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Lymphocytes of vertebrate adaptive immune systems acquired the capability to assemble, from split genes in the germline, billions of functional antigen receptors1–3. These receptors show specificity; unlike the broadly tuned receptors of the innate system, antibodies (Ig) expressed by B cells, for instance, can accurately distinguish between the two enantiomers of organic acids4, whereas T cell receptors (TCRs) reliably recognize single amino acid replacements in their peptide antigens5. I...

In addition to revealing the hidden histories of life on Earth, studying the evolutionary relationships between organisms can help scientists track emerging diseases, inform methods to control invasive species, and understand how to best protect at-risk ecosystems.

>> and how complicated is this in the realm? >> it is crazy detailed. >> what else can you show me? >> that is an interior gate to keep the dogs from having run of the house. >> so you guys make big, meaty pieces of steel? >> it is the nature of the beast. >> and this is a school sized mere yore and we have a life-size as pen tree and the blue on it and the copper with an ammonia patina. >> this is extraordinary. will you sell it or just keep it. >> do you want to buy it? >> maybe. lets see how ...

>> it is crazy detailed. >> what else can you show me? >> that is an interior gate to keep the dogs from having run of the house. >> so you guys make big, meaty pieces of steel? >> it is the nature of the beast. >> and this is a school sized mere yore and we have a life-size as pen tree and the blue on it and the copper with an ammonia patina. >> this is extraordinary. will you sell it or just keep it. >> do you want to buy it? >> maybe. lets see how the rest of the day goes. everywhere i look, ...