Aware of the possibilities, he had an amazing instinct, he was not a scientific genius, he was an organizing genius who managed to gather people, who knew how to manage them, who knew how, by the way, which is very important, had intuition, engineeringscientific intuition, they argued when it was necessary to send a device to the moon without a person, yes, they argued about whether there was dust or something solid surface, they argued, they argued, korolev thought, thought, listened to various. Arguments, then he took a piece of newspaper and wrote the moon is hard. but no one knew whether it was solid or not. Korolev, on the one hand, took a risk. On the other hand, this is what is called scientific intuition, it is really solid. Around the queens were people who went through the war and for whom this work, exhausting, hard work, nevertheless was easy compared to what they saw during the war, and at the same time it was motivation, yes, the feeling that the future the country depends on them, on their work. Wrote korolev always relied on people, thats why he won, the slogan personnel decides everything, Sergei Pavlovich korolev learned this better than others, no one corresponded to this principle in practice as much as korolev, who highly valued professionals, not cogs, but creative professionals, in this i see his genius and uniqueness, i attended several meetings held by korolev, he invited the main specialists who he knew well and young people like me , for example, the question of fuel for the rockets of the future was raised, kerosene or hydrogen, he asked everyone, including. Me, i couldnt offer anything smart, different from what was said, but i stood up and expressed my opinion, only much later i realized that korolev taught everyone speak what he thinks, again, this is a lesson for many modern leaders, yes, were probably already finalizing it, but i can only say one thing, that yes, the collapse of the soviet union certainly dealt a powerful blow to our cosmonautics, this. Deny its impossible, this is a fact, well, what can we say, well , now with the general rise of russia , cosmonautics will naturally rise, we need to catch up, after all, we have, so to speak, baikanur, we have plesetsk, we have a cosmodrome eastern, and launches occur regularly, often underestimated the importance of astronautics surrounds us. What we have thanks to space, this concerns not only some fundamental scientific research, this concerns fasteners on clothes, the first, yes, corresponding fasteners, velcro were invented for space, computers, the internet, satellite navigation, all this is a consequence of Space Technology , a lot of medical technologies, tested for the first time within the framework of space programs, this is all that makes it possible. We can only hope that this rapprochement will someday truly will take place, and space will truly become international. This was a historical podcast russiawest on the swing of history. Today we talked about the space race, the competition between the United States and the soviet union. Pyotr romanov was with you. And sergei solovyov, study history with us. You can watch all episodes of the russiawest podcast on the swing of history on the channel one website. Hello, this is the banden baden podcast and i am its host, konstantin severinov. Today our guest is a virologist, academician of the Russian Academy of sciences, scientific director of the mechnikov serum vaccine institute, vitaly vasilyevich zverev. Vitaly vasilich, hello, its very nice to see you. Hello, konstantin, yes, we are also very pleased. Today we were going to talk about seasonal diseases with you, but i would like to start by talking about the global organization. Healthcare, since you have been an expert and representative of russia in this organization for a long time, recently there are many people who doubt its feasibility, could you tell what did you do there and what do you think about the cart in general . You know, i went to the World Health Organization in geneva for the first time, its scary to think, in 198788 i was still representing the soviet union, we were invited by a big. It works, it doesnt work, we wrote these rules, well, you see how many years have passed , yes , in general, as it turned out, there is no vaccine, but in front of us, he says, 20 people spoke, 22, who said that this is tomorrow, this is already tomorrow, it happens in different ways, and then they invited me, in the who already in the nineties, when the question of the fate of smallpox museums was being decided, smallpox is a virus that kills humanity. Such a declaration was written that it was called eradication, that is, eradication, there was complete eradication, so this is good , thank god, and of course, they stopped even then , they stopped vaccinations, the museum remained, because they collected all the variants that were isolated from various regions of the world, our scientists, american scientists and all these strains of viruses, they were concentrated in two laboratories, this in atlanta, connected. In states of america, we have a museum in our institute, because our institute played the role of the lead in the liquidation of the moscow storage facility, and as everyone said, we have a museum there, 2 km from red square, so we transferred our museum to novosibirs in the vector, there is special conditions for working with such viruses, especially dangerous ones, although at our institute they also created such conditions, we had a special unit where. We worked with this virus, and the assembly had to decide to liquidate these museums, then like smallpox in general on earth no, but when they assembled this one for the first time, and you were for it, you were against it, well, you know how it turned out, when they assembled the first committee, in order to make such a decision, consensus is needed, so socalled, that is, the consent of all members, the specialists of this committee. American and even lawyers were invited, so i was against it, i was categorically against it, for many reasons, when in the end everyone began to speak, well, everyone expressed their opinion, then the two people who abstained earlier, but they didnt abstain now, this is our Svetlana Sergeevna and the representative of japan, and i was categorically against it, i had, as i remember now, eight