We are joined as well by matt guaranteed you know a professor at st. Lawrence university. We frequently Work Together on forgot issues. It also runs an Excellent Program in nairobi to celebrate its 45th anniversary. Matt was there doing research and bringing some alumni along on the trip. They had a great Semester Program in africa. From Freedom House the Relief Program in africa. I also want to thank john for an outstanding article that he coauthored in the Current Issue of Foreign Affairs. On some of the new promising democratic movements and some of africas biggest countries which was largely the inspiration for this email. We modified it a little bit. South africa democratic republic of the congo where i was a peace corps volunteer hundred years ago when it was practically before building congo days and also that nigeria so between these kids six countries we have nearly half of africas rep ovulation represented. A fair amount of helpful notes as well. No one is going to say is going great but we thought it was a useful way of bringing together a potential framework to talk about some countries to have promises on the democracy front and more broadly even though of course they all struggle and any progress is still fragile. With that i am going to and the baton to Suzanne Maloney or Deputy Director of the Foreign Policy. So she thinks about this continent herself and she is going to be a moderator today. Thank you for all of you for coming out on this monday morning in august, glad to see is a packed house and i look forward to a really interesting and inspiring conversation. I like to start with professor garrett and udo. If you could give us kind of the historical sense and situate this moment over the course of history. Where do we stand and particularly if you might focus on kenya. Thank you, thank you brookings for inviting me. When i was thinking about this event that we think about africa security kind of broadly defined across the continent. As it is doing i evidently want to emphasize that there is not a onesizefitsall approach. We have to think about local histories, cultural contexts, and even the colonial legacy 50 years removed in most places from independence. Security i think when we think about this as well depends on the governance accountability protection of human rights, access to basic services and they growing an inclusive economy. So its a very complex topic. Even if we are thinking about the six countries. Everything about african governments, historically we will talk about governance questions, it is often defined as a conventional thinking on democracy where we see gains across the continent without a precondition of being in middle income country. But her turnout and enthusiasm for the electoral process are very high across the continent. Thats a good thing. Its all is also important for us to know that this is a very young democracy. Most african states have their First National election into the 1950s and into the 1990s if you think about south africa. If you we think about the last 50 years or so we think about the 1960s and 70s, early 70s for hope and optimism but one that is often in an author at taurean term. Where cold war politics backed up the dictatorial rule and National Leaders criminalize dissent as being unpatriotic. Is that course or problematic Nature Stores after african governments and issues related to security throughout the 6070s and 80s. The end of the cold war sparked a political across the cant and it and a lot of gains throughout the 90s but weve seen a bit of a backside in some places. A lot of the democratic gains in the last ten years or so, have been uneven. So Current Trends and thinking about this and thinking about some of the major issues that are framing a lot of these debates one of which is about the decentralization. A political power with the local government, National Government, executive branch has said. Often that has focused on a winner take approach and african elections which is been a recipe for potential conflict. Also if you think about sometimes we focus too much on elections and not as much about institutions. We will talk about the role. How africans across the countries is also quite important. Womens voices, youth and minorities are also important to discuss. For historian and thinking about justice and closed conflict situations have often framed how issues of insecurity have been persistent in some areas of the accident. Finally, just before i get to kenya for a minute or two, thinking about kind of the role that regional bodies play, the African Union, first and foremost, also regional bodies like acolytes and africa. How they play in managing regional issues National Securities within the continent. If we think about kenya, an area that i do most of my work in the mike said as our institution hamza longstanding offcampus program there. If we think about kenyan issues of security i can think about them in a few ways. One of which is the external prop. To be depressed, much of the external threat comes from issues that are developing relationships through somalia. Particularly the eschenbach and surgeon group. That formed in 2006 and since 2011, the Kenyan Military had an operation in Southern Somalia and enjoyed the Amazon Mission in the region. That has not failed a crossborder issues that sparked the invasion of Kenya Security forces since 2011, there have been more than 250 attacks in the country. That can to be attributed to alshabaab. Including several highprofile ones. And then most notably and most recently the january in roby which marked the third anniversary of the kenyas military defeat outside the country. If we think about this from an external threat, its really a part for us to think about some issues of marginalization the northeastern part of the country, as long been sort of marginalized