Thank you for the great introduction. Welcome, everyone to this great book fair now in its 30th year. [applause] doris goodwin, its so wonderful to have you here. Welcome to miami. This is our premier cultural event. Great to have you her. If books about president. It was started by Theodore Roosevelt, known as teddy. How did he start the progressive era . What propelled him to act . What were his successes that are still with us today . We did call him teddy even though he didnt like the name teddy. I think he lost that to history. [laughter] the aspects of the Industrial Age has not been dealt with since the civil war. There was no real workmen compensation. Huge monopolies eating up small businesses. The gap between the rich and the poor had grown wider. Sounds familiar to the situation today. Even though he was a conservative when he started in a certain sense and a republican when he started, he realized the Publican Party would not be able to continue as a major force and majority force unless i began to deal with these problems of the Industrial Age. Even as governor, he tried to introduce reform legislation, and drink the political process were tied in with the old order so they decided they would dump him into a vice presidency where hed have no power in our be the end. Then mckinley is assassinated in he becomes president. Its not that he did it on his own, he understood the only way he could move this reluctant congress to take legislation necessary, demobilize the country to push them from the outside and thats why he defined words as the president s power to educate and morally move the country forward but he needed help and he had help from the press at that time. They were also progressive, their own agenda. It wasnt an uprising from the country at large to know something had to happen. His name will forever be identified with the progressive era. He taught a seminar on him 40 years ago and i always wanted to live with him and finally, after all these other characters, i got a chance to be with the colorful extraordinary figure. Sometimes, i wonder what im doing spending my life with dead president s but i wouldnt change it for anything in the world. [laughter] [applause] continue chronological order. You included taft in your book as well. How did they become close . There were 400 letters. I didnt know that much about taft, i just need to follow the Progressive Movement up to the time when his guy these two aspect i knew taft succeeded teddy and they would go against each other in 1912 but he always go back and i know scott does, too, want the primary sources, letters and diaries in private journals for historians so when i found these letters between the two, i realized they became friends in the early 30s. An odd couple. Teddys marching run everywhere, during wrestling and boxing, taft lane between 250 and 250. He wasnt doing much resting at that time but they liked each other. Opposites almost attractive so teddy brings him into his cabinet and becomes the most important person. Taft just wanted to be a judge, never a politician. He decides this the man i want to succeed me. He runs his campaign. Gives him advice at every moment, only thing he didnt give him advice on was his Campaign Something which i dont think teddy would have approved on because i was get on a raft with taft. If you call on a raft with 340 pound taft, you wouldnt be very long. [laughter] take us he comes back from africa and hes been told by his progressive that taft has become too much and cozy with the old guard of republican in congress betrayed the progressive legacy. It really wasnt that because he did try to do what he thought he was doing but he didnt have the skills of a public leader, didnt know how to deal with the press or give a speech. Teddy decides the progressive want to run against him. A brutal campaign. Because the two republicans were running from he runs on the thirdparty campaign, opening the door for the democrat to win but was so emotionally moving for me was the heart break when they broke greater than umbrellas because the punishment was much stronger. I love writing about these emotional things. Then Woodrow Wilson came into the picture and he was elected and he went back to progressivism. Woodrow wilson went back to progressivism big time, thinking the foundation, roosevelt, not teddy to Woodrow Wilson but there but but the planet. What wilson pointed to do, its ironic because most peoples image of wilson is this presbyterian ministers son but he was extremely human, his emotional and passionate and what he wanted to do above all was humanized the presidency. So where Theodore Roosevelt created this relationship with the press, Woodrow Wilson wanted to advance and he started Holding Press Conferences which our president had never done before. Everything he did toward personalizing the white house and wilson came in with the most aggressive Progressive Agenda wed seen. He brought about largely through this process of humanization and he did it by showing up at the congress. Wilson had an extremely peculiar view of how the legislature grants the executive branch function. He thought being a political scientist that these two branches, he thought they should cooperate. [laughter] [applause] he thought literally they should cooperate the government. So wilson did something president s have not done since john adams in 1800, he showed up in the congress to conduct business, he brought back the president appearing to deliver the state of the union address. Woodrow wilson delivered 25 addresses to joint sessions of congress. He actually showed up in a little room that sits in the congress which was designed for president s to come and work with congress. I think a lot of president s have failed to find this. [laughter] im not naming anyone but i think they have failed to find it because it has a rather picky name. Its called the president s room. [laughter] lbj found it. [laughter] yes, he did. And really, he found it big time. Thats why so much legislation cap past, i think. Johnson was, in many ways, the wilsonian tradition of getting