Right hand do you solemnly swear that in all things appertaining to the trial of the impeachment of Donald Johndroe president of the United States now pending you will do impartial justice according to the constitution and the laws so help you god i do how does your caster is on capitol hill and explains that even after the chief justice was sworn in its the senators who are in control. The actual Decision Making as far as whether or not to call witnesses as far as any questions that the senators may have its the senators themselves who will be voting as and as a simple majority they will be apt to as judge in a sense to answer those pending questions as they emerge within the trial so an impeachment trial very different than a judicial trial where you see a typical defendant a judge and jurors in this case it is those jurors the 100 senators who will in essence act as both jury and judge in deciding in answering their own legal questions and exactly how these proceedings will unfold and attacks on able to produce in syria have resumed the countrys last remaining rebel held area at least 21 people have been killed in recent days and hundreds of thousands have been forced to flee despite a cease fire declared on sunday but failed to hold russias ministry of defense says it was not behind the bombing the u. N. Says 350000 syrians have been forced to flee the province since early december most of those are women and children germanys foreign minister says the libyan warlord highly for have to is committed to a cease fire even though one that started on sunday failed us is in talks with after a stronghold in the libyan city of benghazi this comes ahead of a conference on libya planned for sunday in germany which have to says he may attend his forces have been trying to take control of the capital since april meanwhile turkey has started deploying troops to tripoli to support the u. S. Backed government base there. The taliban says it has offered the United States a temporary ceasefire in afghanistan of up to 10 days its being seen as an opportunity to restart talks in doha between the 2 that President Trump called dead in september the taliban wants foreign troops to withdraw while the u. S. Has said a reduction in violence would see forces pulled out in return for security guarantees pakistans foreign minister says the taliban offer is a positive step towards peace. The taliban have shown their willingness to reduce the violence which was a demand and i believe that this is a step towards an agreement towards a Peace Agreement. And despite International Pressure to abide by its 2015 nuclear deal commitment iran says it will continue to enrich uranium in a televised speech president Hassan Rouhani said iran has now surpassed the limits set under the agreement is statement comes after 3 you know actions that were party to the deal launched a dispute mechanism thousands more people in the philippines have been forced to abandon their homes because of the threat of a major volcanic eruption Evacuation Centers in areas across the tigris province are now almost full buildings in towns near tower volcano which erupted on sunday have collapsed under the way to falling ash and seismologists say there are signs a 2nd eruption may be coming. To stay with us face to face is next looking at the 2 men from different worlds who came together and apartheid. At my heart for parents. But the state does suffer not that it is very. I would also like take this opportunity. The power regulate my comp or of a lot of. Paper than ever cover of the book here had the car to. Go at mc. Or that terrible wrong at the current to our country and. Through the imposition of the system of about. December 1993 the packed house and on to city home owners Nelson Mandela the hero of the antiapartheid struggle and frederick the clown the last white president of south africa ive years ago. If i would have seriously question the sanity of anyone who would have predicted that mr madela and i would be joining the disappearance of the 99. 00 bill. Yet all of us. Are before you today behind the coty of speeches the 2 leaders are at olds and the tension in the country is at its highest in the us. Were living below bowdens. We disagree store issues and we will soon fight the strenuous election that plane against one of them any day not withstanding the event the spro quest which will make. All the 3000 people have died in Political Violence. Since the beginning of this year mandela and dick clarke parkins as much as well able to carry to his representing a cruising campus in gazed in unwilling to move to solutions of political and personal doom that was poised to put an end to one of the most racist when the products. d 7 kilometers west of cape town Nelson Mandela was a prisoner for 18 years raised in a village in eastern south africa he founded the 1st black law from in the country appalled by the treatment of blacks and people of color he created the armed wing of the African National congress to fight against the Apartheid Regime that are meant to be a blow feel that it is useless and for the future for us to continue talking peace and nonviolence against the government was a block is only a savage attacks. Under defenseless people. In 1962 mandela was arrested 2 years later he and his fellow accused were sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage and conspiracy he was 46 years old. During his incarceration and social unrest spread and intensified among the black people who represented almost 3 quarters of the population of the state responded with increasingly savage repression. In the 1980 s. The country was subjected to the iron fist leadership of peter both or head of the National Party regarded as a hard liner he was nonetheless aware that profound change was inevitable among his most influential ministers was frederick vellum declare an ambitious afrikaner who