Fluent in mandarin. Mr. Manager former korea and the national Proliferation Center and special visor to the director of national intelligence. It has developed a lot of terrifying weapons. Received ime, and in from kim jongil to kim jongun. How did we get here . One argument that is made explaining the resilience of the kim regime is the fact that eastern europeans witnessed other political systems, good, bad terrible. The regime is truly the result three vision of totalitarian political systems. All, korea was under japanese occupation. Made isment that is that this dictatorship of the regime is truly the result of free totalitarian political systems. We know for sure is this is a criminal regime. In february, a you and tomission submitted a report the Human Rights Council a report that found what is happening in north korea amounts to crimes against humanity. Perfect human a rights record. Only one country in the face of the planet where there are prison camps and that is north korea. Women,re 120,000 men, and children being held in prison camps, up to three generations of the same family. This is the only country on the face of the planet that classifies its own citizens based on their perceived degree of loyalty to the regime. There is a core class. , theres a wavering class is a hostile class. Many of those classified as hostile have been sent to political prison camps. Many of them have vanished to remote areas and parts of north korea. The abuse happening at north iseas detention facilities absolutely unbelievable. ,eve had numerous accounts. Ublix starvation the prisoners are subjective to a vicious cycle of forced labor and induced malnutrition. System ofe this vast unlawful imprisonment as truly at the heart of darkness he. As toback to the question how this regime has stayed in power for so long, they have anniversaryhe 70th of the dprk. As the general mentioned earlier, i was on and raise in communist romania. Someone country that came closest to kim jonguns north. Orea certainly, romania was a very oppressive regime. Some of us remember the for aous secret Police Population of 23 million in 1989. For a similar population of 25 million, there are 270,000 koreas mainth internal agencies. Has 50,000epartment agents. The ministry of Public Security that executes political 210,000 ins well, the military security command Whose Mission is to keep an eye on officers, Senior Officers in particular, 10,000 agents. In romania, there were half a million informers and north korea, each and every individual andto become an informer report on family, friends, neighbors. Each and every north korean has to participate in the Neighborhood Watch system. Each and every north korean has to participate in weekly indoctrination sessions were people confess to their in criticism. Gage others criticize them and go on and on and on. Truly the life of a north korean is lived under an overwhelming coercion, control, surveillance and punishment which means a level of social cohesion is very low. It difficult for people to get together to organize and discuss. Torea continues restrict information coming into the country and also information ting out of the country what was the age of the revolution . Late teens, early 20s . At the age of the revolution, each and every young man in north korea is in a military uniform for 10 years. Also, many of the women spend six years in a military uniform. I have spoken with numerous North Koreans whose sons have come back from the military after having spent 10 years. They said all the they had lived under this permanent indoctrination, the level of indoctrination that their sons have been subjected to was frightening, even to a north korean living in north korea. Of thetime they are out military, the age of revolution has already passed. I would be sitting in resetting the obvious if i said north korea today is different from north korea 10 to 20 years ago. In the mid to late 1990s between 600,000 and 3 million North Koreans starved to death or died from disease due to attrition. Reasonppens the main that affect the people of north korea was the well International Aid was coming in, the kim regime chose to focus its resources on its strategical course as which is of we know by now, survival. S regime does not want does not want its people to die by the millions, but if that is what it takes to stay in power, it would do it in the blink of an eye and this is what happened in the 1990s. Been some, there have Positive Side effects. First informers, many more North Koreans have escaped the country. As of a couple of weeks ago, koreanere 30,800 north defectors living in south korea. There are 220 north korea defectors indiana state in the United States. Through them, we have learned the truth about what is all, i willd after take the liberty of saying the work of organizations such as ours is the work that the kim regime fears the most or if we find out the truth and tell the truth of north korea. Of course, the regime cares about it pocketbook and legitimacy. If we bring up Nuclear Weapons once, we should bring up human rights five times. Every time we dressed nuclear address Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons have become an essential part of the very identity of the regime. Nuclear weapons are in their constitution and every time we mention human rights at the u. N. , this results in undermining the legitimacy of the regime. At think one has to keep in mind the fundamental objective of this regime is survival. Is an absolute monopoly on. Ower inside north korea if there are no competitors. It is the kim regime in only the kim regime. The main competitor is south korea, free, democratic