During recent protests following the death of george floyd. Is a member of the joint chief of staff and nations top officer for overseeing the army and the air force National Guard. Combined total strength of nearly halfmillion airmen and soldiers under his supervision and command. He is a distinguished airmen and fire and formally of the air ghforce. In the early 1990s which the National Guards in a number of physicians in the United States and around the world. Sometimes in more of a guarded capacity or parttime capacity. Sometimes fulltime and for the last eight years has been at the leadership of the National Guard here in washington. Were really privileged to have him today be prepared for his very well earned retirement and getting back to the rotc great country into the air force in the graduation from the program and it was 1981 so hes been serving his country long and very well despite his youthful appearance, he has been it at it quite a while. We wish him well. And we look forward to rich conversation today at the end of which we will be able to handle some of your questions if you wish to these events at the d brookings. Edu protect first were going to hear from him with opening thoughts on the stateoftheart. And also on its admirable and much appreciated help in responding to the covid19 crisis in the United States. Will not be our only topic but also an opportunity to think broadly in the nation. With the return of the competition and other challenges around the globe. So general think again again for joining us and without further ado, over to you. Thank you for having me talk about the National Guard. Ive been at it for very long time and i learned a lot. I have experienced complete transformation of the National Guard brings in terms of combat. Apabilities and from a strategic preserve. And to the roles you played every day. Go back to the beginning of the year, i dont know that we couldve predicted what couldve happened in the next six months as you all earlier january, te topic was potential the attacks. Everybody remembers that and two months later, we had the california National Guard dropped the coronavirus test kits on a cruise ship that was anchored off of san francisco. There was even before the coronavirus became a national pandemic. And the national emergency. Two months later, yet again, mr. And find spread unrest. And in midst of all of these headlines,ke also national disaster, as we will probably do with her is floods in michigan, tornadoes in tennessee just to name it you predict this is been crazier is just now early july. I think in the past six months, if you look at the totality including our federal missions. More than 120,000 members of the National Guards were mobilized and doing in our operations for the commanders. 45000 more during a covid19 operation in every state, territory in the district of columbia and again, 45000 more were doing operations in support of the civil disturbance operations and 33 states. All across the country, the National Guard was aiding the American People delivering personal protective equipment in some cases they were manufacturing personal protectiveve equipment. Staffing the banks and protecting protesters in the First Amendment rights when they are purchasing peacefully for ensuring the best practices that we learn quickly how to do these things. And also a time of great flexibility and Great Innovation and showcasing capabilities from the National Guard. Doing all of these when we sustain our federal commitments. And combatant commands around the world. And none of our title ten for federal emissions were interrupted or disturbed. Thankfully these operations seem to be repeated but covid19 appears to be on the rise in some cases and theres no signs of operational to both production and our future as we look at the relatively future. In the events of the past six months, the role of the reserve component in my case, the case of the National Guard as you mentioned which is about 20 percent of all of the department of defense. Sustained rotation part of the army and air force and thats a good thing. From the full Spectrum Operations to war and everything in between, we have become part of the army and air force to do their federal mission and itar needs to continue. It led to other things but ill get to that in a bit, maybe answer the questions. I think what we have learned is the strength and experience cost, its cost structure and we are not being used in the structure, the ability, the posture reserve component for structure in the future against known requirements i think iss something we should continue to do and leverage. It builds readiness for us and when you do that, it allows us to be predictable, our Business Model and people who have other careers and employers to let them know train to the appropriate level. Leverage us more against the requirement and in some cases we do that but theres opportunity to do more. The third thing, in the old model we can take new equipment and put it in and shake out the old stuff and put it into the reserve components and the mom does not work. You must be deployable, sustainable and interoperable for your 11 irrelevant in any scenario. Something i work hard for as we move forward with this model. The last thing, his dark times if we stand up in a another branch of service and i do believe theres advantages to taking the model of 2 the natiol guard and leveraging that and creating a National Guard component of the space force. We been in mission for 25 years and i want to make sure one of the most important things we do, a culture of training and development of our Army Officers are identical in the army National Guard and remain as part of the space force so adopting these