Absolutely some kind of challenge, i think, which mark donskoy deliberately made so that hook the soviet audience, and it is no coincidence that when this film was seen in italy, it is believed, as the legend says, that it largely influenced the establishment of italian neorealism, a movement in italian cinema that arose last year, in fact, the second world war, which then absolutely influenced all world cinema, when. Is filmed not in a pavilion, but somewhere on location, when we see real life on the screen, because it is no longer possible to recreate life in a pavilion, we see destroyed cities, ruins, we see not even actors very often, but simply models or, well, extras who actually play themselves, all this also partly comes from donskoys rainbow, although of course donskoys actors were mostly actors, well, except for children, and we know, lets say one of these actually is the film. One of the girls who appears on the screen in rainbow grew up to become a Costume Designer and continues to work as the curator of the costume fund, the mrfel namalaya film museum, a wonderful witness of the era, a wonderful the narrator is absolutely amazing, we have a fragment from the rainbow, the very finale, let them wait for their fate, let them drink it to the end, to the last drop, oh women. Whoever dies now will win big. No, no, no, let them wait first for their women and their own children to renounce them, let them say no, these were not our fathers. Let our sunburn and torment, let the peoples wrath, be answered before the judgment of the people. Will fall on their heads, and the earth will not accept them, the accursed. Yeah, its pretty hard to mean black and white movie show a rainbow on the screen. And yet, it worked out. Let me remind you that this is isensteins witness podcast, where we talk about why and how to watch obscure and famous films. What did the viewer want to watch, what did the viewer fall in love with immediately and forever. Someone still managed to make such films, including at the Central United film studio. And these were films that somehow dealt with the war. Sometimes it was about those who are waiting, for example, for their husbands from the front, like in the film wait for me, just according to simonovs script, based on simonovs poem, wait for me, or like in the film there are two fighters, here there is no longer any posterity, which was in military film collections, but there is just a very subtle, very calm acting, directing, in some places, for example, in in the film there are two fighters, when they appear soviet troops, even then. And of course this film was immediately remembered by everyone for its songs Nikita Bogoslovsky wrote two masterpieces of generally soviet film music, pop songs, these are scows full of mullets and a dark night, and it so happened that the songs its a dark night at all. It might not have happened, there in this dugout, in this dugout, which flows there right there almost on the screen, its raining, but at night its very quiet, mark bernes, playing arkady with a guitar, hums this song, and as we know from memoirs, from the works of historians, there was supposed to be a scene with writing and reading letters, the director leonid lukov couldnt do it, well, something didnt work out, then they suddenly thought, maybe a song. Bogoslovsky made the melody right there, vladimir ogapov wrote the lyrics right there, this dark night, yes, i know that beloved one, you cant sleep, they almost woke you up at night, and bernes, and he sang, dark night, only bullets are whistling across the steppe, only the wind is humming in the wires. The stars twinkle dimly on the dark night, you , my beloved, i know you dont sleep by the childrens bed. Taikon, you wipe away a tear. The most offensive thing about this film before its release. Gave the text and music to utesov, he managed to record it, first everyone heard the utesov version, nevertheless, the bernes version still won, despite the fact that some thought that well, its somehow petty, a little vulgar, especially scows full of mullet, yes, this is such a fine line that everyone tried to stay on, what are we filming about, how serious is it, how much does it help the front, is it possible to make comedies for the front, yes . Roughly speaking, is it necessary here and there . The wonderful leonid rauberg, who was one of the creators of maxim, this trilogy about maxim in the thirties, is making a film in almootezh called an actress, an operetta artist who goes to the rear, works there in the theater, but lives with a woman who always says my son is fighting there, and here you sing songs, and the actress leaves the theater, goes to work as a nurse in a hospital, and of course there with. Barsova, in the artillery must go, so what, so, and you will sing for it, we will sing after the war, this is great, you know what i will advise you, go to any theater and the evening before the start, announce that the performance is postponed until the end of the war , because agat lukinishna and i believe that five its not the right time to splash now. Lets see what the public will do to you then, especially the military, yes, what can i say to you when you dont understand a damn thing about art, i dont understand anything, but i, what are you, nothing, i just want to say that obviously you a lot in art, you see, i dont understand, i dont understand, but i love art, that is, here the military themselves seem to tell us no, we need your art, again, its quite a shame that when the film came out , still lies, its only copy in gosulemofond, undigitized and impossible to view anywhere on the internet. Its clear that the newsreel is being filmed in laggy leningrad, of course, the cameramen remain there, the film remains there, and we know that the film once upon a time there was a girl, which was released after the end of the siege, was partially filmed before the complete siege was lifted, and the siege was very important for the