If you would like to view other after words programs online, go to our web site, booktv. Org, type afterwards into the search bar and all previous after words episodes will be available. Welcome to springfield, missouri, we visited the city to explore its rich history and literary culture, located 80 miles east of the kansas border, springfield wag the site of many major conflicts during the civil war. Today it is the their largest city in the state, with a population of 167,000. With the help of our partners at media come, for the next hour and ten minutes well explore the local literary culture, starting with jeremy, the border between them, and as he shares the story of bleeding kansas, a conflict occurring along the kansas missouri border in the struggle over slavery. And the question of whether kansas territory would be open for slavery or free soil. Violence of 1850s is really about that question and becomes wrapped in so much more. You have sites over water and access to grazing lands, but magnified incredibly because of the tensions over slavery. Bleeding kansas is the site between a proslavery fashion that want to make a slave state and mostly missouri settlers moving into kansas to elect representatives to write reconstitution and to petition to the senate for approval as slave state. They overplayed their hand. They passed the constitution that denied basic civil rights to anyone critical of slavery, they imposed severe penalties for anyone not just assisting run away sleighs but expressing any criticism, in the popular consciousness of the north you begin to have the sense that the government, proslavery government in kansas is really under a cloud of illegitimacy and what will change in the middest of bleeding kansas a proslavery majority of People Living in kansas territory, by 1857 and 1858 you have a freesoil majority. A remarkable time in which most of america is looking at kansas and struggle there, a trueingle by the fate of the west and a struggle of fate of america and 19th century. Its a raise to send the most people in kansas territory and with proslavery partisan and moving side by side, the political struggle, ideological struggle turns violent. Irregular violence carried out by ordinary men, not by professionals, volunteered militia but men that take violence into their own hands and frequently meet this violence out against partisan enemies, pleading kansas becomes marks by arson and plunder and murder and rages for many months as the political state hangs in the balance, the person who is most singularly associated with this in kansas is john brown after the massacre. In 1858 john brown having left kansas comes back to territory and he begins a series of raids into western missouri during which his men will liberate enslaved people from missouri and help them escape to freedom and in the course theyll kill a number of slave holders and so the legend or john brown really grows as part of this struggle that people locally understand is the beginning of civil war. Most americans think about the civil war starting in South Carolina in 1861 but along the kansasmissouri line they look at john brown and start of civil war. What happens in the border is you can see many patterns of the larger civil war coming to the west as part of america sooner, you have slavery being waged aggressively in western missouri under jay hawk militia led by james lane, notorious kansas senator and selfappointed general. Lane jay hawkers lead, liberating slaves and in the culmination of this attack they burn the small village of oseoala, the arsenal of local confederates and this was just retribution for treason or succession. They are followed by hundreds of people who have gained freedom. Violence is thirst of revengance. One side attacks the other, you have missourians crossing into kansas. The most famous is kansasmissouri border, the raid by william guerrillas who raid eastern kansas from missouri and descended upon the sleeping town of lawrence, it was named after abolitionist, antislavery sentiment in kansas territory, it was a place that missourians had looked at for symbol as the kansas threat as they understood it, abolitionist to threat. And the men descend upon lawrence in august 21st and reportedly tells guerrillas who were some 400 men strong, enormous size for a girr guerrilla, that they were killed any man or boy old enough to carry a gun. They slaughtered more than 170 and burned town and lose only one of the men in the course of all of this, that they managed to do this undetected by federal troops or Union Militia is outrage to kansas. August 25th, military order that forcibly depopulates parts of four missouri counties that in order to end this guerrilla conflict, they are moving everybody out and if the basis of support for these guerrillas is gone, then the guerrillas themselves will be gone too and over the course of two weeks you have union troops, kansas militia going farm to farm ordering most of tin habitants of the four counties to get out. Only southern sympathizers. You have a number of people who had described themselves as unionist being kicked out as well. For the victims of guerrilla violence it becomes almost impossible to move past the border to treat the guerrillas who had burned them out of homes and destroyed the town of lawrence. Its nearly impossible to forgive those kinds of offenses. Four veterans, both union army and Confederate Army and other militias on each side, they become important agents in this largest story of National Reunion and forgive bs and it takes time. Its not until the 1880s and 1890s that you see the people of that generation willingness and ability to move on and to reunite but its a process thats uneven. The tensions over federal power and local control, the hostility towards outsiders that many missourians expressed in the struggle over kansas, the ways in which politics can be looked down. Many looked into missouri into backwards puke, which was the term to denigrate, today we would describe as red