or improve health now remember Joey the man who lost weight with the support of Reddit Well unfortunately the weight did not stay off from January to April of this year I dropped down to $261.00 from $296.00 and then I started another new job in May of this year so June is when it really started to let myself go just because there was a lot of stress ago once I got my obviously comforting thing in life is food. And now from June to now I'm back up to 350. We should again remind listeners Mike that wherever you are if you're looking to lose ways the 1st person you should see is you talk to your health care professional because they can give you personal advice not every diocese out there is suitable for every individual Now let's return to the subject of influences they exist on nearly all social media platforms and they come in all shapes and sizes although when it comes to health and fitness they definitely fear towards the mall muscly and skinny but there's no entry example qualification that you need to get before you can become an influencer I feel that many of the dietitian is really a full time job and then some and I think as I said a lot of the information is coming from individuals who don't have the expertise to be you know counseling people Christopher set our dietician from Chicago calls this one of her main concerns about influences on Instagram and elsewhere that while a few of the mice have training and qualifications the vast majority don't personal trainers usually need insurance and awareness of anatomy and physiology 1st aid training and a qualification and of course other health care professionals have specialized training even multiple degrees. And there's another issue with glossy perfectly pose social media pictures of beautiful skinny people they can create unrealistic expectations and if as is likely you don't meet those expectations your health regime can just go to pieces. There's a growing body of evidence showing that social media can have adverse impacts on mental health it's a subject for a whole other program I think but let me give you one piece of evidence there was a survey done here in the u.k. Last year that had rated Instagram as the social network that had the worst impact on the mental health of young people and it seems that some would be influences are thinking hard about what kind of influence they're having I've come to a place in social media where I've learned to embrace it and I think the images I present are authentic to who I am but it's certainly been a journey this is Rebecca Pearson she's a model from London and she dropped by our studio to have a day to tell us the inside story of her Instagram journey I was told by my model agency around 4 years ago to join Instagram because basically if you have a high following you're more likely to get booked on jobs than if you don't have a high following You're also likely to get more money for example you'll be paid for behind the scenes posts or post where you're wearing that brand's clothing for example. It makes sense in all sorts of professions people are being encouraged to be more active on social media Rebecca says she felt under pressure to promote a certain aesthetic so she was uploading lots of workout photos beach pitches during the peace sign during a workout on the beach you know when I call those cringe. And it started to take over her life I had been on holiday with my then boyfriend and every day I had tried to get a really good Instagram sure he wasn't very enthusiastic about it I would get a bit struck pay and hard for a few of a holiday I got a terrible case of heat rash anyway so I looked over who I had overtaken from a distance because my skin was so I read an angry her insta life was all an act. And she quickly got fed up and I think I came home and thought This isn't me this is really silly and so much of it was fake I remember coming home from a wedding in Paris and id to so many pastries and I had to shoot the next day and it was a sportswear shoot so I thought right I'm going to make myself would use and I juiced kale and celery and it was vile and I threw it down the sink but I took a picture of it before and put a few filters on it and I passed it off as something that I was actually drinking I for this isn't a Rebecca Pearson ditch the kale selfies and she says she now has a more authentic and natural style Ok Hold on there and he said because I think we should be the judge of that for ourselves so let's just check out our count what is it that here it's one Rebecca Pearson all in one word the number one. Ok so yeah I'm seeing well Ok so the latest picture of Rebecca is well in our studio with our producer and you took that one and he says oh there's no air brushing or gloss there no but I did I did focus on the angle you focus is actually it's a little bit out of focus. Anyway. I'm scrolling down so it's I mean she's a model so a lot of these pictures are still pretty glamorous right I'm wearing some pretty fancy clothes Yeah this orange dress here looks like it might be pretty expensive. I guess though that there's no kill smoothies there's not many beach shots that I can see and to be fair to Rebecca she's not pretending that her modeling shots are her real life she's captioning them and making clear that they are part of a photo shoes Rebecca told us that she used to live for the gram but she has a totally different perspective these days I was recently doing a shoot in New York it was near where we were stood on a really beautiful landscape looking over the sea and these 2 women went to the edge of the rock face but I