Next, a look at the legacy of the Apollo Space Missions in the future of Space Exploration. The discussion was held at the National Academy of engineering. [applause] welcome, everyone, to the National Academy of engineerings for him on human spaceflight, apollo, 50 years on. Im going on stage today by six incredible individuals, each of whom helped shape the history and the future of human spaceflight. A little introduction about myself. My name is deeann. Much like many of our panelists today, i am an engineer. Unlike most of our panelists i have never been to space which gives you an idea of the impressiveness. I did grow up in brevard county, florida, Cape Canaveral and many of you launched into space, it has been an inspiration in my life and one of the reasons i chose to pursue engineering. I have gone on to have an atypical career. I am an endearing tv host nowadays and founder and ceo of future engineers. We have current talent launched with nasa where students can name the next mars rover. I dont know if you know but the curiosity rover was named by kindergarten student. We have a contest in november, if you have kids or grandkids that want to be part of space history i encouraged him to go online and submit their names. Speaking of space history, i am going to tell you about our panelists today and i want to let you know their placement on stage is not a coincidence. We have a chronology here from apollo on to thinking about going to mars. Right here on my left we have general tom stafford, former nasa astronaut with the gemini and Apollo Programs. Next we have captain bob crippen, shuttle astronauts, and doctor sandy magnus, a shuttle astronaut has been four months on the International Space station. After that, captain Chris Ferguson, former shuttle astronaut, now the boeing commercial astronaut which is quite exciting. After that, the vp of flight is build reliability at space x. He joined me in 2002 and hans and i share the title of never having been to space. But i want to caveat that with yes. Im hoping with all the work going on on the commercial side, all of us will have the opportunity to go to space one day. At the end we have Major General charlie bolden, former shuttle astronaut and former nasa administrator during the Obama Administration and oversaw the transition from the spatial program to a new era of Space Exploration where low earth orbit is being turned over to commercial entities and we are looking forward to new technologies going on to mars. The way it works today is we separate into three different segments. The first segment we give all our speakers time to share a bit about themselves and then we have a 30 minute q a and transition after the audience to start thinking about their questions and what you want to ask our panelists. We start on my left, general tom stafford. Are you ready . General tom stafford received his bachelors degree with honors in electrical and Mechanical Engineering from the Us Naval Academy and graduated first in his classes United States air force test pilot in 1959 and went on to become an american legend. In 1965 he piloted gemini 6, the first rendezvous in space. In 1966 he commanded gemini 9 demonstrating rendezvous used in the apollo lunar mentions. As commander of apollo 10 in 1969, he flew the first rendezvous around the moon and designated the first Lunar Landing site. He commanded the apollo Soyuz Mission which was the first historic meeting in space between us astronauts and soviet cosmonauts, ending the International Space race. And he holds the musk speed record. General stafford has been four types of spacecraft and more than 100 types of aircraft. He presided over the development of multiple aircraft, and distilled Aircraft Program and roadmap for the f22 raptor. Only about three weeks the time al shepherd flew until we go to the moon with shepherd at 50 minutes of flight. Other factors entered into that, the bay of pigs invasion and the analysis with the soviets would do on our free return trajectory around the moon. It was a real dynamic time. I used the knowledge i i gained for my good friends out shepherd and those people. Really enjoyed it. For those of you who were there, it was truly a lot of fun. It was great time to be there. As a look at apollo and gemini, we set the tools of course we didnt know what we didnt know. For example, on that first rendezvous and we happen to lose a computer, radar or the platform, and then later, the first spacewalk around the world that someone nearly got killed. I couldve been killed, too. Then you have to train better for that. Today theres a rule you train underwater before you go out and do a spacewalk. Also now they have virtual reality, so you trained that way. That came from gemini nine. Also gemini six when wally and i had her engine shutdown at g0 with the liftoff signal. We knew we had a dead mans turn. We learn you have to have, a system they cannot complete automatic but a override and all this, a a very complex thing to and you do it right. We also learned lessons life on apollo 13. Im sure youve all seen the movie, a lot of it, and that is a lesson like you look back in high school chemistry. You always pour acid into water. You do not pour water into acid because you will have some bad result. We learn from apollo 13, you dont mix liquid oxygen with compounds that have carbon in thin. Apollo 13 we had about five and a half pounds of carbon in the teflon wiring and 300 pounds of blocks. Youve all seen probably the pictures that blew that double wall steel out, take to pieces and also the