prosperous republic of north korea. As preposterous as this may sound, this regime understands that the longterm guarantee of own vinyl is to establish have we seen any positive developments the past two decades . To belly, they tended economy as an exchange with rations. They were no longer able to feed its people. Small markets were established so ever since, weve seen a process of informal marketization curtis or a farmers markets, black markets, open market. Many more people depend on the market today than they do on the public Distribution System which is still active for those living in the capital city. Lives in the capital junkof don young p on one might say and of course i also have a memories of romania where there was a lot of construction, but very little economic utility. Regime has invested heavily in these highprofile projects and the same time if one takes a look at pictures from one year ago, typhoon lionrock affected north korea. I remembered pictures published in north koreas propaganda, if remember, there were pictures of men in recovery efforts. They had no tools. Operates,w the regime first and foremost on aspects that are critical to its survival is not the ordinary people of north korea. Markets, nothe having to defend on the public Distribution System, the regime not being able to control its own people is certainly a positive development. The other positive development is that social dynamics are somehow changing in north korea, slowly but surely. Famine,ast prior to the light used to be centered on two places. The workplace in the place of residence. The workplace is always a side. Nobody gets to choose the in north korea. On paper, everybody has to be employed in north korea. As one has to punch and come punch out. They have to participate in a line of mobilization campaigns. This is primarily why women are the main actors in north koreas markets. Social markets, this is not a society that thrives on trust. Deep distrust is everywhere. However, since theres nowhere , all of or borrow money comingarket transactions from china in the border area and wholesale market in regional markets, most of these executed basede on trust so perhaps one development that might take time. It bit of trust more than before is developing. That is not to say the regime of jongunn is less kim is less than the father or grandfather. My organization, the committee for human rights in north korea has identified several trends. We have identified these trends based on our research imagery,gy, satellite testimony by defectors and in the same age given technological advances that we can benefit from, we even have access to sources inside the country. Weve all heard about the purge that has been going on in since early 2009. Tankding to a think staffed with a lot of Senior North Korean defectors, the institute for National Security strategy during the first five officials areior purged or executed. It is the entire bureaucratic support. Just minutes before. You are talking about a machine gunsystem for machine barrels, 50 caliber automatic fire, human body such as polarized. They are into pink mist. People of religion were exterminated. These officials who were executed or even denied the fundamental rights of leaving anybody a body behind. North korea is bound by the universal declaration of human rights. The womens convention, Childrens Convention in yet even each and every human right is finally did in north korea. Diplomatic has zero presently given all the engagement that is broken. As far as were concerned, human rights organizations, we will continue to tackle the toughest issue first. Use the same terminal 2. First human element, we were talking about. Still talking about it. The center for national interests, thank you for the invitation. This is a very important subject. The president will be speaking tomorrow to include north korea. Gregsfollow up on what presentation was focused on and that is human rights, criminality. Let me follow up on that. September, 2005 we had a joint statement with north korea. It took a number of years to come up with this joint statement in the joint statement and that north korea is the father, committing to comprehensive verifiable dismantlement of all their nuclear programs. We made that very clear to the North Koreans and in return for the outcome of a be getting the security of Economic Development assistance, against the eventually light water reactors. Was formedclear that normalizations. I remember a discussion where they said if we denuclearize comprehensively, that does not lend itself to normalizations because United States this is their major objective. I said no, there are other issues. In the actions for actions. Denuclearize, they would get the security assurances. Then there are bilateral issues. Ots of human rights issues , human the United States rights. We need transparency on human rights issues. Onneed to see some progress what youre doing with human rights. Relations,ave normal this is criminal behavior. ,e need to see progress elimination. These become bilateral. Iscussions korea committed to verifiable agree with you more in the human rights issue and that has always been a strong element of our dialogue that the japanr south korea, and certainly their allies russia and china. Ted september 2005, let me go back a few years because it took us about two years to get to that point. The first meeting was august 2003. Becauseer that vividly in april 2003, we were at a they pulled out those out of the npt. They did not have to do much intelligence on these issues and they were doing that. It was our secretary of state who went to his counterpart in verylook, this is getting up