issues of local development and often reach for two as the Northern Frontier district in the cold colonial days it was a backwater for National Level investment in infrastructure education and all of these things that contributed to many of this sort of local somalia population in the kenya population. Recruitment issues among still shabbat which has exacerbated some of this questions. The issue from an external sense has been very heavyhanded one scholar noted that it was like killing mosquito with a hammer. Actual judicial violence often targeting small you population discriminate late. Threat that closed refugee camps in 2016, have been quite problematic. We can get into some of those kind of questions and more issues and complexities as we talk about it. From the internal standby, governance and internal division certainly frame a lot of the security questions and of regionally but also specifically to kenya electoral violence, three of the last six democratic elections in kenya since 192091 has been marked by Political Violence. Thats often because of the four kenyan elections have been a winner take all approach. There is a lot invested in these. If we think about political and violence in kenya i think is important for us to talk not just about reductive terms like ethnicity but also think about logic questions about income inequality. If we look at the history and the country that has fueled some of this competitions over land, the lack of dealing with historical injustices dating back to the colonial period. They are all at these complex roads and thinking about them. Just this to bid on that if you look at voting analysis from 2013, the opposition candidate in kenya one 60 percent or 68 percent of the poorest country. So one of the bright spots, kenya hamza robust Civil Society. A relatively free press, and a history of criminalizing defense. Investments have been quite high in recent years but what what cost. China owns more than 20 percent of kenyas foreign debt, much of that fueling kenya and in what is the cost that is going to happen in the future. A lot of debates are about evolution of power trying to check the historic power of the presidency in kenya. These debates are quite healthy and a lot of us who study kenya politics are quite pleased with what is happening at the local level. Peoples interest in races of govern and members of county assemblies holy checks and balances at the local level rather at the National Level. If we look finally at the latest attack that happened in january 2019, the doucette hotel, the Security Forces responded in ways that were much more effective. In dealing with that as we compare it to the hotel attack in 2013 which was marked by an organization whos in charge of our people going to respond within minutes of that attack, albeit quite severe, the Security Forces were on the ground and they were unable to successfully evacuate more than 700 people from that region. So i think there is a lot to s say. If we think about this though we are not talking about just kenya youre talking about in a regional and continental contacts. Its important to say how is this affecting kenyas role in the region. Kenya is a major player in africa. Historically the governance and business center. Its history, both Political Violence and dealing with descent, dealing with threats on terrorism i think have entered kenyas ability to interact and providing sort of a model in the region. Not being outspoken for instance about checking authoritarian rule in barada uganda and even most recently in tanzania. I think that is some up at the heart which is making it difficult for kenya to maintain itself as a regional player and is sort of regional player. Ill stop there. Im going to ask to speak to the questions about nigeria and willing and able to fit it in an early enrollment. Two countries experiencing successful internal politics. And obviously playing an enormous role in political role in the region. Thank you so much. Speaking about nigeria and i want to talk about friends. Affecting the overall governance of include the rapid population growth by 2030 1. 7 billion people. 80 percent of the growth will be in cities. That will also have an impact. Knowing in the 90s, marshall position cities. [inaudible] government transition after very simply the mid 90s inaudible. [inaudible] the rapid growth in industries and manufacturing but also job incentives this is important because more of the 60 we have an important shortage in terms of employment. We have a couple of original integration with the african effect oh ability. When mobilization in south africa where people have access to come into work from beltway. Finally, they also democratic backsliding. So i think the country from the 90s to 2010 about where you have many countries which. [inaudible] example of countries such as the democratic affecting important factors. This makes a difference on how countries are ran and generate movement in the northwest part of the country. Coming to nigeria, i will be speaking about the election and the prospect. They have one elections and a National Level that those many layers will highlight most african countries democratic system. [inaudible] check and balance is the winner takes all. The president could be emphatic but however in the wake of running the country the history impact. Its very interesting that in kenya, decides a new election will be held after. [inaudible] which means delivery of checks and balances is quite needed. Let me speak about four or six key trends in nigeria. Extremely important, why. First off nigerias part of the african countries and also has about 20 percent of the gdp of the continent and about 75 percent of the gdp of the west region. So nigeria is just too big to ignore. The second one is also rated to export. Najarian has about 94 