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Last modified on Sun 20 Dec 2020 04.00 EST They were destitute, their children were starving and their short, pitiful lives were often marred by heartbreak and suffering. But they knew that, morally, they had rights, and they understood how to make their voices heard. Now, previously unpublished letters of penniless and disabled paupers living in the early 19th century reveal the sophisticated and powerful rhetoric they used to secure regular welfare payments from parish authorities, despite being barely able to read and write. The letters, which were sent to the overseer of Kirkby Lonsdale parish between 1809 and 1836, demonstrate how poor families were “masters” at navigating the complexities of the Old English Poor Law and negotiating effectively for long-term financial support.

United kingdomKirkby lonsdalePeter jonesSteven kingNottingham trent universityUniversity of leicesterBritish academy on christmas eveOld english poor lawNottingham trentOld poor lawBritish academyChristmas eveஒன்றுபட்டது கிஂக்டம்கர்க்பீ லோன்ஸ்டேல்பீட்டர் ஜோன்ஸ்ஸ்டீவன் கிங்