in there, rolling up your sleeves, maybe cracking a few legs and arms and twisting them in fact what wilson did. So with that, we immediately saw within the first few months of the Wilson Administration, lowering of tariffs, introduction of the modern income tax which had a graduated scale so the future paid more. We saw the establishment of the Federal Reserve system which has been basically the basis of the American Economy for the last century. He went into eight hour workdays and so forth but the first june, the supreme court, all these things, progressivism for what work with temp was about reveling playing field. He is not anti wealth, not anti wall street but he was antitrust. He was against unfair competition. Anywhere hes hard, he tried to fight it. Both alluded to the fact that there are a lot of parallels between today and those times. Are we in another gilbert age . I do think one of the things that produced great gap between the rich and the poor was the old economy has shifted. Used to be if you are living in country town from the richest person might be the doctor or lawyer or house on the hill and suddenly with massive trust forming in the 1880s and 90s, the railroads spanning the country and oil industry coming, you have millionaires sidebyside, the turnofthecentury, this pace of life sped up and because you have telegrams replacing letters and focal cores exploited in the press and people were saying there was a lot of nervous disorder because the pace of life was soaks that up. Think up back today. All of the inventions we have now but the problem is yes, we are in another age but thats progressive era, the mobilization of the country to handle these problems has not emerged. As a result, im not even sure the pulpit has the power it did in both wilsons time and teddys time when they could give a speech, it would be the conversation in the country. It would be recorded in full even by the time fdr went, you could hear the people listening. You can walk down the street and not miss a word of what he was saying because everybody was listening to the radio in the kitchen. He would listen to the whole speech when there were three networks. The media subdivided the way it was, the national move came along at my time, the turn of the 20th century, even when i write checks now, im writing 1913. [laughter] anyway. The newspapers emerged in the early 20th century replacing Partisan Press and in the old days, he would only read your newspaper if your republican or democrat. Lincoln gave a great speech and it was carried out on the shoulders of his people and the democratic ones fell on the ground and hissed at him. Got away from that. Now we are again, divided, you can only watch her own favorite cable station. You will hear on the part of speeches. Our Attention Span has so diminished. The guys i wrote about they were given two years. Right the thousand pieces month after month and people read them and talked about them. Im not sure anybody would given the amount of time by a newspaper or magazine today. And the account they had come robbery they had in the Attention Span to talk about. So i worry about where the country is going in terms of our influence on the government. Mcclure, the guy who ran the magazine at one time said theres no one left but all of us. Sometimes i think that is true for us, to but where are we . We just complain about washington and we havent figured out how to do something about the paralysis that. And i think the fragmentation of the media is only going to continue because people make up their own newmedia all the time. Social media and blogging and the fact free media, its happening all over the place. Wasnt was treated pretty well by the media. Especially the bakers, many who ended up working for. Hes my favorite. Hes one and spent his final years not only working for wasnt but then writing biography of Woodrow Wilson. One of the most glorious pieces about wilson was written by tarbell, there were so wonderful, i found myself not quoting it because i thought it make me look to partisan info since favorite but its quite true what youve been suggesting about this great fractionalization of the media because what we have lost, and you articulate, we just dont think as much anymore. We just react from the cut backs why we talk to that cable station that speaks what we think we think. [laughter] but its a big factor today but wilson had a very Good Relationship with the media up too and just into the First World War which wilson ultimately brought us into. The most progressive president have had to date, not even forgetting gr but this president became the most repressive, suppressive the press, which he did during the war revitalizing alien and sedition acts that had been quiet certainly since the days of adam but somewhat lincoln, they were brought back. Wasnt used to excite lincoln all the time think im doing nothing he didnt do. That is a good cover, lincoln. People have asked me what would Teddy Roosevelt have done in todays world of twitter and i think he would have loved it. His great strength was to reduce complex problems into shorthand language. Everything wasnt believed in, im not going after the rich unless they have activated their wealth and unfair means, im not going after the port unless they havent taken care of the opportunities, the hatred he would say is the rock on which the country was founded but softly in cary, he even gave maxwell the slogan, go to the very last drop. It was said he drank 40 cups a day. [laughter] i think he would have loved twitter because he couldnt shut him up. [laughter] he would have he loved being in the center of things. His strength and his weakness. His daughter said he wanted to beat the bride at the wedding and the corpse of the funeral and the baby [laughter] and all this made wilson crazy because he thought tr was just a big blustering caricature of a man. In fact, somebody once pointed out to tr, he said roosevelt, you and wasnt really have the same objective here, so many of the same principles you believe in. Why do you attack him everyday . Roosevelt said