Again, im fully back to go with the headlines on aljazeera u. S. President elect joe biden says Donald Trumps refusal to concede the election is an embarrassment. A Trump Administration is filing lawsuits to contest results in battleground states and is reportedly unwilling to help bidens transition team. I just think its an embarrassment when frankly, you know, only thing. How can we say this traction . I think it will help the president s legacy. I think that i know from my discussions with foreign leaders rush story that they are hopeful that United States democratic institutions, your view once again has been strong and and good. I think at the end of the day, you know, its all going to come to fruition in january 20th. Hong kongs government has disqualified for opposition. Politicians accusing them of being a threat to national security. It comes shortly after chinas spawn a man passed a patriotism resolution, allowing the territory to body lawmakers who challenge beijings rule. Russian peacekeeping troops have been deployed to the disputed region of nagano, power back, following a deal to end 6 weeks of fighting between armenia and azerbaijan. People in azerbaijan have been celebrating while those in on me after called it a disaster. 7 People Associated with south africas governing party are appearing in court on corruption charges. Theyre accused of pocketing millions of dollars which were meant to fund Asbestos Removal from more than 400000 homes. Mass protests have been taking place of hospital after martin. This car was removed as president protesters fought with Police Outside congress in the capital. A new president has been sworn in and those are the headlines coming up next inside story. A new hope for a coded 19 vaccine u. S. Firm pfizer says its candidate has proven 90 percent effective and could be rolled out by the end of the year. But is this realistic and how do we ensure everyone has equal access . This is inside story. Hello and welcome to the program. Its being hailed as a great day for science and humanity. U. S. Drug giant pfizer says its covert 1000 vaccine candidate worked on more than 90 percent of people during a mass clinical trial. The company, along with germanys buy on tech, wants to get emergency approval soon, so people can get the vaccination from december. Its raising hopes of an end to a pandemic thats killed more than a 1000000 people and destroyed economies around the world. But scientists are urging caution. Well bring in our guests in a moment 1st, this report from charley angela. One point 3000000000. 00 doses by the end of the year. Thats the claim from drug makers, pfizer and biotech, after announcing their vaccine is more than 90 percent effective. Theirs is the 1st successful data from a large scale clinical trial. And widespread vaccinations could roll out by the end of december following an application for an emergency use approval from regulators within weeks. German Company Biotech admit theyre still waiting on more results to further prove its safety. Its true that this type of medication has no approval yet, which is why were carrying out this compatibility study with more than 40000 test persons to find out if there is any intolerance. Even a rare one. What we can prove with this study is that the vaccine is compatible and that side effects are mild to moderate, and that there are no severe side effects. The news of the vaccine sent Global Stock Markets soaring. Scientists welcome the news of the 90 percent effectiveness, much higher than been expected, but also raised questions. We have to know who received it in vaccine, in this 1st trial, and evaluate if this sometimes dick results could be extended also to add the populations which are matched more than in needs for max in the they mean all the people people with who are at risk of severe infections and probably were not included in the 1st trial. You know, as the World Health Organizations, Decision Making body met in a largely Virtual Conference questions were already being raised about how any vaccine would be distributed, especially to developing countries. The world has come together as never before to usually slice, same into result of devil or fraud. And im not going to be fairly, as lot with not private communities that people are why and what reason. Some people left behind 1200000 people have now died of the virus. And more than 50000000, people have quoted 10000000 of them in the u. S. But the pandemic shows no signs of abating with hungry and political, the latest countries in europe to reimpose strict measures. The assembly did have one reason to celebrate the victory of joe biden means the u. S. Will be reestablishing its relationship with the w. H. O. To trump, the many began withdrawing. The funding. The u. S. Brings is key as the organization revealed, although the worlds expectations of the w. H. O. Have going to magically the budget. Hasnt charlie and pfizers is one of a dozen vaccines in the final stages of testing. In august, russia approved the 1st vaccine called sputnik v. Before large scale safety trials even began, u. S. Biotech firm moderna says its on track to produce 500000000. 