director, vladimir isymont, to show footage of this very semisiege of leningrad. And there once was a girl who is filming already in 1943, and what is happening in leningrad in 19411942, and there it was that a recent student of sergei zenshtein, who arrived literally in the summer of 1941 from minsk, ended up in leningrad and in the fall of 1941 he read an article in the newspaper about how a girl. Mittens were sent to the front they wrote on them to the bravest, so he began to think about how to make some kind of plot out of this, they began to write a script, they wrote it in the fall of 1941, in the spring of 1942, only in november the road of life opened up, they went to film in laduga with real sailors, with actors from leningrad , this film, the general thing was a positive attitude towards the film. All the same, vishnevsky watched it back in leningrad; of course, it was incredibly difficult to film it, lubeshits recalls that one of the installers, for example, died under artillery fire, yes, and this was all done between dropping incendiary bombs from the roof film and so on, and this is a real feat, which for some reason even film historians have forgotten about, why today it is worth watching films made during the great patriotic war, well, because this is , first of all, anthropological evidence, i think, yes, it shows people, those years, who do not live in imaginary circumstances, but live that life, not as actors, after many years, but as people who really experienced all this in their own experience, and this was a podcast of esensteins witnesses. We we talk about littleknown or wellknown soviet films within the framework of a filmgoing school that teaches how to enjoy forgotten or famous films of the soviet period. Thank you, goodbye, goodbye. The time when our first satellite was launched, i naturally dont remember, as for gagorins flight, i have a very vivid impression of it from childhood, of course it was complete delight, but then very few realized that, in general, this space is a kind of side effect from the arms race and from. Military rocket science, because if there werent this, there wouldnt be space. Here it must be said, first of all, that a new era began in august of 1945, the nuclear era, the United States had a monopoly on the atomic bomb, and this of course made the world very unstable, and of course, no one in the United States expected that the soviet union would be able to create a nuclear a bomb to go into space in 1949, and on october 4 , 1957, launching the first satellite, thats how this race is . Concerned the spread of leftist ideas, the influence the soviet union, which was truly huge after the victory over germany, there was stalingrad, the battle of stalingrad, all this was known, the soviet union wanted to ensure its security by creating such a belt of friendly states around it in order to prevent a repeat of the situation on june 22 , 1941, yes, when hostile germany was everywhere on the western borders of the ussr, either she or her allies. The start of the atomic project in the ussr was given by a decree of the state Defense Committee in 1942, but only in august of the fortyfifth year after kheroshima and nagasaki. They began to allocate really large funds for this, the deputy chairman of the state Defense Committee, it is important to say that the state Defense Committee is the highest authority in the ussr during the war, that is, not politburo, namely the state Defense Committee, the state Defense Committee, and so the deputy chairman of the state Defense Committee, the chairman was stalin, the deputy was beria, lavrentiy pavelovich beri becomes the curator of the atomic project, scientifically its curator there was, of course, kurchatov, in 1949, the soviet nuclear bomb, thanks to the efforts. And intelligence, and thanks to the efforts, the amazing, inhuman efforts of soviet physicists, the nuclear bomb was tested and the monopoly of the United States on Nuclear Weapons ended. Another problem arose how to deliver Nuclear Warheads to enemy territory. With the help of aircraft, the air Defense System can cope with them, either highaltitude fighters or groundbased air Defense Systems, respectively, other delivery methods are needed, especially for the soviet union, given that if while american planes could be based on. The soviet union, our planes could not be based purely geographically on the borders of the United States. We did not have nato, and there were no allies next to the United States either. And here it must be said that the most advanced country that developed Rocket Technology until 1945 was germany. Well, yes, of course, the famous vau, vau, the first Cruise Missile v1, the worlds first ballistic missile. Fa2, longrange ballistic missile. Moreover, uh, the germans also created a guided antiaircraft missile, the wasserfall, which they developed and brought to the level of mass production, but they simply did not have time to launch this mass production, because soviet troops had already arrived in germany. Already at the end of the second world war, the United States and the soviet union were very interested in seizing these german developments; they knew about them, of course. And in this story of the capture of german developments on the palm tree on palma perenst. The americans were, of course, the winners, they had a special program, called paperclip, for the seizure of german scientists, german technologies, thousands of german scientists, engineers, technicians, through this operation were transferred at different times, during the forties, early fifties to the usa, and of course, the main acquisition here was an american who surrendered, who deliberately surrendered as an american on may 2 , 1945, werner von brown, the developer of the fa 2 itself, the father. From the American Space program, the americans used the project accordingly wasserfal and the fa2 project for the development of their program, it seemed that they were in a