considerations can free up acting component structures, we make it ready and it is our piece of the force, so by doing that, by using a known deployment puts requirements against the reserve component is available for training, i think it frees up a more efficient active component to be used so the operational model to talk about, its kind of our model and people seem to think of us as a slower version of the army and air force. In the air force, with proven time and again the train at the same levels as our components and while we are not as fast, clear pretty close if you want to move someplace. On the army side, it is slower, less readiness built intentionally, we dont use it until we use it. Thats a good thing because its less expensive to build and as you build it, you dont buy tomatoes and bushels because you cant eat them fast enough, they will rot. It allows us to determine assigned mission readiness, i think its something we should leverage. He may not one to send the airborne to deal with an issue and people in africa you can chain of reserve components in a lesser rotational requirement. Thats important. The Operational Force, provide strategic to the army and air force and sunday the space force, it will happen eventually but its a good investment. It allows us to sustain combat capability and capacity terms for the potential of major war and allows us to save money on an active component, its responsive, fast and ready but expensive. It allows us to save money to modernize the force and have new and needed weapons we need in the future. A potential for models in korea, its a good thing when you consider using the reserve tmponents to do that. Modernization the ability to modernize the force is important and i think, it was a National Guard unit. Vermont, the second unit to get the 35, the air force sees that and recognizes that the same thing will be trued whether it helicopters or other capabilities the army has. What weve learned over time is an active component no longer having a piece of equipment and it begins to die, it cuts back on the money, they dont intend to maintain it butno it will mae hard Financial Decisions over time that will force them to not sustain the equipment and when you cant, then becomes an deployable or non deployable and it becomes a burden. Have been too subtle in my support component, i want to make sure we been part of the air force 25 years. One of the things the National Guard brings is, it brings structure to our services. You cant do that with individual appointees and single people, need Unit Structures to be mobilized and increase the size of an capacity of the force and thats what we bring. We bring the attributes on display for the last six months, we can also be cast by our governors to do any number of things and youve seen the infantry officers running through banks and without was things they were trained to do, they can be cast organized at every level if they can do any task our nation needs them to do. With the different tasks throughout covert operations and we could get into more if you want. Shownst six months have and if you want to get into it, if you go back to 9 11, sustained deployment, more than a million members of the National Guard deployed into the combat zone. Many of them multiple times. Our formations have gone, weve sustained but continuously 30,000 men and women in the National Guard, deployed at any one time. In the homeland, southwest Border Operations continue with things he seen in new york if you been too Grand Central museum, keeping opportunities from happening. On display lately, the covert operations 32000 men or women doing that and thankfully, civilians are beginning to recede although we are posture right now to respond in support of our governors and Law Enforcement as it turned sideways and our system needs it. In fact, we are always ready and always there and imm proud of this, we were called in a recent article, a myriad of things for the pandemic, the full spectrum more in the event a joy in my life. I say thanks and i turn a ovary to you for questions. Fantastic. Thank you for the framing and i want to ask a couple of questions about card Going Forward but i want to buildt on some of what you touched on looking back on the guard and the ways we thought about it and how it has evolved over your career partly because you are soon to retire and youve seen so much but also, i think it helps dramatize for the nation Going Forward, we know we are getting into potentially a difficult fiscal environment to say the least after covid. This is not a partisan issue, people on both sides understand there may needs to be pressure in the years ahead. Even if it doesnt transpire the next four months and i should have noting, people working on various campaigns, this is not a partisan question. Its an awareness the country may be looking for ways to build a more economical military in the years ahead i want to b ask you about ways in which the guard can contribute to that, perhaps becoming an overall fracture from the armed forces but to set that off, we should spend more time on the history youve lived because coming out of vietnam, before we were old enough to be in the military ourselves, the concept of the course which basically was a decision the guard and reserve should be integral to any major American Military diplomats would never have this division between an active force that was not known or understood, not integrated with communities back home and the rest of society we have the concept of a total force with the reserve may be more than the guard, but both playing a role in providing capabilities active force to make doesnt have. Alluding to a second concept which is the old idea of strategic c