00 doses of its an occupation annually from next year. British firm, astra, zeneca and Oxford University have resumed testing their candidate after a participant fell seriously ill in september. And in brazil, the government has halted a trial of trying to sign, nowak vaccine after what the Health Regulator called a severe adverse event. All right, lets bring in our guests in washington, d. C. , oscar allen, epidemiologist and chief of programs and services for the National Association of county and City Health Officials in the u. S. In new york. Again. Gandhi, who coordinates work at the u. N. Childrens Agency Unicef to roll out a potential covert 1000 vaccine. And in ann arbor michigan out to him vaccine, all a just and Vice President of Vaccine Research and development at blue willow, biology biology. X. , welcome to all of you ali. Let me start with you this data that pfizer released. This was not in a Peer Reviewed medical journal. So this is not yet conclusive evidence that the vaccine is safe and effective. Is it . No, its an interim analysis. And demand others of gives us such a great outcome. Its really interesting that exceeded all expectations and still we are waiting for the final results which will be idolised after receiving the rest of that data. Of course, this is a great day and a great results. And it does not need to be reviewed because i announce it because what we have there is the, an independent d. S. M. Be looked at the data, the kompany, nothing anybody else. But then independent organization or team. Its called the s. M. B. That looks at these things and they seen this a great outcomes and they announce it they have to go through the f. D. A. In order to be able to define exactly more details on the, in addition to the excellent data, its sort of proof of concept, the messenger on a take an all or z. Is time in men and gives a 90 percent difficulty. Thats a great arm because we have much idea about which is also a miss in general on a. So thats a proof of concept and we should expect that one didnt know would be equally order. Close to ficus, either to us sean, with a vaccine from beyond tick and phase. So it all of these things all together gives us a great hope for seeing the light at the end of the tunnel to see that we are going in the right direction. And we will have a vaccine. Of course there are a civil are open to questions and i believe we can talk about that later on and still need to be answered before we decide on say that we have a vaccine and we are really getting in. Speak, oscar, you heard ali was saying there. He said that this was a great outcome thus far. There are still a lot of questions. Of course. This announcement obviously had reverberated around the world, but there is still a lot that we dont know. So i want to ask you, is it too early to celebrate, and what are exactly the guidelines for rolling out a vaccine . Thank you very much. You know, its very interesting because were still in the throes of identifying what the distribution allocation and even specifically what those plans are. So within the last month or so, the states had a rapid u. S. States. Let me rephrase. I had a rapid timeline where they had to create an disseminate plans for how if they were given an early allocation or any allocation of vaccines, what steps they would take to ensure they get distributed to the communities and to the people that they serve. So specifically with that tell us you have a much varied approach across different geographies and recognizing the logistics thats going to be necessary. In addition to concerns around betsy residency. And in general, target population to ensure that you have enough vaccine, whether its early dissemination or later dissemination provided in that shared approach. Very similar to what we saw in h one n one. So theres going to be a lot of logistics, a lot of apprehension, but also a lot of hope and thats in regard to hopefully we can turn a corner respect to this particular vaccine and the endemic as a whole. Oscar, you brought up a key word there, logistics, which is something i was going to ask again about. So let me turn to now because this issue of logistics obviously is of paramount importance. Its going to be very difficult to ensure that a covert 1000. 00 vaccine can be delivered throughout the world. I know unicef has already started laying the ground work on this. Unicef is very experienced as far as trying to set up logistics for the delivery of vaccines around the world. Tell us about your efforts thus far. Certainly. Yeah, and theres a lot of parallels actually. 2 of us who were saying, so i think for us, you know, were looking to serve the needs and globally. And so a lot of the work that weve been doing right now has been to assess the capacity, particular coaching in countries around the world, particularly. And middle Income Countries also looking more generally across the programs themselves, all of the issues that will come into play, whether thats advocacy and communication, social mobilization, programming and training of health care workers. And so, so a lot of the work right now is to, is really an assessment that countries that leading themselves country governments are leaving themselves using a checklist tool that cho and unicef have developed and of working through with those countries, stakeholders. And of course, one of the key issues within that is of course im ensuring that there is the cold chain capacity for ages the phrases that will be necessary to roll out these vaccines. Alie will a vaccine that prevents covert 19 be enough to stop the spread of the virus. Thats a great question because what we know from viral infections is that the injectable vaccines, although kind of prevent disease in many cases, they would not prevent colonize ation and spread it. Indeed, if they do it, do it for any short period of time. And the because we lack what we call in your causally immunity, with the injectable vaccines. We believe that in this case, the virus can still be around and knows of people even vaccinated, as would be interesting to look at asymptomatic cases in defects seen studies. That was tell us exactly how long theyve been. 3 hour long. Good day virus can just stay there and spread it. So basically what we need to really is looking at the colonize ation. And thats symptomatic carriers a whole received a vaccine. If thats the case, then we need to start looking at sinking about in new striped issues. That can approach a 2nd generation vaccine, which would tackle this problem. Full of color lies ation and to spread. Because in that case, if it didnt make and to make, you would never get 100 percent immunization and vaccination. And therefore, you need to find a way to prevent colon mice ation and this sprite, which we call the head of the immunity, in this case, that we will be using the final load into a community. And therefore we could control it didnt extend. And then ix oscar