much better position, they had much better starting conditions for the development of rocketry, they only didnt have one thing, they didnt have sergei pavlovch korolev, and they didnt have korolev it was, but it is also possible that korolev would be involved in. My life, this is a meeting with Konstantin Eduardovich tsalkovsky. It was the twentyninth year, i was about 24 then. As a matter of fact, after the meeting with tsealkovsky that excited us, my friends and i started active actions and even some practical experiments in Rocket Technology. Yes, in one of the official questionnaires, from 1952, he also writes that from 1929, after meeting tsyalkovsky. Began to work on special equipment, the soviet Missile Program could theoretically not be inferior to the german one or not be far behind it, if not for repression. Back in the thirty third year, a Rocket Research institute was founded, in the organization of which Mikhail Nikolaevich tukhachevsky helped, who understood that the country we need new technology, sometimes he invested, by the way, in failed projects, but still he very actively supports the development of new technology, he generally adored everything. The institute was created, and not without bureaucratic resistance, that was also the case then, testing of rocket projects began, and the people who. Created this atmosphere of creativity in the early thirties, it was amazing, people literally forgot to eat when they launched this soviet Missile Program, before the creation of rni, the Rocket Research institute, the group was called tsgirt, the Central Group for the study of jet propulsion, jet engines, it was created by korolev and on enthusiasm, without a command from above, without encouragement from above, gird was deciphered then in the early thirties, a group of engineers worked. Friedrich arturovich tsander, one of the forerunners cosmonautics, now his name is practically forgotten, absolutely undeservedly, sandr is a great figure, such a person, a transitional stage from tselkovsky to the queen, so to speak, an outstanding engineer, a dreamer. The erneys were just launching the first project of his rocket in 1933. Kebalchik really dreamed about space back in the days of the peoples will. Tsilkovsky. But here it is important to say that the chance to realize this dream appeared only after the revolution. After the state began to mobilize these talented people in order to discover the unknown. This craving for the unknown is, of course, the atmosphere of the thirties, it will be there later, yes, but without this. The beginning of the space race is assessed differently and its end, by the way, the space race is by analogy with the arms race, in general a term that appeared, well, some believe that. It all began, the race began with the launch of the first satellite by the soviet union, but i remember, that in 1947, that is, exactly 10 years before the actual launch of the first satellite at the future kapustin yar cosmodrome in 1947 r1 was launched, r1, yes, already 10 years before. Sharashka aircraft engine plant in kazan, it was brought to germany, he began to understand there, even while still a prisoner, moreover, there , korolev came to one test of missiles that the germans were conducting, but so that he would not be identified, so that he was too competent a technical person, he came there under the guise of a driver, interesting, that is, they tried to deceive the americans a little, and so, when it became clear , that we wont find the whole fa2, we began to restore it, the minister of armaments restored it. Ussr Dmitry Fedorovich ustinov approved the creation of two institutes northausen, Ballistic Missiles and berlin, all other missiles, they worked and german specialists whom we managed to capture in soviet. The union, while in germany, agreed to work for about 5,000 technicians and engineers, they even managed to lure some people from the american zone of occupation, in particular the specialist in automatic control systems helmut grettup, kurt magnus, hans hoch, and a special nii, nii 88, was created, where korolev became the head of the department, and then the famous okb number one was created from it, this is the same Design Bureau that launched the satellite and man into space. Again, what is important korolev served time, but korolev could have become embittered, could have broken down, but his thirst to create a rocket, including a rocket and a military one, and at the same time in order to go into space, this thirst remained, if not for this thirst unknown, nothing would have worked out, of course, well, it should also be noted that in general this space race of the cold war period, it. Of course, was important from the point of view of scientific and technological progress, but it was also a kind of competition between two political systems , so of course, success in the scientific sphere, in the scientific and technological sphere, they were echoed, so to speak, in the image of this or that system, therefore, when, unexpectedly for the americans , we were the first to launch a satellite, then of course we did it there. A whole series of very important steps to advance, so to speak, in order to generally catch up and then overtake the soviet union, but back in the time of esenhaur, it means that the law on education for the needs of National Defense was adopted, designed to encourage the acquisition of education in strategically important areas science, well, it was organized by the famous nasa, known to everyone. There is an office there, we are in 1957, and on february 1 , 1958, they also managed to finally launch their first satellite, explorer 1, the first living creature put into orbit, precisely into orbit, this is not a jump back into orbit, it was laika 3 november 1957, the descent module this was the next stage. In the development, so to speak, of astronautics, so it played a crucial role, but nevertheless, to return it to earth, then there was no opportu