Million People living below the line. 7 percent of the population is represented. If you really want, you have to include nigeria and the other part of the continent and in the numbers will be much lower. It will be a factor especially with the democratic boom, which will be either in. [inaudible] a second factor that most of you know about. [inaudible] we also have the Islamic State of the west africa program. Which has led to more than 2 million sets of people and thousands of people dead. It just doesnt affect nigeria. It also affects the borders and more part of the region. Also involves other countries. So we also have one of the challenges they henchmen and fabrics. If conflicted next generally and led to the death of thousands of people, if could you tell as received due to Climate Change, there is a deep on education, a drop of rain went from the rain season went from one and 50 days on average to one in. [inaudible]. For water, which adds to insecurity order affect us. We also have detentions and nine china, we have submitted from time to time, the remain important, need to be effectively addressed for the content. An important adopt which brings us to an important. Anyone who would be president of nigeria will be extremely complex. Many challenge, as its not easy to be for nigeria and when we add that corruption, we think of other options but more transparency if needed. Liberal corruptions and currently hide and on occasion with some investor, will tell me how much debate across the border. Those factors also involve some of the challenges decided to suspend the chief justice, so let me and about nigeria now. Let me turn it over to one of my colleagues to speak about south africa. Me now turn the mic to the peace corps volunteer in congo, quite a few years ago but you have been following the situation there very closely. Particularly over the past year and have had an opportunity to engage with presidency to kenny and i wonder if you would say a few words about where you think things are going with that. Thank you im just going to put my ideas out and not be perfectly analytically balance. I am feeling awful about the rc. Thats going to be my bottom line. There are a lot of reasons not to be too awful. As a person who was a peace Corps Officer there in the 1980s and saw the decline which of course, they did in the end of the regime and civil war fare in the east and now we have any gold light outbreak that the World Health Organization has just declared a World Health Emergency and Public Health emergency. You might wonder how someone could talk about hopefulness. Also where the president even though he was not the preferred candidate former president kabila is still seem to want an election that was not clean. We have previously handled here in the last 12 months but we try to get that candidate and we also had tom. Ella, former great lakes envoy. Talking about the politics a lot of people are very worried thinking the election was again rigged to some extent. We are concerned that they have done a deal with kabila and there may have been some kind of understanding for all i know. But i am still hopeful because as john wrote in his article about angola, even when there is an effort to sort of control a progress and, there is an opportunity for a new president , to break from the past two at least an extent. At least to begin to reform human rights practices. Being the son of the famous human rights campaigner, and activist, hamza powerful Family Tradition of promoting human rights. Even though the congos Political Solutions are not strong, is not completely independent, the Prime Minister and the Parliament May be many ways of kabila there is an opportunity for at least some political space. To emerge here and we have seen congo, go up and down and with the economy with the institutes of copper prices with the backs of conflicts in the east and now we left, again on its ability to engage but nonetheless, there is gentle positive movement on the economic front as well. Still one of the poorest countries on earth if you look at the ci textbook, and ranks over 200 i didnt even know there was that many countries on earth. Congo rake so badly its even a higher number than the higher than the number of countries i thought there was on the country. I guess that reflects on me not knowing the numbers on the exact count. The bottom line i really want to drive home is that i know that the congolese people and i just the most vibrant society, is the most energetic people and yes Political Institutions have been weak yes corruption is evasive but this is the people who hamza powerful spirit and hunter very neuronal spirit and i think in a way if government can just partly get outoftheway. We will be in a place that we can do a little bit better. I have some ideas on specific means by which we could expedite this in the months and years ahead but i will save that for later on. My bottom line is that a little over a half year in the ten year i see at least glimmers of hope on a number of fronts. Human rights some degree of political, some degree of movement on the economy, and to me is a lot more than ive seen in 35 years of watching and living and loving congo so i am going to voice a positive note. Great thank you. Let me turn to you about the elections and the outcomes of elections and the prospects for the development of genuine strong institutions of checks and balances around the region. Written specifically and broadly about the prospects of south africa i wonder if you could give us a broad tour and may be focusing on a couple of the countries of your choosing. Sure im happy to do that. Maybe the place to start is really to know the fact that we are seeing an incredible rate of leadership change in Subsaharan Africa right now and this is a region that stereotyped as the place in