core Service Module out. That was a series of things. Then i was involved in return to flight after the columbia accident, then a briefing with the admiral who chaired the accident board. It was whole series of things. He said he could use the word challenger, any word but columbia, the same lessons so theres a lot of rules you do not violate. Weve set these tools in place and they are all there. And so the main thing is dont screw up. [laughing] that was a great time to be there, but also as you mention i started this, all the stealth programs of the air force, if ive not had the experience of being in the soviet union, and then later having the first experimental with stealth airplane. I was commanding general there. I wouldve never started the roadmap of error for the f22 after fighter. A whole series of things. Just a great time to be there. Ill cut short a couple of seconds. Theres rules out there, tools out there, and you do not violate them. [laughing] the rules and tools, you do not violate them and do not screw up. Our next panels today, with captain bob crippen who was the pilot of the very first spaceflight in april 1981 and went on to command through other spatial omissions. During his 30 years in u. S. Navy he was an attack pilot answer is a test Pilot Instructor at Edwards Air Force base. In 1969 he was selected as the nasa astronaut and was on the support group for the skylab two, three and four mission, and on the apollo soyuz test project. He became director of spatial program at nasa headquarters and the director of Kennedy Space center. He entered the private sector as a Vice President at Lockheed Martin and served as president of the propulsion company. He earned his bachelors in aerospace airspace in gaos elected to the National Academy of engineering in 2012. Its my pleasure to introduce bob crippen. [applause] thank you, thank you, deanned morning. Im really pleased that they were able to pull together this panel of friends of mine. Its great to be up here, especially by former boss and friend, tom stafford it has he indicated he selected as one of his support crew for the apollo Soyuz Mission and took us over to russia, to star city and the soviet union. It was still the russia part. [laughing] even out to the launch site, which was how i think where the first foreigners to ever visit that. And then had the pleasure of talking, and the rest of the screw into the command module on is his lunch so we go back a long way, as indicated. Its also a pleasure to be appear with Sandra Magnus and Chris Ferguson who flew the last shuttle flight. One of my fondest memories, i just telling sandy was john young and i, my commander, and i got to do a photo op with them because we represented the bookends of the spatial program, if you will. I joined nasa right after apollo 11, 50 years ago, long time some older than dirt, too. I had come off a program that was highly classified, department of Defense Program called the laboratory, mold for short, highly classified. Just a few years ago filing declassified. Our job is to take highresolution photographs of the soviet union. But when the program was canceled they took seven of us off of that and transferred over to the nasa Astronaut Office. We didnt do any training, didnt go to a Selection Process with nasa. We just walked in the door and they put us to work. There were some similarities between the Skylab Program and what was being developed at nasa and m. O. L. That was my first assignment was to go follow, birddog what was going on with the development of skylab to make sure the crew interfaces were acceptable and i worked throughout the program and its flights would start off, dramatic but ended up being a great program. When it was concluded i was assigned to go start doing the same thing following the development of spatial which it just and announced. A lot of people think of the job of investment is mostly training, but most of my career with nasa was spent in doing Engineering Work following the development of the spacecraft. I would imagine that the current Astronaut Office is doing the same thing with the vehicles that are being developed today by lockheed, boeing, and spacex. There is a lot of Engineering Work that the astronauts are assigned to do. I was both surprised and honored when john young, our most experienced astronaut in the office at the time, selected me to be his crewmate for the first Space Shuttle flight. Great training with john and flying that mission, certainly one of the highlights of my life. As deanne indicated i went on to command three of the flights come and it turns out most of those flights were also engineering test flights to make sure the Space Shuttle would do what we had designed it to do. When looking back, im very proud of spatial program. Yes, we had to terrible accidents and i lost some very close friends, but when you look at the some of the 30 years that it was flying, early on in the program we did some Important Department of Defense Missions that i think contributed significantly to us winning the cold war. The shuttle made it possible to fly payloads like the Hubble Space Telescope any of the Great Observatories that have revolutionized our knowledge of the universe. And it also made possible the building of the International Space station, which is an engineering marvel that is still up to doing its job. In summary, i think the spatial program is something well look back on fondly. It would be a long time before ever see a vehicle thats thats anywhere near as capable of that. And i was sorely disappointed