Hiroshima, that has more power than 28000 tons of tnt. For this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction. Its an atomic bomb, its the basic power of the universe, what has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science and history. On august 6, 1945, the United States detonated the First Nuclear weapon in history over the city of here shema japan followed by a second detonation over the city of nagasaki. Six days later japan surrendered bringing it into the second world war. I have declared the this afternoon the japanese government and the message of our government that a secondary state on august 11, i do have this reply of the top ten declaration and the unconditional. Through the work of cspan city tour, will share stories with the people that contributed to the world or altering event. We begin in new orleans as the National World war ii museum. We are here today in the road to tokyo which will take us through the were on the pacific and asia from 1941 1945. One of the interrupting aspects of the war on the pacific, its how quickly the turning point came in. The bombing was december 1941 in just about six months later after the japanese had run wild, the battle of midway was fought. The u. S. Dive bombers fewer no more than japanese carriers in a very brief battle, that was a major portion of japans naval street in whatever chance they had at winning probably disappeared in june of 1942. That early into the word than what we say humiliation or pain of pearl harbor to the big victory at midway. Just about six months, its a big ocean but thats a brief time. The more we will go on for over three years from june of 1942 august of 1945. I think the naval office in particular, this crosses the board that they realized that the world was lost after midway but they took this gamble to launch a war on the United States, the country whose economy was ten times the size of their own and what was there to do now this early on in the war but hope for some kind of miracle, i think thats what japanese officers were doing, it was often coached and loyalty to the emperor, we cannot let the emperor down but the Corporate Culture of the japanese office, they saw no way out then to hang tough and realize its a big ocean, maybe something would happen, maybe the americans retire the struggle, maybe we, japanese could take such a toll on the u. S. Casualties that America President would be forced in the war on favorable terms to japan, that was never to be. The Japanese Military was broken but on individual islands, they could defend, studies were done, casualty estimates, they were out of the ballpark and the hundreds of thousands, unbeknownst to most of those predicting these casualties, topsecret military program has been going on for sometime in the United States, research and Development Program of a sort that it never been seen before, it was the invention of atomic weaponry, the Manhattan Project. Jim was the father of the atomic bomb, he directed the civilian laboratory in world war ii during the Manhattan Project, under his leadership he directed the nobel prizewinning scientists, engineers, military personnel, and the civilians who worked on the atomic bomb project. In 1938, two german physicists working in berlin, bombarded this lump of material called uranium and they got a curious result in released a lot of heat and then it created a different element, an element that was further down on the element table, the table of elements. The word spread to the physics world like a forest fire and scientists working and not see germany that have split the atom, there was a lot of knowledge that they had split in england was working on their own splitting of the atom and harvesting that into a military weapon, was not left of pearl harbor. A lot of resources under the control of the army corps of engineers was devoted to create this new weapon so our goals was appointed the Manhattan Project and he had just finished building the pentagon, he talked to different Physics Departments and asked people who would be a good leader and oppenheimer probably was not high on the list, actually he had not even been in charge of the Physics Department at berkeley before he was chosen to the central laboratory, there is something about his life, a couple of things, he saw that he was hungry and the noble prizewinners that were being considered that they had already accomplished, he wanted somebody who is hungry or it maybe could work a little bit harder and also on a train through the country, he was able to describe what was needed to be done in terms that they could understand. So he picked him and the other thing was where to locate the central laboratory, he cannot have it in chicago because what happened if an accident happened or it would be easy to breach the top security, they come up and say hey, what are you doing, that would be an easy way to break top secrecy, so they looked around, they picked some places in the west, he had come to new mexico to recover from illness and when he is 18 years old and he had fallen in love with new mexico, at one point he said he wished he could marry the two loves of his life, physics and new mexico, that was before he got married, i want to be clear, this was an opportunity for him to do that, so he showed him places around new mexico and they settled on a boy school at los alamos and after that he was chosen in november of 1942 and he started recruiting people but he could not tell them what he was doing, he said i would like you to join me on this project but i cannot tell you what youre going to do, youll be in a beautiful place, people that knew him they knew the work that was being done in germany and they knew this was going to be something important. So a lot of people signed on and they were given address to report to, they went to the east palace addressed in the plaza in santa fe and told you not quite there another 40 miles huger temper a security pass to get into los alamos, scientists assembled in march of 1943, they