these aging autocrats to stay in power for decades and are definitely still a few of them. But just to give you a few statistics, and the first half of this disc eight decade 2010 at 2014 there were nine transfers of power among as of states. Since then from the beginning of 2015 there have been 26 of them. More than half of those transfers, have been between Political Parties from one party to the opposition. Another statistic. In the beginning of 2015, of the 49 leaders in power in sub sahara africa, right now only 22 of them are left. This is really a historically a change for anywhere in the world. Certainly for africa. Thats coming with a lot of promise and opportunity, its coming with a lot of threats as well. Let me talk in particular about the country that i think is the most important story we are talking of her today. All of my colleagues are really important stories. For me ethiopia is the most important story we are seeing right now. This is a country where more than a hundred Million People fastgrowing. In a very strategic part of the continent in the on cost of the golf close to the other parts that really matter for security and other reasons. A country that has very long time has been deeply authoritarian under leadership, the epr df coalition of Political Parties. Still authoritarian 2015 elections, they won every single piece in the parliament. 400 and something seats. That was really the tipping. In some ways it in 2016 started to see large protests in the two largest regions of. For various and serious of events went to the Prime Minister stepping down in early 2018 and he goes into this very prolonged process of picking his next. They come up with a gentleman named bobby ackman. It was not particularly well known to anybody. It turns out to be this ambitious frenetic ball of energy, and a real reformer in many ways. Hes 42 years old, is from the ethnic group the Largest Ethnic Group in the country. He came in and really did an audacious move. Fraying thousands of people from prison in ethiopia. Seeking peace with the archriv archrival, and doing a lot to really open up political space. And freedoms in ethiopia which i know from a lot of conversations in ethiopia is deeply appreciated by many ethiopians. Hes pushing through some legislation to support those freedoms. Thats a good story. But with every good story comes a challenge to. He is really facing a substantial backlash right now as are some of the other leaders we are talking about. He is taking a backlash from the old jean from the old powers which have been dominant for many years. Theyve held real political power and they are now on the outs and are pushing back in a number of ways. He is also facing some substantial ways of violence in the country. What happens when the space opens up so quickly, and there are so many good things to come with that still bad things come along with that as well. And i want to come back to south africa and what i alluded to were us policy in the Current Administration as well as taking advantages of some of these new opportunities that have been presented during the transition but also ahead of the real threats that are facing each of these countries as a whole. Matt, you talk about that dominated us policies for decades coming at it from the perspective that it over the course of the past 20 years. And with that personalization in particular the identity of the president obviously president obama had particular orientation toward africa as a continent in general and President Trump has articulated and positive framing so you can say a few words of the history and the Current Administration . Speaking of us policy certainly with the Obama Administration there was a lot of hope and expectations to fundamentally change. The analysis so far that that has not been the case or a fundamental shift. The Trump Administration is still formulating their policy. But in terms of looking at us relations in terms of security in particular, that john mentioned in his article but there was too much emphasis or perhaps humanitarian and Public Health related initiatives and less on governance and institutions. Looking at these changes on the continent that comes across Civil Society from institutions with the historic role the Supreme Court played a election 2017 for the first time in the history but that was followed up by an election not too far later that was boycotted so that institutional check was not enough to fundamentally change the system. So where the followup and the us can play a role to help those groups and institutions on the ground looking to change things from the institutional institutional judicial level. Second, looking at us policy on the continent over the last ten or 20 years and increased role of the military in counterinsurgency and terrorism activities. Look at somalia there has been a market increase in the number of airstrikes in somalia, a recent report from Amnesty International this year that highlighted some of the effects of that that includes an increase of civilian casualties. May be targeting al shabbat but that doesnt happen or help with National Cohesion and local institutional building. So we have to be very cautious of the role of the United States military plays but also provide more support by Civil Society organizations across the continent are advocating for much of this change we see happening. You talk about urbanization and Digital Transformation what are the ways the United States can work with regional leaders to promote and take advantage of the opportunities so last december the Trump Administration released the fastest strategy the first was security the second was prosperity and with that abilities through institutions through the government and foreign aid. So to focus on prosperity with africa but there are two reasons in the first is it is