don't know how much they looked at the scenery they came out of the coach they did their Tripos and they went back in the coach and I could see them just putting it back on Instagram well. In a stationary coach I mean that is when living for the ground becomes something a bit sad and tragic. Real life versus life as it looks on social media it's a theme we come back to again and again on Trending now that's just one more point I'd like to highlight when it comes to social media and dicing it was something that Christie percent the dietitian said to us she if you recall had a number of horror stories about clients and negative experiences using social platforms to get fit and lose weight you might expect her to tell her clients to avoid social media and highly if the trying to get healthy but surprisingly that's not her advice at all so what I do encourage people to do as absolutely use social media is something that motivates you and if you find. You're feeling demotivated or if you're feeling down about yourself and you're you come away from social media you know feeling anxious or feeling depressed and not being motivated to be healthier than definitely you know taking breaks and not being on it all the time research has shown is better for your mental health just overall but the other aspect of that is the sharing that goes on so you know when you do see something that inspires you you can share it with your network and that sharing really helps people to you know stake sighted and stay engaged when they're trying to make a positive help and lifestyle change like most things in life it's all about moderation. One thing but with. Coming up why did President Trump dispute the official figures about with death toll from last year's hurricane imports a Rico we examine his claim that the Democrats were inflating the death toll to make me look as bad as possible we've a show right coming up but do stay with us but be back in a minute. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service and the u.s. Has made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from Patel advanced technology in analytics designed to improve patient outcomes and health care experience at Mattel it can be done but tell Dog origin. I'm Shannon Langley and I'm the owner of category in cat hotel as a member myself I have always felt good about businesses that underwrite on Piers the feed him before we even opened I knew that I wanted the hotel to be a part of that care is easy community we can be going to want to participate in the Fed challenge to show our appreciation to those who love and spoil their animals just as much as all parents should learn more about underwriting call 719-473-1801 . Hello welcome back to the thought show on the b.b.c. World Service with me Ben Carter and with me Beth and head coming up recounting the death toll after a natural disaster why the stakes are so high when politics gets in the way plus feminist mothers bringing up sons how can they influence their attitude towards women that's all coming up in a moment but 1st a summary of the latest world news. B.b.c. News with Stuart McIntosh president trumps supremum Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh has given a defiant testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee in which he angrily rejected accusations that he sexually assaulted Christine Blassie Ford when they were teenagers he said the accusations were part of an orchestrated hit by the Democrats earlier Dr Ford who made the allegations fought back tears as she told the panel that she'd feared for her life as Mr Cavanaugh attempted to rape her with his hand over her mouth Democratic senators are pushing for an f.b.i. Investigation but President Trump called for a quick Senate vote to confirm Judge Kavanaugh tweeting that his testimony was honest and riveting. Financial authorities in the United States have filed a lawsuit against the head of Tesla Ilan Musk they accuse him of lying to investors when he claimed that he'd secured the funding to take the carmaker back into private ownership Mr Musk has described the charges as unjustified China and Russia have called on the u.n. Security Council to consider easing sanctions on North Korea to make progress in denuclearizing the Korean peninsula the Chinese foreign minister said sanctions need to be accompanied by a political process. The Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu has revealed what he says is a secret location where Iran has been storing nuclear equipment and material Mr Netanyahu demanded that international inspectors investigated. Italy's populist government has agreed its 1st budget which includes ambitious spending plans that may provoke further conflict with the European Union the coalition government described it as a budget for change the workers in Kenya have filed a case in the Supremes court in London charging that the British Dutch transitional company Unilever failed to meet its human rights obligations during post-election violence in $27.00 the workers allege the company failed to protect them and I was the b.b.c. News. You're listening to the thought show on the b.b.c. World Service I'm Ben Carter and I'm frightened ahead coming up the impact of feminism on mothers and their sons have relationships changed since the male dominated world of the 1950 s. What's the view from societies which have always been make true Arkell But 1st how do you count the number of deaths following a natural disaster Tim Harford reports. It was the 2nd hurrican that month to arrive on the island which is the territory of the United States