neck people who are illiterate, uncultured, uncivilized but also slave holding. There are echos within our own Politics Today that i hope dont conjure up same violence. Perhaps theres a degree of hope that we can find if they can move past own division that perhaps we can, but the fact that we continue to fight over civil war memory today shows us how durable some of the disagreements over race and equality can be even in the 21st century. Founded in 1905 Missouri State university is renounced for agriculture education program. At the campus greenhouse we will speak with author samantha on her book creating organic standards in the u. S. States. Whats the story of organic food in the United States . Understanding what organic came from you have to understand what happened in 20th century. A decade excuse me, 20th century was a century of rapid change in in agriculture and economy changed dramatically. Beginning of 20th century. We still have a lot of farm nester the country, a lot of people still identify with lifestyle, besides the end of the century, we have fewer and fewer farmers, larger scale farmers but fewer family farmers and Production System would be considered to be organic or more traditional to one thats machinized and depending on fossil fuel and others for production. Organic came out of this century, this moment in time where technology really improves the ways we were growing food, it improves the way we were distributing food but at the same time it created a system that some individuals disagreed with. These individuals came forward. They wanted something that was natural and holistic, they wanted something that was organic in nature. So the market came out of these different social movements. Some people have identified as being soil conservationists, pure food movement, the counterculture, Environmental Movement are all connect today this particular market, so these individuals were advocating for certain protections in states like california and oregon where the first places we saw the movement and so they advocated for Government Protection for those terms, they were wanting to protect natural but natural was being coopted in their opinion by certain agriculture interest of industrial skills so the spread of organic legislation among u. S. States which occur before and after the 1990 bill at the federal level was actually the effort of producers and consumers interested in protecting a market that they saw was more connected to the earth, more holistic and environmentally friendly. What does it mean for food to be organic and why is it more expensive than standard produce in the Grocery Store . Organic is a loaded term. Im not saying its not a great term, it became a very powerful term that has a lot of misconceptions around it. As a matter of fact it has many misconceptions as natural and local which is two other terms to use to try to add value in a product and increase overall price. But organic in the u. S. Is defined by the usda National Organic program, very narrowly defined. Some people agree with this definition while others dont. Now if youre hoping that you can find a market thats a little bit different or a term that signifies a more holistic product, natural is not any better of a choice. Natural was actually the term term that a lot of organic advocates walked away from because it had been tainted, it had been used by companies trying to use natural frito lay chips. Many attempts to try to regulate this term but today theres been nothing that has come out. Natural food is unregulated. If you see something that says natural, that doesnt necessarily mean anything. Same way if you see local, local can mean a number of things. Is it local that it came from your food hub, sit local, has it been produced here in springfield, missouri, thats very local. Is it a missouri product, is it a state product, is that local or can we do it a little bit different like a regional perspective of local, is the u. S. Local, even though your food may travel from california to new york or to washington, d. C. , can we still consider that local because it was produced here in the u. S. . There has been definitions created for that as well. So just keep in mind when youre reading a product there is a very specific meaning behind some of those and other terms that there isnt regulation. So what dictates, what kind of regulation dictates what is organic food and what isnt organic food . At the federal level you have the National Organic program which is housed under the United States department of agriculture, usda, the National Organic product and they have the board that determines rules and applications that can be used in organic production and they also oversee what can be labeled as organic and identified in the market. So if you go to a Grocery Store and youre a consumer and interested in buying organic food, you are going to want to look for a round symbol that says usda organic and you know then that it actually has been approved by federal standards, the federal standards, though, are very specific, it means very, very narrow and not all organic producers and organic consumers agree upon that definition of organic. It can be highly controversial depending on who you ask and some consumers are confused about what it actually means to be organic as opposed to other terms like local or natural or same we produce. Organic as defined by the federal government . Yes, organic if it is labeled as such in the United States it has to be organic according to the usda National Organic program standard. You have the early states, early adopters of organic regulation and how does that lead to the development of the 1990 act . And so u. S. States ending up adopting legislation, there were a few that did administrative roles, either before or in lieu of any type of legislative adoption and states were to pursue the legislation and how they came about is mainly grassroots phenomena. Groups like california certify organic officers, oregon, washington, and you have