to the North Koreans and that was the dialogue that happened in 2005 which established the process so the North Koreans and discussedble it. It was the beginning of the process. The first meeting i mentioned was in august. I remember one of my first meetings at the talks was a statement that rings very true today as it did in 2003 were , except that we will be in Nuclear Weapons state and americans need to accept that and understand that and we can be good friend of the United States and if you accept that. Latest gentlemen, they have not walked away from that issue. And as great indicated greg , a Nuclear Weapons stage and they are pursuing that. That has been their goal and limit just go back that fell apart at the end of 2008 four very clear reason. Toexpected our monitors verify adherence to denuclearize. Earlier, we had the commitment. They were not put it in writing would not put it in writing. That was the beginning of the end. The in of that was in 2002 when uraniumrea was with the enrichment program. Basically, theres not much you can do about it. And thes to north korea reactors being built. They still wanted a second path. Committedhey were not and were totally not compliant. There were pieces there that speak to where we are today in 2017. Where we the process had our secretary of state Madeleine Albright meeting with kim jongun. We had some significant developments, but they eventually all fell apart as it is right now. As we have experience with over. 6 Missile Launches icbms we are talking to 4000 that can reach guam. You have seen it in the sixth nuclear test. Claims itest was a thermonuclear test. Very significant. Census is they have military eyes military lives their Nuclear Warheads. Thehat point, they become a threat to the United States. This is a critical issue to our president and all others saying it is a north korea that has pursued very vigorously. Chemical capabilities, biological capabilities, looking at the conventional weapons they have. We are talking about a very tense. I mentioned 2003. Think of where we are right now. To 40sessment is up Nuclear Warheads. This is north korea. Korea that has sold Nuclear Technology to countries like syria. North koreans we have seen it with the missile transfers to iran, libya, syria. This is to make money. This is what keeps their program going, getting the revenue necessary so that is why im a believer in sanctions. Sanctions get north korea to denuclearize . I think some of us say no, but sanctions bite and it touches them. I think the last resolution was a very powerful one. It took about 30 and of the basically we are talking about 750 million textiles. Things ae doing joint military exercise. Only are they americans, the prelude to innovation. The decapitation of leadership. When you say why defensive, when you look back, you can go back to 1966 when they had a commando the coldat thes house. We can go back to 1993 when they had a Commando Team coming in to take the leadership down are you irma. There airlines, 1988, were number of issues. Us and all many of of us in the room would say it is very distasteful. The succession of the military exercises if we want north korea to hold is freeze. Those Missile Launches are in violation of the yuan Security Council resolutions. What our secretary of state has a yourearly is separation. That with at to do gun to her head. We dont want to do it where they are launching missiles and having nuclear attacks. Stop which are doing and if they go on for weeks, stop for a week. Timeline and some during those talks, make a decision whether it would be sible to reconstitute certainly to improve allies and maybe expand them. Is that possible . It is not a condition to stop. That is cold common courtesy. Picked up onas not that. Where that is the ability to deliver a continental lessig missile to the United States and ensuring that reentry vehicle does not burn up on reentry. That is looking at a best case scenario. It does not mean that is what is going to happen. It does not mean they are going waited, whend to youre the president saying options are on the table, that is ready hundred channels. You have a country in one year that has one Missile Launch in has 10. China is seeing the fallout on that event and with seeing a tethered,at is not hiswhat we talking about . What are we talking about . I dont doubt that kim jongun is a rational actor from where he sits, but from where we sit, we need to be aware of the threat he poses to our allies and the yet it states. There is another piece to Nuclear Weapons as i mentioned. I mentioned illicit activities to make money. Nuclear weapons in north korea, except how many maintain in north korea as a Nuclear Weapons state would be a accepting north korea as a Nuclear Weapons state would be a disaster. Have an extended Nuclear Deterrence commitment to our allies. They know that. The fact is, with north korea retaining those Nuclear Weapons, it would be an impetus to get your own deterrent capabilities, our own Nuclear Capability and that is a reality. There is also another reality. A miscalculation, misinformation, confusion or the sale of the proliferation issue. Proliferation issue. Syriauclear reactor in that was taken out in 2007. There is no doubt there was money transacted, there. Now with the possibility of a Nuclear Weapon system, material out there, this is not where we want to go. Let me end on this point. When all the president s options are on the table, i mentioned secretary of state Rex Tillerson offering exploratory talks to determine if negotiations could be reconstituted. Just dont have a nuclear test while we are having these discussions. Seems reasonable. North korea