arguments why it was not necessary to destroy the smallpox museum and. I was supported by one of the englishmen, there were two, one took the side of the americans, that is, they were divided almost equally in their opinions, this decision was not made to the assembly, but i proposed that this issue should never be considered at all, that these museums should be left in these two countries, as they are and have been it was, well, you see, they still exist, its like preserving species in the red book, its dear to you, its smallpox, because somehow your work is connected. That the americans will have a museum with the military, in general, if this is poker, then someone maybe, in the third, you see what is happening now with the socalled monkey smallpox, and this is not monkey smallpox at all, this is not smallpox monkeys, this is smallpox of rodents, ground squirrels, we just imagine a monkey with a banana in his hand or paw, yes, and they eat like people, that is, they have the same one they become infected from these ground squirrels, and then. People become infected, that is, if there is rodent smallpox, which a person can suffer from, then this suggests that someday it may suddenly happen that a virus similar to smallpox will turn into the human population, so that smallpox virus is needed at least for comparison, then also for the creation of diagnostic drugs and so on, but the situation could be even worse, god bless them with the bastards, but if now, well, people born after the eighties , as i understand it, we have. Deals with influenza vaccine issues and you are there too, thats why influenza is a classic seasonal disease, i traveled many times to identify those strains that need to be protected from those variants in the next season , please explain, look, the thing is that the influenza virus is when a pandemic begins, it begins usually in the fall and late it usually starts in Southeast Asia, why do you know why somewhere else . Very good conditions for creating new variants of the influenza virus, as well as coronavirus came from somewhere there, yes, this is some kind of center just like that, the fact is that not only people get sick with the flu virus, pigs and, most importantly , birds get infected and get sick with the flu virus, but its isolated from a person somewhere in the order there are 1213 variants of the influenza virus, and in. Birds there are dozens, in Southeast Asia there is such a cuisine where, in general , people, pigs and birds live quite closely together, this is such a kitchen where, this another peculiarity is the structure of the genome of the influenza virus, each gene is separate, and if two different viruses enter one organism, there is a rare possibility, but there is an exchange of individual genes, no, and there are constantly new viruses that for some reason appear to us in the fall, or why does it come to us in the fall . In the fall and winter they are even created again for these viruses, why are they . Seasonal, yes, conditions are created, well, firstly, the human body, yes, when we are sick, when we are hypothermic, yes, when we have some, yes, when we live quite boringly, if you pay attention, in the summer in moscow, yes, you can move around freely, even by car, yes, in winter we all seem to gather, and in such times, children go to school, children come to school, and children are the main carriers of the virus. Lets count this, it turns out that about 20 thousand people a year die from the flu or its consequences, well, approximately the order, you know, i think it may be a little less, it all depends on how many people we vaccinate, the fact is that in recent decades we have again taken the precovid period, but we have enough, well, no matter how seriously the flu vaccination was taken, we vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule. No, it is not included in the vaccination calendar, but we had it free of charge and primarily for those groups of the population that are precisely susceptible to increased mortality; by the way, you can pay for it, and there was an opportunity to get vaccinated if you dont like the domestic vaccine , please, get vaccinated there with an imported vaccine, although by and large this does not matter much for the flu, since the composition of these vaccines, the technology there may be different, here the composition of the vaccine is absolutely the same it is who who determines who speaks, because a new virus comes out every year, but after a year, we look at what was there at the beginning, what came out at the end and recommend certain options. I did this too, i participated for many years, just like that, usually the who holds such a meeting in february, we analyze the picture, scientists and Health Care Specialists participate in this meeting and. It was, but the manufacturers did not receive it right away, that is, they then needed it work there this option, and they were given it and they then calmly used these options and still do it, now we have an influenza institute, which generally controls all this, as far as i know, but it nevertheless works according to who recommendations, because this is a collegial body where scientists and manufacturers all came together and assessed the epidemiological situation. We are talking about seasonal diseases, and we are discussing this topic with academician vitaly zverev, we make a decision at the end of the episeason, that is february, that is everything ends, in february in march everything seems to subside, these respiratory diseases, including the flu, manufacturers have the whole summer, and so that by the fall because you need to get vaccinated not when the flu has already started, but in advance, because at least 2 weeks, but you need like. In fact, you need more, but it is believed that in 2 weeks immunity is already formed, this is august or when, in principle, it is better, in principle , it is best to do this in august, of course , that is, in advance, and i dont know, im doing this every year, i have a huge family, i have nine grandchildren there, we always do this somewhere at the end of august, it happens before school, we get together, and the statistics in this case, well, the question always arises what is our country doing, vos and other countries that flu vaccinations are not effective, but there are statistics, they