id like to talk for a moment about how this particular vaccine is going to work. Because my understanding is usually when one gets vaccinated, youre given either a weekend or a dead part of the virus. But the way that this virus works, its called him, are in a what specifically does that mean . How is this different . So the particular target of this because this vaccine, as was stated by the emirate and r. N. A. , it focuses on what is called a spy protein, which on the surface of the usent very, very, i would say significant general terms. You know, the surface of the, the virus there is a spike protein that allows you to target that level of what we call an immune response. So by utilized in this, this, this target of the spike protein to generate this, you know, logical response. You are not necessarily, we need to create what we call a live attenuated box, where you actually use an, you know, specific live virus through or, or disabled like virus that you say to predict, to prevent that kind of response. So the m. R. In a style of the vaccination is our colleagues mentioned earlier. Its a totally new concept for implementation in the human population. And it provides some great strategies on the flip side. The concern, of course, are the medical countermeasures that are going to be necessary. Most jurisdictions are not going to have ultra cold Storage Facilities for this type of virus or decide to vaccine i should say. And also theres going to be from what we understand the need for to Dose Administration a. So, and in vigils that have to really understand that to get the vaccine, youre not going to be immediately, you know, protected, and you will be quietly fucking those ministrations. So there are a lot of devils in the details, but thats to the extent of being tried general and description of the m. R. In a process. Again, if i could ask you to expand a little bit on what you were talking about a few moments ago, because when it comes to the Distribution Logistics here, i mean, you mentioned in your earlier answer, this cold chain thats going to have to exist because it has to be this vaccine is going to have to be kept in cold temperatures. How much more of a challenge does that pose for the distribution of this vaccine . And does this mean that governments are going to have to play a key role in distribution . Yeah, thanks so you know, since working with them is the World Health Organization and the vaccine alliance. And the coalition for epidemic prepared this innovation seppi as part of a global Vaccine Access facility known as kovacs. And that facility overall is looking at cost, trying to build a portfolio of vaccines that may be successful, maybe safe, effective, and license and ultimately recommended for use throughout the world. And so with that portfolio comes a diversity of needs and in the systems that were looking at how systems that were looking at across the low and particular middle Income Countries. And. And what we, what out teams that doing, we have, we have teams of logic stations from the, from the World Health Organization and unicef. Theyre right now really doing sess months of the coaching capacity, particularly in the middle Income Countries. And looking at building on what weve already been really putting in place over recent years with the support of the b. H. O. And unicef have been putting in place around 40000. 00 fridge is really that a useful for vaccines that would norm that kind of reflect the, the normal storage temperatures of most vaccines that we work with. So thats 2 to 8 degree celsius. And those, those facilities, those fridges that are already in place, will, will serve as a, if you like it as the foundation of many of the just ticks requirements for, for many of the products that we see in the pipeline right now. Unicefs assessment of the market that we conducted earlier this year with them. Pits from, from, from many vaccine manufacturers. Gave us a sense that the vast majority of the products in the pipeline, the menu pressures develop as a targeting a 2 to 8 degree celsius requirement. So, so certainly that, that foundation is in place, it will be, be leveraged as best possible. Of course, there are, there are other vaccines such as they or polio vaccine that require slightly more stringent temperature requirements, which is minus minus 20 degree celsius and. And again, because of the almost ubiquitous use of all polio and in the developing world, there is, there is already a degree of capacity for back scenes that might require those kinds of temperatures. And then of course, anything more stringent, theres much more limited use in the developing world. Certainly the trials of the, some of the about of vaccines them conducted predominantly in west africa. Have led to some amount of coaching capacity, even more stringent temperatures. But certainly, that is not, not as widespread as if you like the other, the other types of fridges and freezers that i referred to earlier. So i think we need to be a spend and an investment, depending on where vaccines are ultimately recommended for use. And to ensure that the systems you know, have the capacity to absorb alie, i want to take a step back because for those who are unfamiliar with some of the scientific terminology, all of this can be a little bit confusing. So i want to focus on 2 particular things. There is vaccine efficacy, and there is vaccine effectiveness. And these are slightly different terms when it comes to describing how effective vaccine can be. Could you explain this difference to our viewers and how it applies to the vaccine . What effect significances the ability of the vaccine to prevent disease in a controlled study and effectiveness . Would you look at the general effectiveness of the vaccine and community and its impact and therefore, you know, you have to show, i think a scenic winter or to study not look to, to a license, a vaccine. And for the f. D. A. To evaluate the difficulty of the vaccine. So therefore, you know, these are related to not to be lived very much different. S