reserve, the guard think the backup especially in the cold war if we have a long fight with the soviet union and in those days, the guard had all equipment, it wasnt necessarily anywhere near as good as the active force, the present thought of the initial response, it was more like your third or fourth wave and then we saw especially after 9 11, the guard becomes an operational part of the military that you use guard units because they had the same capabilities are as good capabilities as the active force and they could help give a break to the active force, they could spell it and does it more economically so that the overall lay of the land. I wanted to ask you if you want to comment further but also specifically, how good has the guard become in being almost as capable or as capable ase the active force . Imagine desert storm for the transition in your career going from active to National Guard. Theres still a debate especially in the army about how well the National Guard brigades could have performed in desert storm, a fight about whether they should have used National Guard in that conflict. Theres still debate about whether the brigades performed as well the tougher sectors. What we know especially about the army third for tarter to maintain unit readiness, what do ouu know about the ability ofly National Army brigade to be just as good as an active army brigade . Beak to how good the guard has become today. We are completely Different Forces than the one i joined almost 30 years ago. We are more ready, disciplined, we have become, predominantly air force. We become exactly with the air force demanded we become. Part of that was a great reduction in the air force, coupled with continuous e deployment cycles in middle et they needed the National Guard to become part of the deployable part that could go. When we deployed, we deployed with our own commanders. I like to think coupled with 1991, the air force beginning smaller, many of the active components migrated into the interNational Guard and we brought this sense of more disciplined air force, if you will. A tactically oriented air force, more connected to the active components than before. Id like to think sometimes i think it was just the National Guard but as i look, there used to be a golf course on this particular base, theres no golf course anymore, theres no time for golf, people are focused on strategy and developing officers and less time for those kinds of things but when i left, i said im going to make the best Fighter Squadron in the world. As a weapons officer who would not have that goal and i got to my place and said theres a bunch of great Fighter Pilots but i had six fulltime people in the units, the rest were parttime. Maintainers are very experienced but its been a very long time and we are not going to do this. I had doctors and bankers and farmers people who came parttime, it is fulltime work to get to where you can employ weapon systems to the degree air force needs them. We now have that, theres many more fulltime people in the air National Guard and there used to be. Its a better equipped, you are equipped and its a better, more disciplined capable force than the one i joined. The army side, id talked with them, to train an army brigade combat team, its a monster undertaking of logistics, operations collectively to maneuver 3500 people and get all integrated together to work and practice. Six of them, you can go anywhere, do your mission from your home base. He army not so much. Into pieces but to do the collective training required the army permission, it is hard to do. Time is one of the biggest limitations we have as members of the guard reserve, watch some of these folks in the brigade and as they work up to go to a National Training rotation, the commander from the company commanders, they will have entire lives, accountant or sales or doctors or whatever theyre doing, you will have to 90 or 100 days to get to that culminating readiness of it. It is hard work. There is no similar mechanism to watch the combat train. A the army demanded same standards, same fitness, rigorous application of Training Resources toward individual training statuses and collective statuses and we are better, more disciplined force and we may not be able to get out the door as fast as an active duty army brigade stand, maybe we take 90 or 100 days which sounds like a tng time but when you talky about the movement to a war zone, the equipment that hast to ship, it takes a long time. One of the things i like most about this rotational Operational Force with become on the army and air side, its mobilization, its a National Strategic capability we need to exercise and use. If you cant pick up and move if you dont and if practice those kinds of things, when you need to to go to china or russia, its impossible to do so they need to be practice and its anotheran reason to contine to do it but you are right, as we watched last year, we saw some of the folks forces out of syria, moving into the eastern part of syria and the National Guard had just got into kuwait and they were the first ones into syria with the combat team and there were comments all over the place about the world flipping upside down, National Guard in syria and active army on the southwest border and what really came was the comments from hey, the guard is ready and trained, they are a Different Force than people think of the vietnam preera of our existen existence. They are ready to do it and they are and they are still there. We are without a doubt a Different Force altogether. We still havee limitations, deployed capability in the war zone most of the ones i read said the National Guard formations performance is great. There is no difference between what they were doing