Yes I mean but of course was a point that he made during the referendum campaign that people like him he would describe himself as very proudly procure a pm but that didn't need to be the same thing as being a member of the European community but again I think the problem that he has as as a politician and as a person I mean before the referendum Mr Jones was perhaps one of those raft politicians in Britain who could appeal to both conservatives his own party and labor like a man he was one of those people that cross party appeal but the referendum changed all that and I think it may take some time for people who are on the remains side as they would see it to forgive him for what he did and the Labor leader Jeremy cool been speaking now and he says the new deals even worse than the old one. And that's consistently been Labor's position in the sense that it's it's it's hived off Northern Ireland in many ways from the rest of the u.k. And instead of all of the u.k. Staying in the Customs Union in the single market that he would see as being an economic benefit now it only be the northern island and of course Mr Paul them would say that the future the declaration about that future relationship between Britain and the European Union is even more distant and under Mr Johnson's version than threes a maze which of course this is key un c $91.00 really Fort Collins k r n c $88.00 Steamboat Springs t.v. And see 90.9 Minturn Vale k e n c 90.7 as does Park and k m p 90.7 Breckenridge. I'm Luke Runyon I'm Stephanie Danielle I'm not blown We are reporters I make a human team member because I'm a big fan of public radio because I listen every day it's really that simple because I love public radio join me join me join me and become a k.u.n.c. Sustaining member right now u.n.c. . This is the Colorado Sam. Listen. To me and to kill you and seize sister station at 155 eastern Colorado to. Cash in Jones and on today's tech tent Google has another go at cracking the super competitive Monty for smartphones don't change the pixel full It's got Hello I'm Debbie rests with the b.b.c. News the British prime minister Boris Johnson has made an impassioned plea to parliament to back his brags that deal ahead of crucial votes on the issue he said M.P.'s had a historic opportunity to music country forward after 3 and a half years that had divided family families and friends now is the time for this great house of commons to come together and bring the country together today as it should be as I believe people at home are hoping and expecting with a new way forward at a new and better deal both for Britain and for our friends in the e.u. Besides approving or rejecting the deal M.P.'s may also be asked to vote on an amendment called the lead to an amendment which would force the government to request another for Spain and of banks it no one Smith reports complications confusions and genuinely almost anything could happen but one emerging possibility is the today is not a defining moment it is not the do or die vote that Boris Johnson wanted because of this amendment tabled by Sir Oliver Letwin saying that the deal should not go through until all the legislation has gone through if the election amendment has passed then could the government pull a vote on its deal to make sure that the letter an amendment doesn't go through that word put no deal very firmly back on the table so genuinely We are in very very uncertain waters the numbers are incredibly tight and almost almost anything could happen as M.P.'s meet in Westminster thousands of protesters are expected to March through central London to demand a referendum before any breaks a deal is given final approval of position leaders and celebrities will join the rally in the referendum held 3 years ago nearly 52 percent voted in favor of leaving the European Union. The government of Chile has declared a state of emergency in the capital Santiago following violent protests against an increase in the price of Metro Tech its demonstrators attacked underground stations started fires and blocked traffic reports students in Santiago started demonstrating after an increase in the cost of a metro ticket earlier this month the government blamed the hike on high energy costs and the weaker person but the protests turned violent on Friday afternoon demonstrators banged pots and honked horns and images on social media showed the headquarters of an energy company going up in flames speaking on television Chile's President Sebastian Pinera So the state of emergency had been called to ensure public order these protests showed just how divided Chile is one of the wealthiest yet most unequal societies in Latin America you're listening to the world news from the b.b.c. Funerals are taking place in eastern Afghanistan for dozens of victims of an attack on a mosque on Friday $65.00 worshippers were killed when an explosion during Friday prayers devastated the mosque in one go ha province it's unclear who carried out the attack the Taliban have publicly condemned it the Islamic state group is also active in the area Afghan officials are visiting the site today to investigate what happened to the United Nations has also announced its own inquiry an Iraqi man has been charged in Australia with people trafficking in connection with the drowning of more than 350 people may some Ruddy is accused of helping organize a boat for refugees from Indonesia to Australia in 2001 film reports. 18 years ago an Indonesian fishing boats carrying mostly Iraq and Afghan migrants saying point its way to Christmas Island an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean 353 people drowned 146 of them were children Australian police claim that made them Raji was part of a trafficking syndicates that will denies the Fatal Voyage the Iraqi National is due to appear in court later this month 2 other men were jailed in Australia and Egypt for their part in the tragedy Hong Kong's leader Carol Lam has expressed her relief at the apparent resolution of a legal case that sparked moves in 4 months of protests in the Territory calling man has indicated he's prepared to return to Taiwan to face accusations that he murdered his girlfriend the case led to Mrs Lamb's failed attempt to introduce an extradition bill that led to the 1st demonstrations and in England are playing Australia in the 1st quarter finals of the Rugby World Cup in Japan a short time ago with the match drawing to a close they were leading by $40.00 to $16.00 in a few hours time New Zealand will take on Ireland and that's the latest world news from the b.b.c. . Welcome to take 10 Sure we can be up to date on all the hottest news and trends in the technology business I'm recapturing Jones and this week we focus on matters of take . Google's Hardwick