meaning that the people living there are u.s. Citizens with winds that we each to sustain speeds of 175 miles an hour Maria reach devastation across the island nearly 2 weeks later President Donald Trump visited and compared the devastation to that read by Hurricane Katrina on the u.s. In 2005 I tell you what to recover your thrown our budget a little out of whack because we spent a lot of money on Puerto Rico and that's fine we saved a lot of lives if you look at the. Every death there's a. But if you look at a real catastrophe like Katrina and you look at the tremendous hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of people that die out. And you look at what happened here with really a storm that was just totally overpowering nobody's ever seen anything like this and what is your what does your death count as of this moment 7. 116 people certified 16 people versus in the thousands. By December the official figure had risen to 64 deaths but various unofficial estimates reckon that hundreds or even thousands of people had been directly or indirectly killed as a result of storm damage then in August this year the poor to weaken government said that 2975 deaths were attributable to the hurrican and this figure was based on a study conducted by George Washington University in the United States on behalf of the courts we can government however President Trump disagreed tweeting that there was no way this number could be correct you can see why President Trump doesn't like the number because it's been used by his critics as an indictment of his leadership and the competence of the u.s. Federal Emergency Management Agency Fema William Brock long of fema told Fox News what we've got to do is figure out why people died from direct deaths which is that when the water and the waves you know buildings collapsing which is probably where the $65.00 number came from and then there's indirect deaths so the George Washington study looked at what happened 6 months after the fact and you know what happens is and even in this of it you might see more deaths indirectly occur as time goes on because people have heart attacks distress they fall off their house trying to fix their roof they die in car crashes because they went through an intersection where the stop lights weren't working you know the other thing that goes on there's all kinds of studies on this that we take a look at spousal abuse goes through the roof you can't blame spousal abuse you know after a disaster on anybody while I think you definitely can blame someone for spousal abuse he does have a point what is and is not a death due to a hurricane how do we begin to measure the number of deaths especially when data so hard to come by to find out we spoke to Dr Carlos Santos burkha professor of global health and the principal investigator for the report by George Washington University the researchers were trying to measure something known. As excess deaths you have a number of expected that's that would have happened without a cure again or again so there was the usual brother of old polity then you have the observer that actually the number of the that actually happened so the difference between the expected or for the cadets and the observer that difference is would be the excess that something that happened above what would have been expected think of this method as looking at 2 different hypothetical universes one where the hurrican did happen and one where it didn't if the hurrican didn't happen and life continued as normal you might expect say 2500 deaths in any given month in the hurrican universe there are $3000.00 deaths $500.00 more than expected in normal circumstances these $500.00 deaths a month aren't all direct deaths from the hurrican for example drowning or being hit by debris most of them would have been in directly caused maybe the hospitals were under stress tired doctors cramped wards damaged equipment depleted supplies maybe ambulances took longer to get through or maybe vulnerable people didn't get as much support as usual from strange families and communities we don't know we just know that more people died than we would expect if the hurrican hadn't happened now to trust this method you need to trust the projection of what the death rate would have been had the hurrican not happened and that's complicated because the population structure of Puerto Rico was changing before the hurricane and has changed sharply since you have a structure of population that changes over by in terms of age sex in the case of forgery God there is at least 10 years of continuous law out migration from their land because of the economic situation or the birth or eagles of many people especially young. Have been going out into Contin in the United States so you could look out for the migration you had to the begin to go out the age sex changes over time after taking all these variables into account the figure the team arrived at was 2975 excess deaths between September 2017 and February 28th there is solved all certainty on these numbers saw the girl her being 2658 are 2 very Do 190 nearly 3000 people plus or minus maybe 10 percent exactly over the past year there's been many different attempts to estimate the excess mortality from her career using various methods and reaching different conclusions I asked Dr Santos Burke or whether he thought the lack of international standards in making these estimates was causing a problem there is our global problem or how we are accounting for more valid the when events like this happen throughout the world here again are increasing and they have been