a net worth across the United States in the 60s and 70s, 80s and 90s that were work to go essentially create standards. Now a lot of these organizations ended up engaging in thirdparty certification or certification of organic farms. So if you are a consumer and went to Farmers Market and Grocery Store some products available, Food Products would actually say that they were certified as organic by these organizations. These organizations were wanting to protect their livelihood of what they consider to be holistic farming, organic production and so they were lobbied to some extent and representatives in the state to try to get bills passed to give them protection. Early adapters were like oregon and california, a lot of states on the west coast came in first and then you had some in the northeast that mimicked this and eventually in upper midwest, typically where we see organic protection today, concentration where we saw early adopters. The early adopters shaped a lot of the discussions at the federal level, a lot of people point to the power of ccof and no nofa, northeast organic farmers particularly in shaping the legislation and a lot of indications suggest that they maybe taking a consumer perspective ensuring that the law and the labeling in farms consumers foremost and they may fending on who you ask put a backseat on producer perspectives on what it means to be organic. How does the groups get the muscle and cloud to bring about the regulation changes in states like california early on . So in california, you ended up having a group of individuals who directly contacted state representatives and constituents didnt spoke but the representatives, the representative actually took their concerns to something as we need to do something about it and they worked that particular way. The way the law was passed voluntary elements, they were going to pass the standard, this is what it means to be organic, but producers in particular, when they are selling goods at the time they had to essentially make a goodface effort to actually produce it as the law stated it because there was no enforcement mechanism at the time, but the time we get in 1980s, we ended up having a series of focusing events within certain areas, like the carrot paper scandal, watermelon scare and the rose ron assumer and Public Interest and particularly interests where at the country we were wrestling with this program of what is actually on our food. So consumer interest really took off in late 1980s, but before that time we didnt have in the states any strong mandatory regulations, that you violated the law it was really, really hard to ensure that this person was being punished or reprimanded for directions. We had the organic food and protection act in 1990, federal standards for the entire country . Kind of. So the 1990 bill at the federal level was adopted, 12 years for former roles to be developed by the usda National Organic development, theres a void where we know theres a federal law and that its going to be eventually hopefully implemented and the states dont know what to do, so we had over half of the u. S. States adopt regulation for this market on or before 1990, we have the 12year low and we dont know at if the federal government is going to implement the law or what the law is going to be, states continue to adopt policy to try to fill the void and after 2002, we have one particular state, california, which actually has been pushing the envelope in terms of what can be labeled organic and covers things like cosmetics and pet food, these are also market where is with see the organic label appearing and consumers interested in buy ing but no rules at the federal level. What kind of lessons to be learned here . I would say demonstrates how states can have large influence and continue to influence federal policy even we see federal preemption and in those particular cases its interest interesting to see how states will try to interest federal outcomes at the same time if we were to take this most specific, in terms of agriculture, terms how certain ideas are incubated, theyre incubated at this level to where you may have markets presents in certain areas that are not present in certain areas and you can innovate and tinker how we engage in those particular practices and bring the government into federal level when its necessary to ensure theres a standard across entire country. Why is this important to you . Im variabilitialist environmentalists and i love to eat. I also am very concerned with where my food comes from. I got involved with the subject initially because i like to eat and i like the environment at this time. One of the areas i felt into naturally was talking about Sustainable Food and agriculture. During battle of wilson creek in springfield, missouri, the ray house only standing building left from bloody day in civil war. Up next we will speak with author to learn more about the battle of Wilsons Creek and what motivated the soldiers on either side. Missouri was among the most divided states in the union. This was very, very early in the war, everybody thought the other side was full of hot air and bragging, the war would surely be over before the summer ends and surely over before christmas. The immediate climate was one in which the confederates had won a large victory at the battle of bull run in july. The events that produced the battle of wilson creek really began early in war when general Nathaniel Lyon and volunteered troops made unilateral decision to declare war on the government and state of missouri believing accurately that the governor jackson, large number of the legislators and people involved hoped to take missouri out of the union and add it to con confederacy. His main opponent was the Missouri State guard, Missouri State guard was the militia guarantied to missourians under the Second Amendment in the constitution. But clayburn fox jackson was going to use it to make army and lyon to make field commander from getting organized. He launched what we call d