decided that they needed to do multiple ways of trying to make this weapon, part of the problem the nuclear material, the uranium pulled tony him was municipal, it was manmade and a reactor in washington was created to manufacture this plutonium, uranium is naturally made but the part that is used for bombs is only 1 of what occurs in nature. How do you find that out and extract that 1 . That is why the Industrial Complex in oh tru oak ridge waso separate the isotope of uranium and assemble it in a big enough quantity that it can be used for a bomb. Oak Ridge National laboratory is a Major Research institution and oak Ridge National law has been around since after the second world war, this was set up originally in 1943 as clinton laboratories did not have oak ridge at the time, the purpose of Clinton Laboratory was to learn how to produce plutonium which was a radioactive split in released amounts of energy just like uranium can but they did not know much about it, it was artificial element and had to be created by man and they knew nothing but the characteristics of plutonium, he started in 1943, his facility as we know it today was starting in the spring of 1943, completed by november of 1943 and came online as the worlds first operating Nuclear Reactor and in this case he knew specifically of tiny amounts of plutonium which were recovered and then shifted to the laboratory which is part of the manhattan pat hunter project in chicago, so they can be characterized up there and other bits of plutonium that were produced here were shifted out to lost almost laboratory in new mexico where the bombs were designed and built by robert and other famous physicist and ultimately tested out there in new mexico. So the purpose of oak Ridge National laboratory was originally to serve as a test reactor which is where we are right now to produce plutonium for Nuclear Weapons. Fairly quickly in 1942 and 43 that oak ridge and east tennessee wanted them to produce plutonium for a weapon, it is a highly toxic element in very carcinogenic, very dangerous if not handled properly and east tennessee was not the place of producing large amounts of plutonium, this reactor is called a pile, it was designed simply to produce food but not simply large amounts, after a year or two, began to produce some enriched uranium and i think rich uranium was carried out of here in the handbag, and trained it went out to lost almost in small amounts of plutonium were shifted from chicago where they could characterize it in los alamos where they could learn how to build a bomb using plutonium. So everything was coming in, train losing trade loads but nothing as far as everybody could tell it was all going out. It was a very secret undertaking and no one knew what was going on except the managers until the bombs were dropped on hiroshima in august of 1945. Recruitment was challenging at times because they could not say a lot about what the end goal of the project was, you had one of the women i profiled in my book was recruited at the halls of her high school during her senior year, i interviewed other women who were recruited outside of college, i talked to a woman who was recruited out of the diner where she was working, they went all over the place looking for smart capable young woman who followed instructions very well and very capable of following instructions. They had to recruit a lot of men and construction wise turnover with a very big challenge, they did not want a lot of turnover because of slowed production and slowed the construction rate, they just cowered everywhere, getting as many people as they can from the military standpoi standpoint, certain soldiers who had a background in engineering or science might be literally taken right out of line as they were getting to board a ship to go overseas and they had a certain skill set and redirected to one of the other sites. So they were drilling down as much as they could but a couple of my women right out of high school. If you had a nobel prizewinning scientist, he might live in one of the two or three bedroom houses that had been built depending on how many children you had and things of that nature. They might actually have a lovely house. 19 20yearold young woman who was recruited out of high school or 22yearold out of college would probably live in one of the dorms. There were dormitories and cafeterias and dances in many ways quite similar to college, they would have a roommate and pay rent for their dorm, if you are africanamerican you are living in this area this is 16 by 16foot, mostly plywood structures that you might share with three 4 other people, in the case of katie who is africanamerican woman because oak ridge was completely segregated and facilities were segregated in the kinds of jobs were limited, she was not allowed to live with her husband, not around to bring her children, when i interviewed her i said what made you to decide to do this, its an incredibly train situation youre going through and she said the pay i was getting was more than double the best i had ever been offered in auburn alabama. So for her and her husband it was definitely an economic motivation to endure what they were enduring at oak ridge with africanamerican. There was a real need for bodies that was feeling this so that his underlying all of this, but confidence. Absolute confidence, what went into organizing the Manhattan Project was something they refer to as compartment ability, in other words you dont need to know anything more than what you need to know to perform your job as well as you possibly can. So you might be sitting next to somebody who has a different job than you do, you dont know what they know, they dont know what you know and you two dont know what this other guy knows. You guys all know the minimum that you need to know to perform your job, that is it. So for example some were operating electromagnetic separation, this involves operating various dials to keep a specific needle within a certain range to get very basic. This is how they were