greasing the city 990 s. In frequency intensity obviously in their capacity to destroy the damage on the population I think it is essential the we agree and we develop a set of guidelines of how we threw out the wall asses xs mortality Dr Carlos Santos. His study found that in the immediate aftermath of the hurrican all communities sexes and ages were equally likely to have excess mortality but as time went on this changed and poorer communities and older inhabitants continue to have much higher levels of mortality while the rest of the community slowly return to normal this information he says can help highlight where most aid is needed as we heard when President Trump visited presser Rico shortly after the hurrican he claimed that Hurricane Katrina which struck New Orleans a nearby air. Years in organs 2005 a cost far more deaths so how does Hurrican Katrina compare to hurrican Maria the official toll for Katrina is $1833.00 deaths the excess mortality estimate for Maria is nearly 3000 are those 2 numbers comparable know John matter professor of earth and environmental science at Columbia University told us that official stopped counting deaths only 4 days after Hurricane Katrina hit so he thinks the real death toll is perhaps twice as high around $3500.00 However Professor Mata thinks that the eventual excess mortality for Maria in Puerto Rico will be higher than from Katrina in New easy Ana and we shouldn't be surprised at that because it was a very intense hurricane in a very poor area Hurricane Katrina's direct death toll was very high because of late evacuation and the vulnerability of New Orleans poorest people and poorest areas but Hurricane Maria will have a much higher in direct death toll because of Puerto Rico's poverty and the fact that it's an island which means less after care and slower response times. Tim Harford and now a nasty around Tavakoli far asks why feminism is affecting the relationship between mothers and their sons. That's the one thing that bugs me so much and I'm constantly doing battle with myself because the music that my kids listen to particularly spent sitting next to me is so degrading towards women it's hideous. I like to. Listen to their music whether express you talking about trippin now that to me that to me doesn't seem. It used to be instilling enter other people the same way that they see sexist and violent he's been assaulted other people. Nichols is in a heated debate with her 17 year old son Spencer she doesn't approve of the values I'm a language in the music he listens to. I don't want to say the word it's a horrible word but it begins with b. And work rhymes with witch. And is just constantly as every other word and that's the problem see Sue is a feminist and she's also a mother trying to bring up sons with feminist values she's finding that her efforts are in conflict with outside influences right now sees 1st rated that despite her best efforts society has an undeniably strong influence on her children and this is a predicament I'm hearing a lot from mothers they complain that even when they give their kids gender neutral toys the boys immediately rush for the trucks and for now Sue is furious about Spencer's choice of music and I have a real battle with myself because I think Should I start listening to it you have to choose your arguments with teenagers Otherwise your constant having them they work hard they're nice kids they've got good friends they do their schoolwork they help around the house shall I let this go Shall I stop them listening to it shall I ban it she like trying to have a conversation about it and every time that word comes up you know and you know I don't think that's not what I think we're living and I've tried talking to you about it I've tried having a discussion about it but I think I don't discuss it very well because it just puts my shack was up and noise me so much. I think I've dealt with it really badly I probably should have taken a step back what do you thing. Listening to music that I mean is. Very sexist and those objects for women but. It's a song between you know is wrong about what you write and how do you try to raise a feminist song like what is what does one do practically I think I've done it all wrong actually because I think I've tried too hard and I've baffled 3 pounds of the message home to them so much that as soon as they hear that word I can feel their eyes internally rolling so I take it so seriously that I've got a house full of very much men you know I mean literally it could grow a pair testicles my television set and so I tried and tried to force the feminist issue with them and I think I might have pushed it too hard this is something historian but bet Smyth such as quite normal amongst the mothers and sons she studies. That talking feminism to boys didn't work increasingly the boys would switch off that wouldn't listen they're too busy morning to do things and they too are influenced by the traditional My old culture to cost them up was talking forces nagging and to switch off she interviewed more than $150.00 mothers and sons who were born in the forty's and eighty's to compare how feminism had changed this relationship this all started after she made an observation when she was with her own son Anyway I was taking him to school when he was 8 or 9 years old and I saw some of his peers from his class more than once ticking off their mother but worst of all I saw the Marvel saying I'm sorry. And it really disturbed me because I was committed family in a fairly moderate way but I realized that perhaps some of these women were feminists as