and others will tellde you its not an apps to apples comparison. I think we have proven ourselves as combat capability that can and i believe this to true, enable investment in the National Defense strategy such that you can use credible combat forces such that you can invest money. Thats very helpful. I wanted to follow up on money and resources question, two questions. If you have a simple rule of thumb for how much National Guard formation costs relative to an active formation, obviously it will vary depending on the equipment but what you told us today is that, this is e good thing, theres no longer real savings in the money you spend to acquit formation because its designed to be just as good and therefore it has to have the active force so out of that roughly one third of the panthera budget, theres basically very little savings whether youre National Guard or reserve two thirds of the money that goes to people or you can leverage savings of anywhere from certainly more than half, probably as much as two thirds to three fourths so im guessing guard unit should be roughly as expensive. The average across different kinds of units, a National Guard unit should probably be about half as expensive when its not being deployed as an active unit. Is that a rough figure use as well . To be fair, im always trying to be careful when i talk about numbers. It is the people who talk less and be air National Guard is about 100,000, 110,000 people and we have 35000 are fulltime so obviously, theres a savings from all of the parttime folks which is about a third of what it costs to have a fulltime employee. On the other side, just under 340,000 and there, about 16 of that force is fulltime. Thats where we save the money and i can show you the numbers, a brigade is not deployed, we are just doing our yearly training cycle, it costs about a third that is fulltime and its not deployed but everybody there is fulltime so the savings is in people, money. Thats where i think longterm, as much off a 3 rate would be, its a lot of money the department cannot spend on other things like buying new technology equipment. Excellent. I want to ask about the internal Decision Making about resourcing the guard because its now been how long . Eight or ten years of guard officer has been part of the joint chiefs. Thats right. Nine years. Do you think the air force, im not trying to revisit this but based on your experience as the vice chief of the National Guard bureau having a seat at the table important for making sure the guard is resourced directly or do you think the services themselves have started to get it figured out while your voice is still helpful, their proponents improperly sourcing the National Guard . Number two is the truth, both army and air force i work with, the reserve component and National Guard, its an integral part of the force, they want to keep it ready because they use it, back to the Operational Force is when they use you, deploy you, ac value in investing in you and say then free up money that gives you training and buy new equipment and it gives you dollars to keep it ready because they see Operational Utility on your force and if fundamentally changed since 9 11 particularly. I told you that story about texas, is that going to make this the best in the world, we could have gone to war and supported the effort and we could have done with the air force asked us to what you might want to just to be upfront and lead unit but i would tell you tonight, today, if you had a National Guard unit doing Something Like that, they would be comfortable with anyny role unit were to be a player. Could be a quarterback in any form. Thats because theyve invested in us and use us and they have stepped up to the plate. I think youve begun to explain the answer of my next question but let me put it before you as well, the people inside the National Guard,be youve been talking about virtues and accomplishments, they are obviously very good and youve been saying they are doing a lot, he like that and they could even do more but they also have lives back home 70 of the air theonal guard and 90 of army National Guard not working fulltime for those organizations so its got to be some limit on how hard you could push them and probably someone on the ability to recruit and retain so in terms of off temple and recruiting and retention, how are you doing . You see any particular problems or concerns . S . Ny we are doing well. Before the coronavirus and economic turn down and the economy work contracts, i would have said its getting a i litte more difficult for us to retain Airline Pilots used to say im going to go intot the air guard and do that and while i am an Airline Pilot, a lot of folks are choosing not to do that so we are starting to see little bit harder time to keep our floors in the aviation business. 92100 days for the brigade commander, the problem with our forces, highspeed National Guardsmen happens to be highspeed civilians, too. As we go up to the top and you get to the command level, somebody at that 15, 1820 here and they want them to be the commanders, they are having to make a choice now, now they want to be president and i cant do it all at once so we are seeing that competition continue because we promote the best people to do our hardest job and they are usually lighting it up in the civilian careers so i think that will continue to be a challenge. The way we recruit talent, the way we treat the talent when its with us andta i think its important the discussion we are having now with diversity in our force and treating people and getting everyone equal opportunity, we have got to do better on that. Client opportunities such that across our force and i sent right now in a different spot, we