Frontiers | Jordanian Men s Experience of Emotional Abuse in Marital Relationships: The Role of Marriage Length and Motivation
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Ted Schwaba
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Objective: To formally test a hierarchy of effects model linking exposure to television (TV) advertising for unhealthy foods with child body weight through purchase requests, purchases, and consumption. Design: A nationally representative cross-sectional online study in the United Kingdom. Participants: A total of 2,260 parent-child dyads (children aged 7–11 years) recruited via online research panel; 55.7% boys, mean age 8.9 ± 1.4 years, mean body mass index z-score 1.25 ± 2.1. Main Outcome Measures: Parents reported on child TV exposure and child height and weight. Children self-reported their frequency of (1) pestering for advertised foods, (2) purchase of unhealthy foods, and (3) consumption of unhealthy foods. Analysis: A structural equation model was applied to data. Results: As predicted, commercial TV exposure was indirectly associated with children's body mass index through purchasing and consumption through purchase requests. It was also directly associated with chil