entered politics in 1971 f. W. As everyone called him came from an influential conservative family. One must remember that his father had been a very senior National Party politician it being president of the senate his uncle had been Prime Minister so he was deeply. Involved in the whole growth and development of the National Party mr de klerk was perceived to be on the conservative side that he was predicting what group rights as it was call but i think to his credit almost always say that he was never in favor of a Security Solution for the country never in 71 i still embraced the concept of separateness which i believed idealistic could bring justice in the early eightys. I came to the conclusion and not only me many of my colleagues around me that the concept of separateness is just institutionalizing in justice that it was our own and that we had to abandon the concept of a part they separate us. In the early eightys Nelson Mandela returned to the mainland after 2 decades of brutal detention he was transferred to post more prison then in 1988 to more comfortable housing within the victor 1st the prison about 100 kilometers from cape town. For mandela was no ordinary prisoner convinced that negotiation could bring an end to apartheid he had begun secret meetings with government representatives notably we could see how the Justice Minister and neal barnard the head of the secret services. And so p. W. Identified a team of which i was the head at the time to start in total secrecy negotiations with one below which in fact started in my 988. 00 until eventually they met some got 50 times or 48. 00 times every week for hours on end and nobody not is almost the archetype of an afrikaner nationalist mandela use that to get to know the minds of the afrikaans the minds of the National Party and by the time he came out he knew more or less what they were what they were thinking what was possible what wasnt possible he knew more or less how to treat them. Both at home and abroad calls for mandelas release grew louder and gained more support for his party the a. N. C. Represented him as the symbol of the antiapartheid struggle. In early 1989 bhutto was weakened by a stroke shortly after a secret meeting with mandela he was forced to resign as party leader and later as president. I relented in august his former minister frederick de clercq age 53 took over as president of the country his priority to end the deadlock crippling south africa. On december 13th 1989 mandela left the victor vast the prison for a few hours he was secretly taken to the center of cape town to detain heise the president s office for the 1st time the black leader and white president found themselves face to face. I did not have High Expectations of a 1st meeting with mr mandela and when i did have my 1st meeting i did not try to achieve much for both the him and me that 1st meeting was to get an understanding of each other to get a feel for the person sitting across the table to start with mandela was much taller than he expected. And he was also very impressed by president of mr mandelas aristocratic bearing because we must remember that the mandela was actually raised to be the Prime Minister of the paramount chief of the 10 booze so he had natural and natural sense of authority very dignified a very charming after that 1st meeting there was the feeling that yes we can do business with each other so i did expect that he would be positive about the concept of negotiation but we both of voided talking about the real challenges and the real issues at that time it was a sizing up proceedings and so that was the beginning of of a long and sometimes very very rocky relationship. On february the 2nd 1990 the eyes of 37000000. 00 South Africans were turned towards cape town for the opening of parliament they did declare was about to pronounce his 1st general policy speech many were hoping he would commit the country to a new direction. It is time for us to break out of the cycle of violence and to break through to peace and reconciliation the steps that have been decided on the following the prohibition of the African National congress the pan african as congress the south African Communist Party in a number of subsidiary organizations is being nice and people serving prison sentences merely because they were members of one of these organizations will be identified and released i think the clark when he took over as president in 1009. I was faced with a choice he knew that the countrys economy was in really deep trouble he knew we were almost facing a civil war inside the country and here suddenly the thing landed on his lap was he going to do more about it more oppression more police more military and destroy the economy get into a civil war or was he going to be the sturrock a figure that ended it all and i think the berlin wall helped him a lot because it was a strong argument to use to say we had to fight against the a. N. C. Because they were communists but no communism is dead sanaa we can talk to them which made their message easier to accept by the white people however what is very crucial to make the point that this change. The clear speech was not simply the result of a free condom nationalism of his party and of the clerk suddenly becoming good guys and through the good heart deciding that must be a change it was the pressure from the struggle i wish to put it plain that the government has taken a Firm Decision to release mr mandela unconditionally im serious im serious about being this matter to finality without dealing the speech i made on the 2nd of february 9090 contained a package of measures of which the release not only of Nelson Mandela but also of all Political Prisoners was just a part i listed the state of emergency. I tried in that speech to address each and every excuse in the sea could offer not to come to the negotiation table and during that period