will make fundamental shifts and changes that allow us to go get the best help all of them dont look at me, as white men. Its something that i think would be good so recruiting is always difficult when you look at the military, all the Services Every year, as a population of about 50000 people that we all try to get. Theyre all the same age, High School Graduates we all compete for that and i have to get 45 of them in the army National Guard and ten to 15000 of them in the air National Guard and army tries to get 70000 and air for force, you start going through ar,0the competition pretty quico thats the key, we will offer somebody, i tell a story about ohio, being run by a lieutenant as an infantry officer with the civilian life so here he is being charged with running a food bank so you get to those people and its super high speed so the ability to find and keep those people is never more important than it is now. We continue to ask them and a their families and employers, we have to incentivize the ability of employers to let thece people go. Limit employer 17 consecutive years. When the only Airline Pilot in the business and they talk about me but to treat them right, make sure its in their interest to support the numbers, its very important to us. That leaves me to my last question, i get to question from the audience i want to ask about the future. I know this is a little bit, im not asking you to advocate for certain policies because i think they are too early to do that in any president ial term for the President Trump or President Biden whatever new defense team, whatever the priorities of the country are as you come out of over the next year, theres the possibility of a defense of these were people are asking fundamental questions. Is there a way to maintain the National Defense strategy . As well as ongoing concerns in north korea and d iran terroris, is there a way to do it less expensively . In the context of a broader government effort to reduce deficits and put a cap on the debt . That question will be raised next year end without asking you to advocate for a specific answer, the simple question i have on my mind as we brainstorm about the future active reserve in the u. S. Military, lets imagine we keep the size of the Overall Force roughly constant at around 2. 1 million total personnel, about 1. 3 million active duty, about a hundred thousand reserve componentl of 150,000 euros, 350,000 for the services to review the basic facts and figures. We imagine the changes we mightf make, is it possible the reserve component could be half as big force could be as, much as a million or even a little over 2. 1 million . As we just brainstorm, options that we should just consider, could we even go as high to make half of our military the resere component . Either guard or reserve . I would say it depends, i think the National Guard and reserves have proven themselves credible, course. Properly trained and equipped, we can go anywhere and do the rations theyve asked us to do. We are doing it right now. It could be bigger, its all risk equation, on the art air side, i see little risk in the National Guard but we fast enouh and responsive enough . They talk about access to the reserve component, its a concept ive talked about routinely inside the pentagon. N. The way you can get the reserve component to be part off your forces we have to have, we have to be mobilized. They come from congress. Is there friction sometimes or perceived risk in the i wont be able to get access to them fast enough or sooner the less i think that is fair concern. I think i would say that the friction i think is intentionally built into the system. Congresst never intended for te dod to get you across the pacific and go to war without mobilizing the reserve component. Some of the levers we have cap keeps control over what our military does in america gets the vote become reserve component, the only uniforms they ever see men and women of the National Guard backup and deployed, worked to afghanistan, they do assurance missions in europe, they prepare and go to do with they nation needs to do to keep america connected to what they are doing now so we are absolutely a tool the department of defense, in the event we would go to war with china or russia, we need them to be this big, keep capacity in the reserve component at a lower cost. The rest of the subject, what else are you going to do . If youre going to have military force structure what posture africa and europe andn asia and the best, we can help on a rotational basis, we cant go live there. Without a doubt, i think when they go to look at the decision and we only have so much money to spend and if you decide we need brigade combat team, you should look closely and go, can the force be in the reserve component . If the answer is we think timelines being what they are, we can only move x number of brigades by the time youig get o these other brigades, we can have National Guard forces trained and ready if youre in the business of trying to find resources to buy new things whether its space or nukes or weapons or whatever it maypa be, you may choose to take risk in that portfolio of ive got slightly less responsive force to train up and deployed but i now have money to buy new weapons and technology for it so its a risk balancing equation but the department of defense wrestles with everyday but we clearly in my view, in my personal view, their places we could be bigger and mitigate the money. I would advocate drinking that component and buying a bigger active component because i just watch what weena do and i think they are experts in helping the army and what they need. Me Say Something thats obvious to you but for any part of the audience that may not be as familiar with the terms, there are six different organizations part of the reserve component of the military. Each service hasnt reserve and the general is in charge of the National Guard for army and air force so theres a total of six. They encompass 800,000 personal. If we have 2. 