boss tells us why we should woman visitors to our homes because maybe listening to them I managed was advising tech companies on how to keep us glued to our gadgets tells us how to unglue ourselves joining me this week is b.b.c. Technology reporter Jane Waite good hygiene and a very. Well I haven't even bought mine for this very. Special guest is Charlotte g. From mit Technology Review welcome when you are you addicted to technology yes. It's a flavor of what's to. Need to disclose to I mean I wouldn't do when someone enters into my home children are hypocrisy detection devices and they are looking for hypocrisy at every turn and so we can't tell our kids get off for tonight while we're on our cell phones checking e-mail. More of that good advice later now no content with being a huge force in internet search and online advertising Google has long wanted to be big in hardware it's had variable success with everything from the Google Home Smart speakers the virtual reality headset and the ill fated Google Glass but it's the pixel smart phone which is probably the flagship product it's one great reviews but quite multi-state sales a lot was riding on this week's launch of the pixel for pixel form is the 1st smartphone with the radar sensor. Powers the new motion sensor capabilities for more human interactions with your phone Supreme there describing the pixel for her . Line feature Charlotte j. This is a phone the 1st phone with a radio on it what's that about it sounds very exciting doesn't it basically means that you can sort of just turn your phone from afar to make it do things it's not clear quite how kind of well it works at this point so we'll say but it sounds it sounds kind of cool almost like Minority Report ask waving at you know we're going to hear more about that in a moment Jane we've we've been reporting on a security flaw with the pixel for face recognition I did happen to see when I Crowley's. Closing his eyes in 40. 6 He had us all doing that. This is Chris folks he wanted to test on just not just himself but on a couple of us as well and yet this is when you unlock your device with your with fake fusing facial recognition if you do it on this new phone even if you have you always closed it will still open which of course then I pins up some sort of issues that somebody with Misty can mind or even worse could kind of put someone sleeping face night in their phone so it sir ik if you have a problem and Google haven't been very responsive as to why this issue has happened although it does say that you know it's going to work only on the facial recognition going forward say suggest unlike Apple's which does require you to be alert with your eyes open that perhaps they haven't quite got their algorithms right especially as an early leak of the picture leaked image of the thought of the fine detail that you require the required ice to be open and then it's gone from these test additions like it's an interesting one. Yeah some suggestions that you know you could open it with a dead person who preaches. You know in in the heavenly Anyway google is pushing the concept of ambient computing a term used to describe technology being old around us available when we need it but fading into the background when we don't Leo Kelly and technology desk editor and I spoke to the boss of Google's hardware business Rick also about how the pixel full fits into that vision we believe we're now entering into a new era of computing that we refer to as intermediate computing this idea in the computing is that kind of computing can be anywhere you need it always available to help you but also you know before of the background almost be like air looking at the features of the new pixel for one of the standout features is the inclusion of radar and I know you've been working on this theory is that it's technically very impressive that you've managed to squeeze the small chip into the top of the device but why would the mass market consumer care Well I think it just helps users interact in a more natural way with phones is our view that this is the future of how mobile computing and computing in general world will evolve and this technology all Aus used to interact with your phone and and naturally offer gesture as they can control it and it also helps build context of how you might want to use it if you're listening to music you can easily slide between songs without touching your device if you're marm goes off in the morning as you approach it the alarm sound reduces and then you can swipe to dismiss the alarm your phone almost senses a little bit what you want from it and the other big changes you know little 2 cameras on the back of the phone in the. Prost as I understood it part of your pitch was that you could use some really kind of computing tricks to mean you didn't need more than one. Does this thing recognise that maybe that wasn't the right strategy Oh well no I mean that our strategy certainly remains the same in that we believe that machine learning in ai are absolutely critical to offering cutting edge user experience us in photography and the other shield facing with this device is the controversy of the tests of the facial recognition system I think you were hoping to make sure that it worked best of with Dot skin tones of full won't come out of the reports that. A contract that you used was. Getting homeless people offering them 5 dollars but not properly explaining what was going on can you trust that yeah I think you know it was a very important goal for us to make sure that. The face of law system works for all different kinds of people genders races cetera so we went out and did a lot of research in this area. Is come to our attention that there may be some. Methods that were not approved they were not how we would do business and so are just a game that we would we would never find that acceptable and so we've suspended and the data collection until this is straightened out not just one tweet in the post we. Somebody looks at the ethics of Ai and she poses the question when she walks into a friend's house if they've gone and I was a no legs or Google missed device one of your ambient computing devices do you think that she should be told that the equipment is active before she walks in. On what you think about. Oh that's a great question. I mean I think I think. It really depends gosh I haven't thought about this before in quite that way but I would say that you know it's quite important for all of these technologies to think about all users or potential users and so. We did a piano example of how we started to think about things like that out with our camera devices whenever one of our nest cameras is recording an l.e.d. Indicator shows that it's recording and that cannot be