the first time the Administration Takes the action in order to improve the relation with those investments and increasing the two way street with investment between africa and the us. And the second is private sector led and the Trump Administration that has been controversial with economic potential of africa and despite some words it is a good thing to have it administration that looks at africa and from that aspect that everybody was thinking. In the cities and religion and order. And in the forthcoming book in fragility and leaving nobody behind and i think that things that could inspire the us is the focus of what may lead the media so why the us focuses as a National Leader which is goo good, however about 80 percent are in major cities so we may not be effectively accurate with those challenges but also the fact it is externally important how do we address unemployment . And so with private government to have substantially. And finally the United States has issued a joint statement arranging the us africa arrangements with free trade this is a tremendous development with those bilateral countries. So there are many good things. So for example to be specific with nigeria, in all those aspects with the provinces so that capacity and with that ability and also in nigeria on that Strong Border aspect however if they did not systematically deliver that is an important factor but with part of nigeria it is much more important and perhaps in the nigerian way to be the welcoming with the us support but with that core and the support of the us with the fight against boko haram so you have to acknowledge the us when it comes to the military if that violent extremism is on order and to acknowledge that support. Now i think that is a natural segue. I want to offer a thought about congo. Also picking up on the point taking it to the next dimension with that area i agree correctly we need to be careful how we deal with the military in africa but i worry that we may under do it as much as we may overdo it because as a defense analyst many of you will understand us military focusing on china and russia as part of the National Defense strategy with the secretary of defense and the president that the Obama Administration did the last couple of years down plays on the region and the world in zero some terms there are a finite american forces. But those who are worried about china and russia competing with both of those countries in africa. We dont only want to think about the western pacific but also russia and china and one of the things we see go on is the big chinese role. Thats not all bad. I was a peace corps volunteer you could drive that in one day when i was a volunteer one decade later you needed a land rover and a week. The chinese rebuilt the road and it works again. That everything china does is bad but were doing better now with some other tools that i think other key officials have pushed. We should continue to up our game and economic and diplomatic investment realms but a specific idea that i would consider for congo would require more of a military presence with the idea to help the Congolese Military under a president reform so they can do more of the job we provide with Un Peacekeeping mission for a couple of decades. At some point we have to help that human peacekeeping mission work its way out of a job making the Congolese Military better protecting the people with the evil that outbreak and stabilize parts of the country that right now do not progress economically with the number one problem. So the United States to employ the advisory teams for the more specific targeted way to resemble iraq and afghanistan only in a smaller scale. Maybe the time is right for that with the new president we can see him willing to make reforms in his own army to allow these ideas to have potential brief i want to thank my intern from this year a student thank you as well i appreciate the effort. Now i will prevail upon you to take the conversation whichever direction you prefer. Let me speak up on us policy with we quick portland with three quick points how important it is to focus on institutions and not individuals as exciting as these new leaders are, south africa, and others, we have to avoid getting into the colt of personalities which can happen easily that kid be the lifeblood of a ruler these are encouraging leaders but what matters are the institutions and the rules of the game they could change. That is why what were doing in terms of changing legislation is so important to have a long way to go but thats the change the United States should be reporting second is support for Civil Society getting into south africa just briefly as a quick story the remarkable transition to democracy from Nelson Mandela more recently leadership that really proved to be disastrous in many ways and south africa fell into a situation estate capture where there is a lot of corruption among many South Africans will point to in terms of how south africa could write the ship to some extent they are sleeping with the role of judiciary the role of media and Civil Society because all three were critical to expose what was happening under the president and to generate some momentum for change with cries among the population for change. The United States investing in Civil Society, we dont invest much in south africa because of Civil Society but that engagement and Investigative Journalism is so important and a huge bang for the buck spending taxpayer dollars. We need to call things like we see it in africa twisting ourselves into a rhetorical pretzel and it comes back to bite us in 2017 there was a coup in zimbabwe they didnt call it that for various reasons we dont do ourselves any favors by not calling it what it is. By most accounts their president did not win that election. So now he is not there and the successor is not there but the United States shows the support and the outcome we probably know is not the outcome. These things get us in trouble time and again and our policy we need to get back to calling it like we see it. Since we have finally come to south africa just a few quick words on that country because as an important actor we have danced around the region but just now with the conversation. This affect that is an important point to highlight and that is the fact that extremism on the right for example the Economic Freedom fund has 8 percent from the population and the freedom from the press is two. 4 percent it with the extremist on the right. That the democratic alliances have the lower score 20. 