still dont die from the flu, that is, they can get sick, these 15 or 10 there yes, well, a lot depends on the vaccine, which one vaccine, the authors always give 9090 something, in reality it is a little less. People dont know about this about manufacturers , people, but people should only know that if they get sick, a vaccinated person gets the flu, then it will be easy, easier, well, just like a cold usually goes, without these complications , without pneumonia, and this is very similar to the situation with coronavirus vaccines, when they were used during a pandemic, there was the same logic that it does not save you from infection, but it alleviates the symptoms. Such statistics, if you look at the incidence curve compare with the curve vaccination, compare with the mortality curve, nothing like that, it had no effect on either mortality or coronavirus or do you have coronavirus, no, i mean coronavirus, now we are talking about coronavirus, as for our vaccine, how much has it reduced mortality, i dont i can tell you because the data has not been published. They are nowhere to be found, that is , i had one of the developers in our program , denis lagunov, who says that he has data that shows a real strong reduction in mortality, but with flu also, that is, last years vaccine is ineffective against the virus, last years vaccine should be effective, you know, the process here is not an easy guess, we look at what was there at the beginning, yes, what was at the end, what in the same thing. Now there are no coronaviruses or other respiratory ones, i mean viral ones, there are bacterial ones, there are pneumococcal ones, and we have a vaccine there because there are bacterial ones. Which cause respiratory diseases, so first of all, try not to in vain, but with covid, everyone there wore masks or kept this distance, this is protection not only from covid, it is protection from all respiratory infections, and in japan, for example, there or in china, before covid everyone wore masks, im not saying that you need to wear them always and everywhere, but on public transport, yes, when its boring, when you cant. Maintain this distance, you still need to wear them, this is the first time, secondly, its not necessary , i understand that Everyone Wants to lead an active life, yes, but still in this period, when the incidence rate begins to rise, it is better to wait it out and try to spend time outdoors, walking in the park, and not sitting somewhere in a cinema, where its bound to be, uh, if its full, hes bound to sneeze or Something Else is bound to happen all. They are immune, so they get sick more easily or dont get sick, right . What is good immunity . Nutrition, yes, is mandatory, that is, it must be correct, rational, this includes sports, fresh air, walks, that is, this is the usual recommendation, many say, thats it vitamins, you know, i am a little cautious about this, because vitamins are still preparations, they are medicines, they have a chemical form. They are built into ours and the doctor should recommend them, now you can just come in, determine the immune status, and to a degree, then take it and say, you need this, you hear, but everyone there is now starting to become interested in vitamin d, yes, there are children there and whatnot, and then they come to the doctor, and they have a problem with their kidneys, because he drinks this vitamin d there uncontrollably in large quantities, and this can cause. Its more difficult, but vitamins, they are not sold according to prescriptions, yes, that is, relatively speaking, you need to get a doctors recommendation, but in principle , everyone can buy this overthecounter product, they are delicious, i remember as a child the whole jar, you know, in fermented cabbage of this vitamin c, that is, you will have enough, i dont know from this jar there is a supply of this vitamin c for a week, and the medicines, you know, all the medicines, they also recommend all the medicines for the flu no longer when you got sick when you got sick these medications. You can find all episodes of the badden baden podcast on the website of channel one, you know me, what bothers me the most is when i watch tv, advertisements for medicines, i have had cases, yes, when friends turn to me, they say, listen to what its really bad, i say, what are you drinking, he says, here, i say, wait, and how is everything with your rhythm, but why are you drinking, well, like vitamins for the heart, what vitamins for the heart, this is a serious drug, what vitamins are for. Because without the immune system, well, everything is just as well as they teach, but we understand, as they used to say, all diseases are from the nerves, and thats it, and indeed the nervous system, yes, it definitely participates in all pathological processes, and somehow its the same like probably the endocrine but immune system this is what any doctor should know to understand, well, the autumn flu is seasonal and you told how this happens . But in the spring there is also a season of respiratory diseases, this is also the flu, or influenza it doesnt happen in the spring, or its some other virus, and there are isolated cases of flu in the summer, that is, its as if someone came anyway. Brought something, but as a rule, this is what concerns adenovirus infection and respiratory syncytial virus, they just accompany the influenza epidemic and appear right at the end, that is , well, yes, when we conducted such an experiment with the first Infectious Diseases hospital, we took nasal swab samples from patients diagnosed with influenza who were hospitalized there, yes, for. There is Nothing Specific about the disease, right . No, you know, in fact, influenza can be distinguished from other respiratory diseases, an experienced doctor will do this, because there is a difference in temperature, yes, there it is much higher because of how it proceeds, how it begins, either with a runny nose or with a cough, that is , for example, with an adenovirus infection, sometimes this cough remains for another month, but there is a person there. Cant get rid of it, and if its the flu, then there are special ones, there are some medicines that treat the flu, and not Something Else another, yes, there is, yes, we have several drugs that treat influenza specifically, and do not act on others, respiratory vir