1 million force, right now we have 800,000 reserve component of 450,000 or National Guard, 350 reserve. But that number grow even up to 1 million . We have basically close to half of the military and reserve component, close to have in the active force. Ill be intrigued to see if that is asked next year but now we have questions from the audience and one starting from specific but important part, wondering if social distancing and the disease have had bad effects on your maintenance, ability to keep aviation units in good shape or are you able to maintain readiness despite restrictions from covid19 artial shutdown . Weve not had a large reduction in our readiness as a result of covid19 and stranger, i would offer we make changes to how we did business to prevent an infection of any given unit, they maintain smaller groups that they come in in the day, some, at night, minimize the actions between the groups and in some cases, we found were more efficient in getting more maintenance done because weve started doing business slightly differently. Weve had under 2000 cases in the National Guard ofon covid19 infections, one that thankfully, only one said early on, but overall, we made all the same changes, the impact its had on some of our collective training event we didnt have for a couple of months but doing things on telework and distancing and the like that have helped in broadly speaking, covid has changed some of the things by the department, we always said we could telework but until he we really actually had to do it, we found we didnt have enough bandwidth. We couldnt do things we are doing now without technical difficulties. We can now and i suspect Going Forward, we will eou save moneyn things we have just learned how to do it differently covid has had an impact, cdc guidelines, it had impact on moving people, deployment inandout, going into host nation who want us to quarantine and we are doing all those things but like many of you, i am ready for the vaccine to come pretty soon, lets get going and after. I think we should get out there. Thank you. The question from one of your incoming congressional fellows wonders if theres a specific set of priorities for the upcoming or ongoing budget but especially next year end obviously as we were discussing, this will be a big budget debate next year but beyond that, he wondered if there were specific priorities on your flight. In our considerations, how do we make us get ready faster . Thats been my entire force to do that. We believe weve asked forrc additional fulltime support and im cautious when i do that because it money, it changes our Business Model every time we talk about it. Sk we look at our Business Model it comes down to our we of the value of the department of defense . Make the assessment that the value is determined by how good are you . Then how big are you . How easy is it to use you . You divide that by the cost and theres a number that comes out of that. How good are we . That our training and the way we practice and train and make ourselves ready. How we big we are, congress decides that and how easy can they access it . That is our streamlined process of using the authorities we have. Divide that by the cost, the biggest number is people so every time we ask me for fulltime people, i have to think very hard, go look at that and say, is that really what you do . You change every time we do that. People training and making sure they are the right thing, thats there and its not necessarily legislative priority for looking at new things like 3d printing and manufacturing of the way we do business, can we deploy with that . Operating new and different ways. Those are the things we are looking for as we do that. I wanted to be in this and i wasnt successful, theres still a lot of concern on the creation of that component. Ti the priorities weve always had. Another question about, how do you balance the need for protecting civilian jobs and lives of your guardsmen with the desire to be operationally relevant and involved it may be one way to phrase it, i remember a few years ago, the basic rule of thumb the military was trying to establish in afghanistan, trying to get back to i active duty force where there would be a time of two years at home for every one year deployed at minimum and with the guard,en he was more like five to one, guard and reserve as i recall. Is that one of the ways you try to establish that . Is there a rule of thumb you try to avoid over deploying people and using that as a quantitative metric . Was of the standard numbers use and we still use those. I think our job has been to kind of push the limits of those. I wanted to if we dont feel any pain in the system, then we are not probably training enough for being used enough. Feeling some pain is a good thing in life you, if we were never being used and employers were never dealing with being gone, i would say then you have to question the investment in the National Guard and why are you doing it if you are using it . Those deployments make us a better more usable force, occasional routine, regular deployments, it makes us integrate and plugin, stay modernized such that when you need it, if you go to the full mobilization scenario that we havent used since world war ii, everybody is now in the army until the end, now you have a bece that can integrate and used. If you never use it, i think its a fallacy, its so hard to do that it sucks out too much resources to make it worke