8 percent in the past elections. So why we see that degree in that term of extremism with that broader attrition and corruption and how he was outed. And one of the countries that have higher economic quality across the world. As to what we were discussing before with economic development, security which needs to be put into consideration. So that the human capitalist the cushion looking for the model that when you look over 50 percent is three countries nigeria and south africa. Those which are critical. Also with the saga with the challenges related to immigration was about 90 percent coming from hong kong which is that i think the last time i checked that was the southern nuclear. So i am quite hopeful because i think if that is not enough but things will have to go beyond the individual and i think one of the very best things that can be done now is to have that power to allocate those cases of corruption so without trust to see the increase of extremism and thats what happened in the United States. So one point on south africa part of the reason why the current transition is about the south african Foreign Policy and the potential to flex their muscles beyond the border in a productive way. Right now on the Un Security Council and on a twoyear rotation next year the president will take up the chairmanship of the African Union. It is a great under opportunity but under president zuma south africa was not a force of the International Stage and with authoritarian forces much more frequently under president mandela or other so what im looking for in south africa is trying to make this domestically will he make a pivot on the International Stage because south africa given their story can be such a positive voice and a model. Will they return to that . Now i would like to open to the audience with a standing room only crowd. For panels in six countries you may each ask a question. Not a statement and identify yourself keep your question one part only and i will take three at a time. My approach elect to make sure there is a diversity people asking and also on the stage. Good morning. The legal coordinator for the not too young to run from nigeria and part of the Mandela Fellowship program it has been great because i learned firsthand how this country was built on the backbone of quality education. Ive had conversations with state Department People to say why have we not invested to have that support for african countries with education . You cannot be ignorant and free. So with that investment in africa so if we do not have an educated public so my question is what is the United States doing to ensure we tie the hands of African Leaders to invest in education so that in 20 years time we wont be here talking about these editions again on issues again but the progress we are making ourselves as partners and not as people looking for aid. Thank you. Thank you i am an immigrant from us africa policy. I want to respect the moderators instructions and narrow all the different questions that i have two just one but let me say i worked in the party for many years and a take issue with the analysis that has been given of the current state of south africa. I wish we had more time to debate. But thank you for doing this. Just to look at the topic again it says security in africa. Molly went through a crisis. There is a war in libya. There are so many Security Issues in africa that in my mind have deteriorated since the start of africa africom. I thought this would be a focus on that. Thank you for doing this and that there are so many other issues but security is so important in africa is big so will you promise you will do a Real Security forum. [laughter] and let us talk about these major Security Issues you cannot compete against china by pulling back on Security Issues in africa will you organize another panel thank you. [laughter] we have and we will see you can add another question if you want. Im a senior associate for the another on Orthodox Church thank you so much for the presentation this morning. I have not heard much about gender equity in the role of women in any of these discussions that is a generational issue so i like to hear more of the role of women relative to security and then i would like to hear more in the area of faith and religion as a motivation for yletter values and morality could help inform a more secure environment there is a time specifically to americans one two women as well. And there is a lady just behind you. I am an activist as a person i am wondering how the situation with the genocide north of cameroon and if you look to those issues and to think of that geographical location, i am wondering why there is no mention and i can see that if cameroon does implode it will be a major issue in the whole region. And talking about china also from a recently china has acquired lots of land in cameroon. As a us citizen also i am concerned in the us has to be fully invested against boko haram. So what is the us position with all of the other political crisis in cameroon or are you Planning Holding another meeting on this issue very soon. Thank you stomach you know its