turned off and we think you know we have to consider all stakeholders that might be in proximity of these devices in the future and so that I I certainly think the question posed is a good one. Does the owner of a home need to disclose to a guest I mean I would do when someone enters into my home I mean I think it's probably something that the products themselves should try to start to indicate like we've done with Nest Charis So that's Rick of Google being interviewed by. Did you get the sense that Mr Slipper's called on the whole I think a bit and actually it does come up during the cable keynote So I wonder why the man subtly affect the rims you said it's more that you know they have a. Ladies a fascinating point is that what he's the to care I mean I have to say I have got a pact with these devices that is listing around every corner this is why society is but I don't say to people when they come in be careful that you have being listened to I would like done in my house and I have slightly made a point of not having any small speakers in my home so I actually has crossed my mind my mom and dad when they all think they smoke because in everything and asked me once a time that's interesting your generation which should be into that knows you but your parents. Generation it can go into it now that the with the funny paradox is that people are buying small speak his normal and yet they constantly say they were pretty even within the context of small speakers say there's a bit of an interesting psychology going on there are people care about it they keep buying them Jane what about your home if I turn up at your. Watch out Rory we're listening well now that I named the easy have same listening devices I wait for I need to study but I think it's when they seem questions isn't it if you said to guests there are small speakers in here listening to you then they're going to just be making a I mean it's. A lot of people who got Syria activated on their phones or Google is just on their phones and those are listening all the time exactly in the streets late everywhere we go over it so you're listening to take on the b.b.c. World Service with Captain Jones in a moment are you distracted by your gadgets should. Or should Facebook be doing more to combat misinformation on its platform which is free speech comes 1st the social media John has come under fire after deciding that it would no fact check political adverts in the United States Democrat politicians said this was allowing President Trump to spread misinformation presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren hit back with a Facebook advert containing a deliberate falsehood that was endorsing Trump Well in the major speech last night Facebook's founder said how he's thinking on the balance between allowing free expression and trying to create the spread of falsehoods he told the audience at George Washington University in Washington d.c. There was a simple choice we can either continue to stand for free expression understanding its messiness but believing that the long journey towards greater progress requires confronting ideas that challenge us or we can decide that the cost is simply too great. And I'm here today because I believe that we must continue to stand. For free expression banning political ads favors the incumbents and whoever the media chooses to cover practically even if we wanted to ban political ads it's not even clear where you draw the line or there are many more ads about issues than there are directly about elections banner ads about health care or immigration or women's empowerment. You know George Washington. George what he wishes. Did you listen to that speech were you interested it was long it was. I suppose impassioned in defense of free speech. Number of interesting possibly controversial things he had sort of banning political ads but that would not have been a good idea yeah that was also what about Terry and it in a funny way sort of but then wouldn't people be able to use Press Club and they sell that way but it was just tracing see didn't really address what Facebook is actually doing and why it's doing it to my mind and I do think it's interesting that he lost anything twice and lost News King's own daughter said today misinformation is part of the reason why my father was killed so I thought was quite an interesting response to that so she sort of pushed it back on to him and said You're not going to talk about this without bearing in mind I mean he had this line about no private company should be given the job of deciding what a politician can say which I suppose is going to be defense throughout he is basically saying that he's going to come up in all sorts of elections over the coming months. Let a 1000 flowers bloom let them fight it out and let the public decide can the problem is that they do you regardless of whether or not he thinks that they should accept change we can't have anything well if you that word about it why don't you break yourself up you know. Showing he also talked about China he kind of threw it back at. The companies you mentioned take talking the Chinese own to talk not allowing free expression not allowing people to talk about Hong Kong protests and he seemed quite proud that Facebook had made the decision not to go into China yes I mean there was a lot of stuff when he talked about free expression but it did leave me thinking Is this just because it's too hard I mean obviously talk has found a way. To kind of limit some of the things that come on its platform that it thinks are politically sensitive and that's hardly surprising given that it's a company that's based in China and also you know it's worth bearing in mind that it's not just Facebook dealing with this Twitter rules say it has had a week where it's been under pressure to kind of clamp down on some more sort of more peace if tweet that we might see from various willed leaders like Donald Trump and they have fallen back on the old defense again of saying that you know there's a hell of a lot of stuff that they will allow and that's very wide so interactions with fairly politicians comments on political issues foreign policy saber rattling rule not in violation but it has now said that all occasions some of the tweets from worldly leaders may be in violation and in that case they must be quarantined so that nobody could like or shed them and they don't go viral so that's their way of dealing with it which is similar to what ticked off doing actually interestingly and prepare for plenty more political controversy on those big social media platforms because they're so powerful now how distracted Are you by your gadgets do you find it difficult to avoid looking at Facebook or Twitter every hour of the day it was