but civilian jobs and some of our higher demands, we have to be careful. A lot of Police Officers came on duty, a trained Police Officers from the civilian force where they serve and live. When you deploy a unit of empties from vermont, you take the Police Officers out of there, he deploy from towns on the go. We have to watch that and thats why predictability is so key. Whoever they may be, we dont care where they are but we have to know about them so our employers can plan for them, i think that is key. It comes down to employers understood and supported ordering, and afghanistan or iraq. They understand less the interNational Strategic engagements that build alliances and partnerships that might be in thailand and people are deployed to thailand and they are on facebook of them being on a beach and the employer says they are gone. We have to understand the Strategic Engagement value. It builds partnerships to build the ability to engage when we need it so its a new leadership challenge to convey why we are doing that. Want to explain to them the need to engage, they understand. Weve got one question on the june 3 washington d. C. Protest and response from nicholas of the pbs news hour. Hes asking about the status of the investigation and whether there are preliminary Lessons Learned. Is at the investigation that ongoing . There are two investigations. He doesnt mention specifically so not sure. All investigations are still ongoing and we want to get to the bottom of all of them and when we do, we will make sure the dynamics of civil unrest issues started in minneapolis and spread to georgia and around the nation to 33 states, broadly speaking, so many bad things could have happened im very proud of the meni and women of the guards that did it. I think i can say this, in d. C. As we did in the district of columbia, they talk to protesters. In general, i think we provided a presence that supported Law Enforcement and it was there to make sure people can peacefully protest and they wouldnt commit crimes but the ongoing investigations are still happening and when theyre done, will make sure everybody knows. Combining them to a couple of questions, were coming up on the clock quickly but there are two pandemic related questions and one of them is asking what youve learned in six months that you might have decided you want to learn lessons from, either the response to covid or the way has affected the country that led to change something specifically about the National Guard whether it how you train people or monitor, not pulling the whole police unit out so picking up on that, are there any particularly concrete insights you get . Little more speculative, another one talks about a different kind of pandemic, a new pandemic that could be even worse and whether you try to 40 learn lessons fro this response that could help you if the next one is even further out of control and maybe even more dangerous than covid19. We review every time we are engaged in anything. Weve got Lessons Learned on how we train, i can tell you nobody anticipated we would have to do simultaneous civil unrest activities and 33 states in the same five day period like we did most recently in d. C. And around the country so i think we will put more effort on training and other ways that ds like situations and we get another situation where they feel we are as ready as you can be for that situation. But we do here in the homeland, civil unrest is our most difficult mission. We dont like doing it, it is hard to do, frequently there are members of one family on one side and others on the other side. Its a difficult situation to be in. We will train better, we will be ready and do what we can to make sure we are doing all we can. Uniforms, i dont care what they are, uniforms being out there in Law Enforcement situations is not optimal. We should do as little as we can and it should be predominantly Law Enforcement Police Operation and when they feed us, we can and will come but we should do what we can to avoid it. Weve looked at what the pandemic means for us across our deployment portfolio will what does it mean for us as we evaluate Nursing Homes where you have high risk people . How we do thingse me that create shelters for social distancing thats not possible . This could happen again, theres no question. Is important to the nation as having hypersonic weapon or new satellite is our nation used to develop and use vaccines integrate these things at faster speeds so we can find them, test them in a faster sense seared to the degree that we can do that,t is a good thing. Ive been very proud, so good to the Space Partnership program, sign a new state partnership between texas and egypt whichpa im proud of, i think it will be a Great Partnership but it was all put on hold because our nation was paralyzed. We were put in a headlock to deal with the effects of covid and we are not done yet and wont be done until is a vaccine so proud of the guard and contribution so what theyve done not just in covered but civil unrest and what we are doing as part of the department of defense and around the world. Theres no better way to end and what you just said so i will drink you and thinking the guardsmen and women across the force and around the world and across the country. Thank you for your service, friendship and also what youve done for the country, best wishes Going Forward. Thank you for having me. Book tv on cspan2 has top nonfiction books and others every weekend. Coming up this weekend, sunday 9 00 p. M. Eastern on afterwards, editor at large, discussing his book, facebook, the inside story. Interviewed by author in Financial Times Global Business columnist, and 10 00 p. M. 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