well but here they were apologizing for Chile for existing So that's what triggered the book this image of a son telling off his mother has stuck with me it's interesting hearing the bets words as I've often had a fantasy about having lots of sons so I could then raise great man who treat women well but I realized through making this program that it's a lot more complicated than that feminism comes in many forms in different places and it has changed a lot over time some feminists envisioned a world without men but bet saw that when they became others they ended up feeling confused by how to best bring up their sons was forced to conclude that feminism had failed mothers and sons and in the 1st way it filed by adopting an anti my attitude because to the mothers of my children just floundering and and I will train corporate feminist ideas into the relationship because feminism was opposed to everything my own were placed that seemed at the time this conflict between a mother's feminist ideals and wanting the best for her son is familiar to Lucy gaze Lee who has a 15 year old son called Brady the feminist in me is well men have already had their voice so it's not time for you know and the mother in me is like he is one of the good ones give them a voice it's a battle continually with the political on the domestic all of the time men and desperately wanting to crib a young man who reflects the implicit values that I have as a feminist in the world whilst also allowing them to grow and be themselves I wasn't equipped to raise a young man because of the complex tension that I already have about masculinity in the world. Lucy says that the me too movement against sexual harassment has left her in a difficult situation as the mother of sons as she believes society is now starting to vilify men it feels like it's not the time to be a young particularly a young white straight male Now being a parent is hard enough as Lucy was grappling with these dire lemmas Brady was growing up and getting into trouble at school Lucy felt they had less and less in common the situation came to a head when she had to collect him from school for misbehaving and I was really furious with radio and we were driving back. I exploded and I lost that where their money was open and as a light I saw a full stop to me given to him the biggest Rao ever I put the radio on and see a chandelier came on. And by the time we got back to our flat we were both just singing at the top of our voices. That. From that point I was like Right Ok This feels like a little bit of a sign that we should make something together that song chandelier by the Australians and the Cea inspired them to go on an extraordinary journey together which will come too late in this episode. So far we've heard from mothers and sons who live in societies that are traditionally dominated by men but not everywhere is like I'm from Ghana it's very make charcoal society anyway particularly my family is or all about girls so I will inherit all of my mother's belongings even though she has a son all her things always go to her daughters or my grandparents where self-sufficient women the grafting mentality kind of comes from their evil and do a has a 25 year old son called Aaron him she raised alone I have 2 sisters come from a very strong matriarchal family anyway and he's always had a kind of respect and understanding and an appreciation of someone that is able to hold their own and take up space and not feel intimidated or shrunken How do you raise a famine a song for me it was always about not kind of standing over at Arran at 2 or 3 or 5 or 16 and still is saying I'm a strong mother but it was you know I'm a woman I'm a feminist It was about saying we must respect each other's right space we're different sexes but at the same time we have a right to be here to hold our space to express ourselves to not feel that one must conform to one role or the other he had Barbie dolls and he had action men and I thought it was important that you know he had both toys to play with that he didn't feel that he had to conform to one or another it just so happens that he was much more interested in you know James Bond type. But it was always about making sure and that he explored and expressed himself in which other way he could so for me for example you know when I am 1st went to university it was about him being completely self-sufficient so from a young age she was learning to cook for me bring up the making cooking cleaning. Myself From a young age because from life when I went to university my housemate's a lot of them wasn't self-sufficient you know one of them didn't know how to use the washing machine he used to go home back home. To get his mum to do some. And I couldn't ever dream of going back to my house and say Mom can you do mostly because I won't get what I want get away with it it's kind of like you know what we buy things in this house that we can buy washed the dishes and it's really important that you don't grow up with this idea that a woman you should be doing these things for you because that just didn't happen in our house until Aaron was 14 it was just him and his mom this allowed them to have an incredibly close relationship in fact even believes that allowing cousin to express his emotions was one of her responsibilities when raising a son as a feminist mother how much do you share with your mom pretty much everything so whenever I'm feeling down or you know slightly annoyed or anything that's a 1st person I go to I would just ask her what she thinks and just share whatever's on my mind like I said I've seen from