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In this appendix we motivate and discuss the empirical models and results used to produce the casual and commercial smuggling estimates presented in the main text under A New Estimate of Interstate Cigarette Smuggling Rates (see Page 12). The results of this study build upon the existing literature, which provides considerable support for the presence of substantial tax-induced smuggling, both casual and commercial. For instance, Lovenheim (2007) estimates that 13 percent to 25 percent of U.S. consumers engage in casual smuggling while Thursby and Thursby (2000) find that commercial smuggling accounted for nearly 7.3 percent of total sales in the United States in 1990. Such estimates have usually been generated from representative consumer demand models in which variables such as price, tourism, income, race and religious affiliations, among other demographic variables, are used to characterize demand. The researchers then include tax or price differentials, American Indian and m

United statesMark cliftonCenters for diseaseOverton windowNorth shore mosquito abatement districtDisease controlAlexis de tocquevilleஒன்றுபட்டது மாநிலங்களில்குறி கிளிப்டன்மையங்கள் க்கு நோய்ஒவர்‌டந் ஜன்னல்வடக்கு கரை கொசு தள்ளுபடி மாவட்டம்நோய் கட்டுப்பாடு