"Performance Evaluation of Force Transducer for the Observation of Sedi" by Muhammad Zain Bin Riaz, Shu Qing Yang et al.
Direct measurement of forces within the rough bed layer have been limited by previous spatial-averaging shear force studies. A highly sensitive force transducer assembled with a target sphere was used to measure and record the instantaneous three-dimensional forces of sediment at incipient motion. In the current study, a laser Doppler anemometer, ultrasonic displacement meter, and a force transducer accompanied by video recordings were used to experimentally investigate the incipient motion of s...
Source: uow.edu.au