a great panel and we already have a request for two more. And we have 23 minutes left. Have a lot more questions please take those Panel Questions on women in faith and on the situation of cameroon and china you dont have to take all of them or any of them. I will pass. I will start. Obviously they give us a sense of the complexities of the issue of security at a local and national and regional level. Speaking briefly when i teach my African Studies course i emphasize to the students looking broadly at african governments and the global level Investment Education is a major investment that africans themselves have prioritized. But those gains were made so many people do not have access to education. Its not enough but it does contribute to instability as a report by the International Crisis group in relation to the l should bob question that teachers have fled local schools and kids cannot go get that education and that is susceptible to this radical recruitment and points of view so i do agree Education Needs to be a priority with foreignpolicy issues. That the issues of conflicts with cameroon there is a regional dimension there and our panelists talked about this on and off but the role these organizations play is important. Think of the role of the African Union and the inability historically to intervene there is a history of nonintervention although not fully but the African Union is not playing a prominent a role as they could have put west africa to intervene in 2011 or gambia and to help transition there so that shows a lot of promise in these regions if we think of womens voices extremely important not just counting numbers of women parliamentarians but within Civil Societies so until recently in uganda a very prominent female activist was arrested with an 18 month prison sentence to write a poem to the president. The association has been outspoken about that but regional issues reaching out to uganda to express its level for freedom of speech and i think it has risen to that level so thats one of many looking at those individual cases. Education is important so what i get with the head of state especially through Civil Society to expect external players on exactly what africa tried it with those African Leaders to invest more in education. So we invited president from mali with the topic and this is dearest to my heart and we cannot speak enough. So we talked about six countries today in each of those could be a topic with an entire Day Conference but very good points we have to do something about those challenges because it has solutions. So one gender it is an issue to elaborate but one of the very best ways to help that decisionmaking process where the members of the cabinet and to parliament et cetera. So in a very paternalistic way we have to work to ensure everybody is presented and in terms of cameroon with boko haram and those challenges and with those origins of cameroon. Yes definitively those are issues but as you have seen we dont have enough time to spec on to speak about those six countries adequately. Nobody should be overlooked. Just briefly it one on the education question is a very good question this is a Wonderful Program investing in Young Leaders across the continent to help the organization you are associated with that is a great effort to encourage young people to run for office in the country where there are not enough so i would encourage everybody to check that out break i dont think United States will make a lot of progress by telling leaders you should invest in foreign education. That goes in one you want one ear and out the other but if we invest in Civil Society organizations who will advocate for that domestically and organize around those issues and demand those from the National Government and local government of course nigeria has 36 federal states that could be powerful themselves and perhaps thats where the advocacy needs to be with Civil Society the National Ability to advocate is a lot more than whatever rhetoric we could use how they should spend their own money. On those issues of gender dynamics, to highlight sudan right now which is also undergoing a remarkable change one that is very much driven by women leading the protest movement who have been taking great risks and out in front of the changes we are seeing. Yes it could go in either direction but the challenge there when playing such a prominent role in the protest gets to negotiations then it is all men and it is such a missed opportunity and that is really a mistake among the greater world that women need to play a much more prominent role in negotiations there and across the continent. One other thing that wasnt touched on as much bed as shout out to the Catholic Church if you have tracked drc it played an Important Role last year in whatever imperfect resolution we had of a very shaky election process that it was not completely rigged in favor of the preferred candidate so those are pretty big accomplishments even though it was not ideal and the congolese catholic has an Important Role to hold their own politicians accountable so that was a positive step. Another round of questions we will be brief starting in the front. I appreciate the panel with the state of African Security is there a lack of brain trust for the big six based on those deals with china and the us involvement cracks historically we talk about china based upon who you are talk to an African Security who is negotiating the deals , the brain trust and collaboration . We know they are smart Everybody Needs help. Thank you. At the International Stability operation went on the quality of African Military involved with those other programs to improve African Military not just somalia but also sudan and elsewhere have we seen a largescale to make it more with those problems in africa quick. And in tunisia can