young age she's always told me not to blow things in these days it comes naturally just open up and they are. You know a 25 year old son probably now has a closer relationship with mom or at least some do then maybe 50 years ago Michael Gurr and has been a family counselor for almost 30 years he's written books about raising sons it's so great that sons have closer relationships to moms now than maybe they had 100 years ago and especially as they are moving through adolescence into adulthood a negative to that one though is that we have course have sons who are less mature so now they're 30 and they may be close to mom but they're not as mature and so it's going to show up on the negative side so concomitant to let's have sons close to moms we said males are defective dads are defective masculinity is defective it's toxic all this stuff and so we try to get males not to bond with us. Males are not to bond with dads etc That's the negative So feminism created both those the positive and the negative were in an interesting place I mean I would say one of the great things about feminism is that it tried to break down the mother son separation the mother son individuation what it said is if sons can stay close to moms their whole lives they're going to be great historian the bat Smith who's talked a man brought up in the fifty's agrees that relationships were often worse back then the biggest most striking change which really caught me by surprise the aldermen most of them felt unloved by their mothers and after more analysis I could see that again the influence of the general my own culture was playing in there because those aldermen they were boys in the fifty's and that was a time when few mother to come to a football match and cheer loudly Let alone and kiss you was seen as threatening your masculinity in front of your friends and very young boys would cite their mothers not have done don't kiss me. And there where that got to be middle aged that forgot what it said that I was I remember was that she didn't kiss from her or she didn't hug and was terribly so hurt because they'd ended up feeling unloved without realizing the part that I played in the implants thinking their mothers behavior and you can't blame them anyway because they were part of this much bigger male culture it sounds like it's tricky to bring up a son if you are a feminist mother he want to talk to your son about feminist values but you don't want him to switch off and how do you navigate the conflict between wanting the best for your son and yet wanting to further the rights of women who still tend to have less privilege in most societies that's the Diana we heard earlier from Lucy gaze Lee Lucy is a professional dancer and when her son Grady was acting out she saw an opportunity for them to create something out of that struggle dance and a theater performance Brady tells a small. The Ballad of the apathetic son and his narcissistic mother so that's the Show Me and my mom it. Well this is about is this. Is not the sick mother. The show starts off so the audience are walking in and we are dressed in nude leotards a blonde wig this was inspired by the outfit worn by the single Sia in her video for the song chandelier this song felt like the only thing uniting this mother and son when they felt so far apart from each other and so mired in conflict. Almost every day for nearly a month the to display their differences on stage at the world's largest arts event the Edinburgh Festival Fringe they started the dance with Lucy copying her son's every. Move as he spins around in a screaming the age exhausted they make a costume change with the sun posing on his mother's dress and the mother putting on her son's jogging bottoms I like eating off the car and what. I feel. Is out of the room. Was right. And they. Think they then perform as each other again and again Lucy morgues radios adolescent grumpiness and radio in turn makes fun of his mother's feminist earnestness. It would be really tough to be creative and spend some quality was. This performance in my conversations throughout this program have made me wonder if one of the best things feminist mothers can do is to communicate the complexity of what they face with their sons that way they can be honest and true to their ideals while also acknowledging how hard things can be for their sons and they can then work through the problem together at the end Rady dances on his own in his own clothes with his mother's image projected in the background with the words he is his own man God. And that when she lets go. Was. That was the wife factor presented by Nash Kohli far now better and you've got a brother would you say your mother's a feminist I would say she is yeah she's always brought it up to believe that women are equal to men and that you should have as much respect for a woman as you do for a man in any situation in life and has that influenced the way that your brother treats women do you think I think it definitely house I mean he's kind of been outnumbered in our house by women so that played a big part and I. But he's definitely emotionally invested in his relationships he cares about women and yet you know money and does he do is a non-drug but he has to think Canada can't really be shipping it back to a very true is all we have time for this week you've been listening to the thought with. And with me back then had to join us again at the same time next week. You're listening to the b.b.c. World news on k. Or c c 2 Southern Colorado's n.p.r. Station broadcast sun 91.5 f.m. 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