when, in 2011, the program was terminated. Im anxious to have the star liner and the dragon topsails are going to correct the problem person, so thank you. [applause] are right. For our next speaker we have dr. Dr. Sandy magnus was selected to nasa Astronaut Corps in 1996 and is float on four Shuttle Missions including the final shuttle flight in 2011. She flew to deny space station november station november 2008 where she spent for a half months on board the iss and Flight Engineer and science officer. Follow her sign a station to serve as national at nasa headquarters. During the time it nasa dr. Magnus worked with the International Committee including with europe, japan, brazil and in russia. Dr. Magnus is now the Deputy Director for engineering within the office of the secretary of Defense Research engine engineering. Prior to working at nasa dr. Magnus was a stealth engineer at what Donna Douglas picture to bachelors in physics and masters in Electrical Engineering from Missouri University science and technology and a phd from georgia tech. Help me in welcoming dr. Sandy magnus. [applause] so want to take mom to talk about the space station because i think thats why im on the panel. Thank you for the invitation. Let me start up a sink theres a big difference is minute unit im still between intellectual knowledge and experimental knowledge, between book learning and going into lab and actually touching something and thats when you really understand things when you have that with the knowledge. Thats one of the biggest changes that happens with astronauts when we find space with shortterm or longterm is we experience that environment and we experience the planet a different way. When you fly on space station its interesting, you adapt into the environment at a completely different level than when you just up there sort of as a tourist for ten, 11 or 12 days flight. I didnt realize it was happening until the crew came to pick me up in march with i saw them float across the hatch and you looked awkward and so unsure of their motions and just very gingerly moving their bodies as they moved through the spacecraft time not to touch things. I said let me take you back. Let me take you back to the Service Module and show you how to use the treadmill. I just took up because i knew immediately what hand rail, would off that handrail come that handrail and go straight through the pma and hit the one bag and he knew exactly how is going to translate through. Newton law drives to work willn you live in space. I took off and he catches up with me venture hes like, you really move fast. I was a maze, really i didnt realize it. Thats when i realized i adopted adapted to a whole new level. Its interesting because when you experience that, he realized it was normal for me to get up every morning and float through my day and talk to people around the world in Different Countries about all the amazing sites and things we were doing. It was normal to have the earth out the window, to the extent that after maybe a month or so i almost took it for granted, i took it for granted looking at t the window. There was an earth floating by me below and the beauty of it and how amazing that really was. We had this ability to adapt that i think is really important. But when youre up there experiencing it, changes your perspective. Let me share one of the greatest perspective changes that i had, that was the perspective about gravity. Abby but on the stages been space has experienced this but to me it was incredibly amazing as we were reentering and slowing down of falling back into earth come to experience gravity for the first time as an external force. It was weird and it made no sense and i was appalled at how horrible it was. And to have that shift, everyone in this room understands gravity intellectually because were all scientists and engineers. You know the equations and we can describe it and quantify it, but thats not the same thing as understand it instinctively and internally because you have experienced it. The fact when you hold your arms out like this and theres, think of all the little diagrams you done in physics we get the vertical forces and horizontal forces, and all that stuff. Theres a vector acting on your arm that youre using the energy of your muscles to basically fight against. Its just weird to experience that. It makes you look at the work and a whole different way. This is the power sending humans into space. We have these expenses, chips are view of the world and we set thinking about questions that we should be asking that we dont think about asking because we take for granted the environment are already living in. It opens up our minds to new ways of looking at the universe. It makes us think just a little bit differently, its just that little shift in perspective and so thats what so powerful that sending people into space and what so powerful that having people in space for a long time and doing the experiments we do up there. Maybe not all those experience are cutting edge, but but i guarantee that has a continue to put people up there with different skill sets, as we continue to put different kinds of experiments up there, we are going to learn more from the questions we learn to ask then necessary the answers were getting from those experiments because were just at the beginning of wondering out of norms of the north with establishing on the planet to open our minds to new ways of thinking and you questions to ask. Thats really what is the power sending humans into space and Human Space Program and am