anybody shed light and with boko haram from nigeria and i have a friend and ceo of an Organization Setting up the private School System in the countries that are too dangerous for the peace corps. I will be quick and say hearing john and matt talk about progress i would not say there hasnt been progress with drc thats why want to see this american advisory effort seriously considered. It is a really good question and those that are negotiating from that position of strength in knowing what they are getting into with china and us he is there doing deals and would african nations want women to know what they are getting into so that is an area for support. And i am not concerned and then to prioritize so et cetera et cetera. With those african countries and to ensure and that the outcome would be achieved by thinking about this first so my panelists the executive to broker these deals and with the Reelection Campaign with the Infrastructure Project it is before the first election and then to upgrade to nairobi was funded and then to realize that that would mean when the railway is a make and the many with the infrastructure. And then and then to complete the second phase of the project. That is problematic how we think about these infrastructure developments so if you travel around the continent to see a major presence and in terms of International Relations that makes a difference. With the European Union and then to get discussion on the ground for better or for worse and as a quick little add to the African Military this clearly shows there has been partnerships with intelligence and trainin training, however in many places congo and kenya there is corruption with institutions to make change and make progress if you look at kenya and coming across the border so what are we doing . With that institutional corruption. Thank you. There has been discussion with that nationalism when you have that encroachment with Climate Change and a brain drain so how can they take a greater role to adjust Security Issues. The three major challenges in east africa in terms of security or your recommendations of what to do about it. That is a whole panel entirely. I know this isnt a minute isnt enough but the last word. Do you think they can achieve democracy in kenya or south africa without addressing that is one of the driving forces. And then going in reverse order. That first question is a good one. And africas voice and part of the reason that voice is relatively weak the states we are talking about today and although tenuous can be so impactful these are heavyweights. They can be a voice on the global stage. And talk about issues of Climate Change. And that is by Digital Rights issues for the digital voice not so much. And then to exert themselves thats why africa is important the Security Council is important but also on africa Going Forward obviously it is a big hot potato and then to move forward on the land to have a tricky balancing act. And at the same time the appropriation is not an attractive possibility for all the investors that south africa needs then to be very careful about the messaging it is a tricky balance. And we dont have time for that now. Nice to be back on the Foreign Affairs article. It wasnt part of the mandate and then to get to that other issues of the future panel. Drc to talk about even partial expertise the future security agenda it is still wrestling with the oldfashioned security agenda even though Climate Change and Global Warming but doesnt have that much desert silent take advantage except to say that some of these getting stronger to allow them to get those issues which are not luxuries to talk about later but its hard to talk about them in the internal sense i dont want to suggest we do this but they can keep going on a positive path to get stronger with the new security agenda and increase their voice. With the land and distribution and with those driving forces that is intrinsically important and that on the order. With those forms of challenges however to be sustained with the quality of democracy and that could be addressed as well. And with that economic transformations including nigeria 11 Million People were leaving and with tanzania and to lead a safari to teach them mostly a transformation one of the things evolved 30 percent so yes, those types of challenges are still real and true with those issues. So i will stop there. I used to teach classes for three hours. [laughter] i know we are out of time so i will be brief. With the issue of Environmental Security and with the african continent with actors on the ground and with the largest wind plant in the northern part of the country so there are some bright spots to think about and more broadly to have questions about that or freedom of expression like uganda or rwanda or tanzania. That has to do with the issue of land there has not been an example that needs more attention and then thinking about accountability more broadly moving forward like the kenyan president did to lead efforts for those that are quite skeptical until cv unless we see someone in prison we dont know regarding those efforts. And then at the bookstore even a couple of mine. [laughter] in his book as well. So please join me to think this phenomenal panel. [applause] [inaudible conversations]. Starting now book tv on cspan2. Tonight on the tv for taking a look at the Economic Policy starting with joseph sternbergs book, the best of the decade. How the baby boomers stole the millennial economic future. After that Michael Tanner talks about reducing poverty through criminal Justice Reform and Economic Growth and later we hear from tyler who argues the large corporations play Important Role in our society and are often unfairly criticized in the book, big business. [inaudible conversations]
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