once New job to advise companies on ways of getting people on gadgets and the apps that run on them in fact he wrote a book Cool hooked now is turning to advising all of us on how not to be distracted by technology with a book called Indestructible when he came into the tech tent I asked him whether too many of us were addicted to our gadgets addiction does tend to be a term that's that I think is overuse an addiction is a pathology it's a persistent compulsive dependence on a behavior substance that harms the user so if you know some people are addicted they do have this path ology of addiction the vast majority of us aren't addicted we are distracted meaning we can do something about it if we try if we know how so I looked at my phone the other day and I am on screen for about 8 hours a day I don't. I'm not an addict you might be. An addict I don't know it would come down to this criteria of what it means to have the pathology of addiction. But to be clear indestructible is not written for people who have the pathology of an addiction what we find is with people who struggle with addiction there is almost always a core morbidity with obsessive compulsive disorder with some type of severe trauma in their life lots of things can be addictive and not addict everyone many of us have a glass of wine with dinner we're not alcoholics we play poker from time to time but we're not all gambling addicts and so why would we think that technology would be any different if however you know you've seen that you've tried to stop using products like Twitter and dialing it back and you found that you just can't and despite the harmful consequences you're not able to it's incredibly difficult to stop you may be suffering from addiction but the vast majority of us have either not tried in which case you probably don't qualify for an addiction or you haven't tried the techniques that you know these are this is very new stuff these products are brand new There are teenagers and so we haven't developed what's been called social antibodies these techniques that populations develop to prevent harm a lot of parents are looking at their children and the time they spend on screens about that good reason for them to be worried and if so what can they do about it the answer to every complicated question maybe in life is typically It depends it depends who is using how much they are using and what they would be doing instead of using for the children who are using products this is typically with adolescents who are over using a technology and this is where we start seeing some the negative effects that come from 456 hours a day of using a screen where we have to ask ourselves is is why where does this over use come from and it turns out that you know we parents we love to blame something else we want a bogeyman whether it's the sugar high. Which have been proven to not be true that's a myth or whether it was rock n roll and previous generations or rap music or comic books we want to something to blame but it turns out that kids overuse a technology for very similar reasons and this research is over 40 years old it comes from my desk in Ronnie's psychologists who studied what's called Self-Determination Theory and they tell us that when children are not getting their psychological needs met offline they look for them online we can't expect these devices to raise our children for us we can expect the i Pad to be and I nanny that was never what it was designed to do we have to be involved and most importantly you know if you think the world is becoming is distracting today just wait a few years it's only going to become more distracting and so it is imperative that we teach our kids how to become indestructible themselves this is the skill of the century and then finally if you want your kids to become indestructible we have to exemplify how to do that you know children are hypocrisy detection devices they are looking for hypocrisy at every turn so we can't tell our kids get off for tonight while we're on our cell phones checking email so that's good advice for me I've got to behave myself that that's a big part of becoming to strive to be yourself and I think you know many parents they don't want to share this vulnerability because they're afraid they will show weakness to their children and I think that's a mistake I think it's Ok to tell our kids look I'm struggling with this too what can we do together how can we help each other to make sure that we can use these technologies you know we we don't want to create technophobic children we want our kids to be tech literate if you had one tip for somebody like me who worries that they may be quotes addicted to the likes of Twitter what would it be. Think about your internal triggers the the knee jerk reaction is to blame what's called the external triggers the extra triggers are the pings the dings the Rings the notifications things that prompt us to get distracted but in actuality what we find is that my. Most distraction starts from within us we turn to these devices as distractions to avoid feeling something we don't want to experience boredom loneliness stress fatigue uncertainty Plato talked about distraction 2500 years ago this is not a new problem and Alternately if we don't deal with that root cause of the problem the internal trigger you get rid of one thing something else is going to become a distraction. And author of indestructible with showing that she quote. I've got to look into myself in place. Yeah yeah. Tell me about your problem. Because they have to take the other day I go into the list and someone else going to lift at me and I just reflexively reach him I think that might be because I just though I don't talk. So I don't I don't know I do I do think that we are all a bit hooked on our phones but you know we need them for work reasons lots of other things that you know it's not just not just on them for fun I mean my mind very money is pretty bad I talked about my screen time here and I just looked at it there and it says over the last few days I spent 11 hours and 41 minutes on Twitter . I spent 2 hours and 27 minutes on Kindle reading. Jane you've got teenage children is a constant battle over the screen you so you're are you in no position to lecture Well I mean I was had I haven't bought my thanks studio which makes me feel good to my screen time is about 6 hours less the news I think Rory on average but I did the other day be very keen to do my bag like a wild animal because I thought I'd lost my phone I was having pulp potations and the idea that I might not have needed it was actually terrifying say I do you sort of know what it's like and we all ruled victims of it you go down the rabbit hole and you find yourself doing stuff like Wilkie male Yeah this is a worry about working well there is yes so it's. Study this week actually says that some companies that decided to ban the use of the mail outside of office hours could be as she did because some people like to keep in touch. Through their e-mails because we all have so much of it we basically do have to do and if I was now which is very sad but. You're a busy technology journalist you always connected to the office and is that. Good for you I actually tried to all the things because I was based in the u.s. So I have to have a base of this is a limit I try not to work 6630 if I can that. We all need to be a bit more careful with that screen credits that ag education has over this week thanks to our special guest shot to g. From mit Technology Review thanks so much. For all sorts of great stories from her and me and act at b.b.c. Dot com slash technology and don't forget to join us again in the tent at the same time next week. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service of the us is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from Elijah Craig Bourbon the small batch Bourbons a larger Craig Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey Bardstown Kentucky 47 percent alcohol by volume think wisely Drink Wise. Move. You know with the b.b.c. World Service under the stars in action we're talking about malaria which remains a major Kelly in the tropics I've been hearing from chemists who may have found a future kill in tiny sponges from the oceans off Antarctica it's not necessarily surprising that a defensive compound in a sponge trying to keep microorganisms from infecting it might also be effective against a human pathogen how that all works coming up after b.b.c. News b.b.c. Knees with Debbie Ross the British prime minister Boris Johnson has made an impassioned plea to parliament to back his Bracks it deal calling it a historic opportunity to me as a country forward after years of division denouncing the daily opposition Labor Party leader Gerry Corbin said accepting it would fire the starting pistol in a race to the bottom at least 13 miners were killed when a dam burst to decide Beren gold mine near the Russian city of Krasnoyarsk officials said heavy rains had weakened the dam wall sending a torrent through cabins with a minus state. The former South Sudanese rebel leader react much is expected to arrive in the capital Juba shortly ahead of talks to help ensure a unity government is formed next month is doing very little progress since President Salva Kiir and react Machar signed a peace deal last year funerals are taking place in eastern Afghanistan for dozens of victims of an attack on a mosque on Friday $65.00 worshippers were killed when an explosion during Friday prayers devastated the mosque in one hop province it's unclear who carried out the attack Hong Kong's Leader Kerry Lamb has expressed her relief at the apparent resolution of the legal cases about more than 4 months of protests in the Territory Hong Kong man has indicated he's prepared to return to Taiwan to face accusations that he met his girlfriend. The leader of the powerful Lebanese faction has the law says all the country's political parties must accept responsibility for economic problems that have led to huge street protests and England have beaten Australia 4016 in the 1st quarter final of the Rugby World Cup in Japan in a few hours time New Zealand will take on island they hope to become the 1st team to win the trophy 3 times in a row the winner will play England in the semifinals and has the latest world news from the b.b.c. . Welcome to Science in action from the b.b.c. World Service with me wrote in piece and we're talking earthquakes got to get bangs and snail conservation We start though with malaria despite years of effort and a lot of success to be fair malaria remains one of the world's major afflictions there are still over $200000000.00 cases every year and over 400000 deaths the disease is parasitic mostly caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum which undergoes a complex life cycle having to be incubated effectively in the human liver before transferring into red blood cells then via mosquito bites to new victims other species off past moody and infect chimpanzees and gorillas so it's been a longstanding question of scientific interest how the disease became adapted to humans and the answer on arrival this week points to a chance to net a cross over long ago involving the protein r h 5 which is what allows the parasites to get into blood cells and I don't run if it spoke to Gavin right at the welcome sign an institute where the work was done several tens of thousands of years ago it was a gorilla that became infected with 2 different species of plasmodium parasite and there was a transfer of that of genetic material from one parasite to another which then created a new parasite that had then gained the ability to be able to infect humans and we could recreate the protein that this ancient art 5 gene encoded we found this all right 5 protein had the jewel ability to bind the receptor on the red blood cells both from gorillas but also human and this interaction is absolutely required by all strains of Plasmodium falciparum parasite to invade red blood cells this was an incredibly bad day for humankind but I suppose also the reverse for gorillas Why was it not maintained in the gorilla population so that the plus 1000000. Also calls. Disease when it infected gorillas there was a period of time where does new parasite if you like that became Plasmodium falciparum was able to infect both gorillas and humans and then over time what happened there was mutations in this gene which then allowed it to become a human specialist if you like they're relatively few differences between the current version of Plasmodium falciparum our age 5 and that was involved in this zoonotic transfer event there were only 6 differences what we could do is examine each one of those 6 differences in turn and we found that there was just one of those actually that led to the loss of it being able to bind to grill a basket and thereby become human specialist vaccines against malaria are now being child but the main weapon is the drug Artemisinin which kills the parasites in the blood the compound is based on one of many volatiles found in the Chinese herb sweet wormwood but because plasmodium becoming resistant to Artemisinin the search goes on for other chemicals especially ones that will tackle the parasites in the liver before they scrape into the blood and that quest takes scientists to all kinds of unlikely parts of the world including Antarctica which is where Ken is Bill Baker found fry a man or a mite a potential and malarial that looks in a cold water species of sponge