trained, this is exactly how they were trained, the needle goes astray, turn the knob that way, the needle goes that way turn the knob that way. As something happens call the supervisor. That was it, they did not know what the machines were for, they did not know the end project the product of the project, they just knew everything they needed to know to perform their specific tasks and that was something throughout the Manhattan Project, you only give it enough information to do what you needed to do to the best of your ability. Most of the people, this obviously vary from person to person, most people had a level of curiosity but it was drilled into them if you got to curious and asked too many questions you could lose your job so people did not get to curious to often. Some people dig, many people i interviewed saul people get physically take undertaken out of work in the middle of the day with 0 explanation and never saw them again, there was this idea that im not supposed to ask questions so i wont ask any questions. There was a fair amount of what i might call censorship to happen, everybody was told this is a very important project for the war, that is what they were told they were told what the project was but they were told it was important to the war effort and it was important they did not talk about what they did, pretty much if you talk to people who lived in world war ii everybody knew somebody away fighting and most people knew somebody who died. So the idea that they were supposed to if they were told they were not supposed to talk about things because that was good for the war effort, that was good for a lot of people. Thats what i mean when i talk about self censorship, nobody wanted to be the person who inadvertently or accidentally caused a problem with the war effort, even though they did not know what it meant, nobody wanted to be the person who caused the problem. In 1940 Martin Company was commissioned to build a plant specifically at fort crooke, by june 1942, the plant was in full production. That production continued with the b26, the plant constructed over 1500 of these mediumsize bombers to help contribute to the war effort and policy, after that Production Assembly for the b29 was put into place, how this fits into the war history of b29 became the economy bomber of new york specific. Youre buying the county more destruction and faster and smarter than any before, the b29 is pointing at the heart of japan. The nebraska bomber plant where colonel came and chose his bomber that would be named after his mother to become the first 29 aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. Were at the National Museum of the u. S. Air force is airpower gallery at the tail end of the world war ii story. The first thing we will look at the atomic weapons known as a fat man atomic bomb, the reason this is significant is because it is a sign or signal that the atomic age, the end of world war ii and its a marker of the supremacy of scientific and Industrial Power at mid century under the world war ii, its a big round film. It is shaped into an inclusion weapon, theres a spirit of explosives that compress a smaller sphere you did not create the train reaction. The weapon we have is real, it has been restored to look like the fat man bomb that was dropped on august the ninth 1945, after the four it was strong in 1950. , this was absolutely with only a couple of years after it was designed and built, thereafter the shape it was displayed for the first time in 1965, we restored in 2005 so it looked at the end of world war ii. It is a curiosity, we think it stands for. These guys have put these things together where young men doing a tough job and a lot of times you will see knows arc with words and pictures and so on that are nonstandard and i guess you could say this is one of them and the other little stencil, asked him in the bomb shape is obviously fat man. Army, navy, collaboration to get a tough job done and done well. Here at the museum we want to think about what happened as hero shuman nagasaki, 80000 lives were spent in a millisecond, and august 6 when the bomb was detonated over hiroshima, three days later a second atomic bomb. We heard the flight record in the watch of. We have the logbook from the enola gay. We have a computer of the day which is essential to flight and bombing. As we walk over here we have examples of glass bottles that were taken from the wreckage of nagasaki. You hear the intense another city was childre was chosen. Ive been saying this to students for 30 years, the unluckiest city on earth, really by nothing more than accidents of weather in a bit of chance, nagasaki received a second atomic bombing a battleship, this 53000ton flagship, it comes the scene of an unforgettable ceremony locking to complete japan, and the bay of tokyo itself, the United States comes alongside bringing representatives of the lives power to witness, general of the army, supreme for the occupation of japan boards the missouri, specific commander and admiral and his chief of staff aboard. Into the missouris miranda with a 20 minute ceremony to take place. It is september 2, 1945 right now were on the one level known as the miranda deck but september 2, 1945 we call this doctor surrender deck, this is where september 245 the Japanese Funding ending world war ii in the practice behind me is where the tabletop that day, the ship looks different, big different than a shady canopy overhead and it was rotated 32 greece to make more room on board. If you look above us at nine in the morning the ceremony was supposed to start members from the delegation were making their way on board, there were 11 and made their way behind me in on the second 902 in the morning, general douglas and admiral descended from above to start the ceremony. After a few opening words the first person to sign and surrender documents signing on behalf of the japanese delegation, the next person to sign was general signing on behalf of deputies military predictor person was general douglas hi