we were the only communicators and town and they had all of the t. V. Cameras they needed to use. How and when to release the iconic mandela this was the subject of the 2nd confrontation between the 2 men one week later at the president s office. I announced to him that he would be released on the 11th of february. And the 1st reaction was its too soon and i said why is it too soon he said we need more time to prepare insisted that this process cannot work without me i am the key to this thing so when you want to release me you release me at a time that suits me and my family because i have to manage the a. N. C. And it was one of the things of you will you are my prisoner you will do as i say and i said to him mr mandela you and i will negotiate about many things but you been in jail long enough you will be released on the 11th of february let us discuss what time of the day and from where you will be in east. On february 11th 1990 at 5 oclock in the oftener there was great excitement at the victor fest a prison everyone had been waiting for several hours to see Nelson Mandela released arm in arm with his wife when. After 27 years in jail a free 71 year old man returned to his home in so wet oh determined to win freedom for his people. After 4 decades of conflict the adversaries met over 3 days and put ischia an official building in cape time in may 990 the jailer and his former prisoner walked side by side presenting a court image there are bound to be difficulties but there is cautious optimism as well as faith and conviction that problems will be solved by negotiation. And i trust that these discussions will be another milestone on the road to a new and you just saw that i think it was. Overwhelmingly framed. It was like people who came together for the 1st time we didnt know each other but who wanted to meet each other. That was a that was a wonderful experience and was about the fact that. We suddenly realized on both sides that we had to work out jointly and collectively. A way forward and the doctor sponsible of the rest of us the body else could take that as far as. You can imagine. With the background of the participants. 2 sides of been fighting each other. Fear were. Suddenly being. Of course theres a measure of mistrust. We do know al qaida stick for us. We didnt know. But the point is we had to agree theres only one way to discover. That is to me. Striking feature. Of the discussions. Which will have head. During the last 3 days. Has been the act cordiality. We have had. Discussions on sensitive not. In a spirit of conciliation and understanding. Despite the signature of a Peace Agreement 4 months later the relationship between de klerk on monday ella was tainted by violence around the often lethal conflict had broken out in various regions of south africa particularly in causing confrontations erupted to between a. N. C. Supporters from the closer ethnic group and supporters of the i. F. C. The in qatar Freedom Party made up of zulus and led by monks who to buthelezi. Not just say it is the places they are. Not in the lead us the people who can only see that the beginning of a real discount. More people got killed in south africa between 10091904 than were killed by a part of forces in the entire history of a part it. There was a natural competition between the i of p n a n c u d f but it was aided and abetted by the former military and Police People called it the force. The 2 big black groupings fighting and a 3rd force egging them on and fomenting more violence leading police teats and intelligence chiefs including military intelligence were working with elements of the britain lazy party and the soft course was how mundane the came to use that label and to and to accuse the clerk of the statistics. Were told last will. And National Party has got that dab agenda for the negotiations process on the one hand a talk about reform and change. That. They still want to hold on to economic and political power he said you see you dont care about the life lives of blacks thats why you have you have allowed that situation to develop and this is why these things have happened even of that we have given you our commitment even when we have in no way committed had to discipline our people you behaved in this way because you dont care about black life i think the accusation that i didnt do enough was unfair and that was not based in fact from the moment that i started to have a suspicion and also in conjunction with all the allegations they were making i appointed judit to judicial commissions of inquiry. The one commission of inquiry came up and opened up a can of worms to show that yes there were elements in the Security Forces against my orders against the policy ive laid down who continued with politically this iraq underground activity that resulted in the dismissal time and of a big number of very Senior Officers the clerk of the difficulty he had to walk a tightrope he couldnt just walk into the military camp and say well go give up your arms the n. C. Is taking over he had to take yet to move very carefully with the police and with the military. And he did it slowly and and Nelson Mandela has indicated that he understood that so there was a game that mandela would put pressure on him. To disband and to end the violence and that that would defend. As the 2 leaders exchanged accusations about the causes of the violence talks continue and a conference was soon organized could desa the convention for a democratic south africa to discuss the countrys future institutions 300 delegates took part the a. N. C. And their allies demanded a majority electoral system where blacks would be dominant in the government declared his party wanted various measures to protect the white minority but on the very 1st day december 28th 1991 the talks almost collapsed when dick clark took the floor. With the. All the other parts do not have a jeweler