This is a deep sea sponges came from 2000 meters in the vicinity of Antarctica and only accessible by trawling from shipboard and then we bring those frozen samples back to Florida and that's when we make the chemical extracts of those that we find the chemistry and John Adams your the medical expert in all this to Ok what point does Bill come to you and say we've might have a molecule that interests you usually starts somewhere along the line when there are some I purified products so if you don't want to use something too crude in this particular product. We've recently developed a platform to evaluate drugs against the effect of stage of more parasites that's comes out of the mosquito and goes to your liver and that's an unexplored area drug discovery and so we've really put 2 and 2 together and this is suppose something like a Petri dish with some live assails that you can keep alive a man is really grow as a human liver cells it's the natural cell that the site goes into and it has to go through a development takes about a week before it gets to the disease causing state agents so it's quite an opportunity if you can attack that stays to prevent any onus from occurring I mean Bill this is a bill that puzzles me presumably you have this sponge I see the name here is in flux see those federal. Inflated hollow shell is something like that it's got loads of molecules I How do you select which molecules to handover to Joan or do you have lots of them I don't quite understand this phrase if that research so sponges and corals not unlike plants in microorganisms I mean all of these organisms including humans were full of metabolites and so when natural products chemists take on a project like this sponge we have various analytical tools Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and some of these big fancy names right and we examined these chemical mixtures to determine which ones perhaps have something of interest so there are signals we can look for in these analytical techniques and we we purify them I mean this is what chemists do right I mean we Perth Impala kills and so we separate these mixtures into the individual components we put these into biological essays like John's the particular screen we do. With John that identified freedom our oh my that had a number of different levels of purity samples so we gave him dozens of samples some of them were purified metabolites some of them were mixtures might happen to be a purified metabolite when we gave it to him and so we had a fairly early indication that this had very nice biological activity I mean how good was 3 Maronite just cut off is say a pretty low bar initially but this one had a 100 percent killing activity which is not always the case 70 compared it to. The how drugs are archivists 9 which is the active compound for darkness and since there's quite a distinct advantage to the street America Bill the big puzzles me I mean I know this is what natural product chemistry is all about but it's not like a sponge is off the shore of Antarctica need to protect themselves from a tropical disease one earth is molecule doing in a cold water spot and the simple answer is sponges and trees in and bacteria all of these organisms are making a suite of you metabolize. That they use for defensive purposes they want to keep fish from eating them they want to keep deer from eating them you know whatever their predators are plants and sponges can't get up and sleeve from a predator and so they've developed other mechanisms some of these organisms have developed chemistry and so the chemistry that is going to cause a microorganism to die if it lands on the surface of the sponge for the sponge doesn't get infected that chemistry that you know is active against some microorganism in the sea might also be active against a malaria parasite right met many of the physiological processes in bacteria and meters and bungee and other infectious. Zis as many of those pathways are the same so that it's not necessarily surprising then that a defensive compound in a sponge that's trying to keep microorganisms from from infecting it might also be effective against a human pathogen this is a discovery of Freo matter might which I guess is your name it's reputed in this journal called the Jodrell of natural products so this is a fairly vigorous field of chemistry I saw from a review article there that about half of the drugs discovered since of 2000 or something have some kind of natural chemistry behind them that sounds very good but I suppose an awful lot of them like free and minor might might look good in the 1st instance but actually never make it to market what's more significance is for free America we find something interesting maybe once every few years but it's still got tens of years of development to make it a drug in the best of circumstances 90 percent of these kind of discoveries are not going to make it and given that you're interested John in looking for liver tree treatments that work in the liver How does free America stand out against any competition. Well it leads the field. And we always like good is that good very promising but also as Don talks that we test for toxicity because that's often a major problem and that the more Big doing this type of screening the more the compounds are being screened the more likely we are to be successful John Adams Bill Baker thanks both very much Bill and John on at Florida State University a pair of earthquake that rattled southern California in July really made seismologists sit up not only were they the 1st major earthquakes in the region in 20 years they happened along with a swarm of smaller aftershocks within. 34 hours of each other on neighboring Fultz But while one moves it's a right in east west you have the coals north south movement and most of those faults were previously known seismologist Zakk cross the entire fault network that ruptured during this sequence was unmapped it's not a single structure it's a collection of faults and you can kind of think of this is a zone of distributed defamation to some degree different portions of this fault system started to fail at different times they have triggered each other so you've got one big this moving east west and then the now the bay if you a day later a few hours later is moving north south doesn't make sense to me there's a lot of facts about this that are kind of surprising for the 6.4 we're able to see that it broke at least 3 large faults that we're at right angles to each other 2 of those were separated by a few kilometers from each other so it looks like it jumped from one fault to another and that's what formed this big l. Shape that you might have seen in the aftershock patterns that showed up early on for the $6.00 The magnitude $7.00 is more complicated ruptured many more faults we've probably see on the order of 20 or more that together in the sequence and there are many different scales so the smallest of these scales is probably on the order of a kilometer or so and the largest is is tens of kilometers and these were quite big earthquakes yet they were happening on a relatively small and unknown structure. Yeah so if you look back at in California over the last century and you look at all the large 1000 events that we've had now in hindsight it looks like most of these large magnitude events look more like Ridgecrest today than they do the night you know 6 earthquake in reality this model that we have of faults where it's this little really really long fault that you know send races over a 1000 kilometers long that's probably more unusual to have an event why. That we can expect to have more earthquakes like this Ridgecrest sequence going forward not just in California but around the world these pots of very interesting this because it's in California you have a huge amount of instrumentation to take the details we have lots of great information nearby and it occurred out in the desert every little crack was picked up by satellites that flew over radar satellites you can sense the tiniest amount of defamation that occurred there and since there's no trees little vegetation that kind of thing buildings the fault rupture was very well documented these 2 with quakes that happened within a few I was of each of the on these 2 short segments slightly to the south of those on a map in your paper they see is much longer one of the Galant faults which sort of runs east west was not affected at all by these events the Galaga actually started creeping following the Ridgecrest earthquakes so it started sliding slowly enough that the defamation was picked up by the radar satellites in it so it moved on the order of 2 centimeters over the few weeks after the ridge crest sequence this creeping looks to be confined to probably the top one kilometer or so so it's relatively shallow it looks like I mean this is a Full of any concern just on a small it's just it is a concern because it's a large regional structure that's about 300 kilometers long it is a potential source of of hazard in California I mean if they've been serious structures in the past the stream around the guard is pretty low in terms of tectonic loading it hasn't had a large event and I think like 500 years or so that's probably not enough to relieve anything significant especially since this is just confined to the shallow structure anyway we don't really know what this means it's an observation that we've seen in some other places for example in 2010 after the. Coupe of 907.2 earthquake that was just on the other side of the Us Mexico border that triggered the Southern Center as in the superstition Hills fault and a couple others to start creeping also but it's been shown that those faults actually had done this a number of other times as well this was the 1st time that we had seen the Garlock doing this but also there was a storm that was activated on the Garlock about 55 kilometers to the southwest of Ridgecrest And and so that I think is still ongoing as of today and that would be coincidence so early to do you think you know it started basically the day of the sequence they're clearly related does it make any difference to the average person living in law signed she lays does this knowledge help. Understand what could happen if something severe does happen in l.a. There is a clear connection to the seismic hazard in that years ago we thought that the easiest way to come up with models for long term hazard was to basically identify as many faults as we could and the length of each of these faults we could kind of translate into some maximum magnitude that we would expect on that fault then if you considered every possible fault scenario as a different event you could kind of forecast the long term hazard but now as we were releasing more and more of these multi fault ruptures I think it makes this harder to do because you have to consider all these different scenarios where some collection of faults could activate together to produce a larger one there's infinite numbers of combinations of those so. You know in my mind this really highlights the need to really think about these types of scenarios as being quite frequent going forward they keep showing up over and over again Zach rolls of counting seismological abs and his and I was this was published this week in Science Ok let's head into outer space for a big bang not the Big Bang but one a lot closer to home thankfully it happened a few 1000000 years ago so this explosion at the heart of the Milky Way is nothing to be alarmed about but for astronomers It's a glimpse of the violent activity that's possible in the vicinity of the black hole if the middle of August see a mass that's invisible in its own right but surrounded by a swirling luminous disk of shredded star and dust the accretion disk and that's where the explosion took place astronomers just planned 2 of them told me when we look at the galactic center today it's a very peaceful place I would be compared to other gothic says and it was amazing to find out that there wasn't fact an enormous flash of radiation what we call a safe flat and this happened 3000000 years ago. We see the echo of the explosion on gas way above and below the black hole that light will have passed by us yes long long ago but they had it with the smoking gun as they often say still for you to spot with your telescope Yes it's sort of like if you're in a movie theater watching the cone of light coming out of the camera onto the screen and seeing that same flickering on and off or like a lighthouse where the beacon is being switched on and off it's not a continuous beacon of radiation or beam of light it's sort of a flickering beam of light that I think of the way in which gas and stars fall onto the central accretion disk around that hole kind of like dropping water onto a hot plate and you know how the water breaks up into big droplets and little droplets and you get big explosions and little explosions depending on how the droplets fall onto the plate and stuff is falling onto that accretion disk like gas clouds and stars in the case that I'm talking about I think it almost certainly has to be a molecular cloud of gas and dust it may have been about 10000 times the mass of our sun a star wouldn't give you enough the feel of a water droplet is over in a fraction of a 2nd I don't suppose this was something happened in a fraction of a 2nd yes so it's a very good question so how long can these flares last for the last 4 millions of years or just for us thousands of years