i think its true, i guess wilson is just the weaker version of me. [laughter] thats great. Wilson was president of the university because before he was president. Did it affect him in a positive or negative way . The ivory tower helped him in a positive way very much because he was trying to tear down the ivory tower. Woodrow wilson was the relatively poor son of a presbyterian minister who had good fortune to go north to college from georgia and the carolinas where he grew up, virginia where he was born, went to princeton new jersey. There he found a very exclusive campus. He resented it as an undergraduate and he came to resent it as a professor there. He then became president of the college and it was at this time he decided now i have the ability to change what this college is. Wasnt predecessor in the presidency princeton was a man who used to break that he ran the finest country club in america. And he did. There was no question about it. The sense of the very, very rich. Wilson tried to tear that down. It was in doing that he began writing about he was doing speaking about what he was doing. This is how the most rise in American History occurred because people began to look at wilson who used the princeton campus is a great metaphor for america. He believed Higher Education should be the great catapult for people anybody from any class in a country that has no classes, but in such a country, anybody is educated and works hard should be able to go up a step a run or two on the latter. So wilson became famous for this. So much so that some of the political bosses in the Democratic Party were attracted to him, thinking he was a perfect combination to be there puppet namely, he sounded very progressive and reformist but also that he was a professor so hed be very weak. Little did they know when he got elected, governor of new jersey, which he served for about 18 months, the first thing he did as governor was kicked out the very machine that put him in office. [laughter] so everybody saw this was no week college professor. Lets turn to the women in these president lives. Im more interested in the woman behind the man. I always wanted my husband to be like nancy reagan. [laughter] interested in how these women helped these president. What interested me, there are three women writing about, was about taft tarbell. They each made choices they have to make even if there were narrower choices than we have today. Roosevelt came from a family where her father had been wealthy, lost his shipping business became an alcoholic. She lived near teddy which was a young girl in a wealthy area and then they had to move to more modest homes. After she drew a protective curtain, she loved teddy from the time she was young. He and she were boyfriend and girlfriend up through college, they had a fight in his sophomore year of college. They broke up and then he fell madly in love and a beautiful girl from, alice. They got married and then she died a few years after. He thought he would never love again but he went back and married edith and it was an extraordinary strong marriage. All she wanted from the marriage and her first ladyship was to give companionship and strength in the sanctuary to her restless husband. She said when she became first lady, she had no intention of being a personal public. Metaphor a woman was to be only in the name newspaper twice, when youre married and when youre. So when she left, little known by the public but very much known by her family. Growing up in cincinnati, they had impressions from the time she was out of nonsense to do something but her father sent her mothers to harvard and yelled. She talked to her mothers dismay. Youll never come up to society if you dont stop. She decided she would not harry as a result but then she meets taft and he adored her and respected her independence. He made her his partner in his whole career. She is really responsible for him, she was in politics eventually instead of the traditional route was on. She wanted the expense of life. She helped with his speeches and strategy and she became an extraordinary first lady in the pew first months she was there. Actavis, certain concerns with working women, she brought the cherry cheese to washington, she opened her guest list to a lot more people who had been there before. Created a public park with free concerts and sadly for him and two months after he was inaugurated when she had just got an article written in the New York Times about how extraordinary she was, she fell off i got collapsing, had a devastating stroke and she recovered her power up walking but never to speak connected sensors again so he spent days and days trying to teach her phrases, glad to see you, happy to be here so she could come to the reception and participate. You never know how things alter but this absolutely contributed to the trouble in his presidency. Lastly, tarbell growing up in pennsylvania, not just the frustrations of her mother when her own family is hurt because her fathers independent oil producer making more money than he ever dreamed. Hed been a teacher, a cappella kempton with standard oil, he undoes his business. She has to worry about the familys economic so either praise from the times shes 14 she would never take a husband and she does not ever get married. Becomes a famous journalist. When she writes her expose, newspapers recorded that she was willing to be paying anyone to become her husband and take her on trips around the world. [laughter] however much trouble we have as women balancing home and family and work, the choices are much more broad. Interesting to see, they out each made choices to pick their own desires. They are indispensable to their husbands in different ways. Hes got a bunch of women. [laughter] you certainly did not. [laughter] the old show in which we have to come up with the most hepatic romantic stories. Woodrow wilson had two wives. Not at the same time. [laughter] first was a young woman he met in georgia when he was a struggling lawyer in atlanta. He was a presbyterian ministers son. He met the ministers daughter in a little tow