we don't know in detail and we have models that tell us the flickering some of it could be on timescales of a 1000 years I tell you get a really big bang on times because a 1000000 years it's rather like earthquake activity you get a lot of quakes all the time as some moderate earthquakes once a week and then maybe once a year you have a very very powerful earthquake so it's not a very random behavior people don't have to be alarmed because it happened a long time and the flashes being passed us but it's either one was to be seen now or if we'd been around back then would for the naked eye the Milky Way of. 20 different yes I think so 3000000 years ago we had 8 like ancestors the Australopithecus afarensis or king on the surface of the earth they would have seen something maybe 10 times fainter than the mood and they would have seen basically light house be coming out of the center of actually in the direction of the constellation of the terrorists so of course they would not have seen change so in a human lifetime you wouldn't see much change you just see the sort of cone of light like as I said like being in a movie theater and saying a beam of light coming out of it at the projector this could have been bad news for someone somewhere at some point in actual fact I think that is the case at least but massive black holes are active at different times I mean only a few percent at one time but if you wait long enough all galaxies have this activity I would imagine that would be curtains for life within the inner parts of galaxies because they don't just produce announcing radiation and also produce particles we have this amazing telescope on the South Pole called Ice Cube one cubic kilometer of ice is being used as a detector and drilled holes through the ice and put on detectors 3000 detectors and every now and then they detect flashes of light in the ice and this is now thought to be due to the galactic center itself so we know it produces deadly particles in addition to this radiation beams of radiation just bland Hawthorne of the Sydney Institute of astronomy Meanwhile back down on earth it's a dog eat dog world or worse than that snail eat snail the trouble in French Polynesia started when the giant African land snail was deliberately introduced as a source of food all well and good except the African snail Acca Tina quickly became an agricultural pest devastating the island's crops so someone smart thought Let's introduce another snail you plan dinner which pretty dates on academia and that will clean up the mess well. Like a Greek tragedy it all went wrong the predatory snails turned out to prefer the native Polynesian species parts conservationist and Clark was among the 1st to realize this was why prosecutors were disappearing you put the 3 in a plastic box together to see what happened when you. Picked them up with Philo's and turned around and sucked them out of the partridge shell and that's when we realized there was a problem with the partially species but that's also where the rescue effort began with and Clarke bringing back arrests of 5 years to be bred up. And that's where our reporter named me kind of broader met conservationist Dave Clark and Paul Pierce Kelly So this is the part Chile conservation breeding room so we're surrounded here by some of the rarest species on the planet and quite a lot of them as well so we have ranks of tanks here in all pretty room which is on display and that is a long as it's the people see us working on the St each tank that you see here has a population of science there are adults in there with their babies as well to give birth to live young big smiles which is unusual but I was imagine Snow's lay eggs you know if you're right the vast majority of snails do like eggs there's only a few species which do produce live young they're actually what's called vaporous I develop an egg but it has is internally before it's before it does mean that the very tiny babies which you can see some on the sides of the tanks here there are only a few millimeters Gnome they can be difficult to tell apart from bits of snail posing as well let me just find one for you on the side here there's one just they're. So small so they're born as a perfect little snots with a shell and everything and also they're very cute they have quite long. As nails cuter than marks although these small snails are very cute in their native habitat they served an important environmental function a lot of snails are. Armory recyclers it's kind of tear up when we all realize how important it is in the ecosystem it's one of fundamental ecosystem services that things like invertebrates particularly play a vital role in doing so if you take that sort of animal out of the environment it could have a very long term problem for the ecosystem cover when you look at the Airlie photographs you see the snails in the field there were thousands of them so they must have had the really impact for our on the recycling and we also see the passion is the pretty robust little things and they can deal with really trashed habitat completely altered habitat alien species of plants exceptional so they have a lot going for them provide not actually being eaten they got a good chance and it's important for us to explain to people but quite often people there are whether God. Is my garden washer to worry about varies but that's nothing I mean that there are you have problems with some certain spaces now and slums and go on but otherwise smiles are important point because system must be protected Well it started as just a handful of snails and ends plastic lunchbox today protecting the purchase nails is a project of international scale captive breeding programs have been in places zoos around the world for the last 30 years and recently they've been returning some of the snails to their native habitats back in the wild populations of the predatory Rosie wolfs now have thankfully been declining but now all the parts will face new dangers according to Paul who leads the collaborative international breeding program climate change is another real facts have we have to take into account and he said if you're in French Polynesia you know once a climate change skeptic seeing it play out and there's a lot of change in the environment and my fortune again my partners they have the ability to move up the valleys up to the higher regions so they have a good chance there as well but by golly when you see flash floods can do and really extreme events as well as you know changes. In the way that the underweight season 6 cetera climate change is super critical to pretty much any conservation focus you want to think about all the fate of the parts list snails has been human made either introduced predators or climate change.