Transcripts For CSPAN2 Susan Berfield The Hour Of Fate 20240

Household name for public institutions, the banking legacy. Can you tell us about him and what you found so compelling about him as an agent, an actor within this story, this landscape you are drawing. Guest when i started looking at this time period i knew a lot about roosevelt than i did about morgan as is true of most. This was morgans world, that roosevelt quickly and abruptly in terms of wall street, and by the time roosevelt became president morgan was at the peak of his power. He was the king of wall street, literally called jupiter and zeus. On the eve of the inauguration, the first billiondollar company in the world. That was a company that employed more than any other for the steel production, was a huge monopoly. Just a few months into roosevelts presidency, morgan created the secondbiggest company in the world which is the focus of the book, 400 million which would be 11 trillion. The two Biggest Companies but beyond that morgan controlled the flow of capital. That is where his power and influence came from. He was wealthy but not the wealthiest american. Through his bank, through jpmorgan controlled capital from europe and america decided where it should go and along with that, took seats on a lot of companies he was investing in. Not only did he have enormous control over the financial spigot but he had a say in how Companies Across the country were run. Among those companies were the railroads. Very important, grown rapidly, recklessly, bankrupt, caused depressions and at a certain point investors were so frustrated they asked morgan to get more involved and that was a process done so forcibly that it became known as morganisation rather than organization. Morgan picked up a company, took a big stake and smoothed things out for his investors. By the time roosevelt takes office and morgan is on wall street they are the most powerful people in the country. And destined to come into conflict. This is if anybody knows, the outline of roosevelts term, this is an important part of that story. From Morgans Point of view or investors point of view what was so significant besides the size . Why was it something morgan, why was it something someone like roosevelt might be concerned about . Morgan had been involved with the railroads for years, have a dream of creating Transportation Company that could span the world. It would include shipping lines. He had a railroads that was dominant in the northwest and was competing with another railroad in the northwest, then and now was hugely important agricultural center, the fight for the rail line that went into chicago but morgan and his railroad colleague james hill into conflict with dh harriman who is a railroad magnet. Ultimately harriman tried to mount a hostile takeover of the company that morgan and hill created. This is something that was shocking because no one expected morgan to be challenged. This is a company he worked hard to build and when that hostile takeover occurred in the spring of 1901 it led to incredible stock market panic the left as you might imagine the smallest investors in the worst shape, but it was a very public fight, very costly, very bitter, very unusual, not the way morgan liked to operate but in order to defend and take control of these three lines he worked with hill and harriman to create Northern Security and did it almost in defiance of public opinion. People were worried about monopolies. To encounter a monopoly of some kind, oil, lead, paper bags, they were all monopolies but the railroad monopolies worried people the most because everyone was so dependent on them. At the time people were more dependent on the railroads and their livelihood than by the federal government. So when morgan created Northern Securities, he did it knowing he could face a legal challenge but confident that his lawyers could out argue a government lawyer but not expecting it to come to that. From roosevelts point of view hes taking office in september of 1901, two month later morgan announces the creation of Northern Securities so everyone is paying attention to that, in part because what has proceeded in the spring, in part because it is morgan and because it is a railroad and the northwest which is an important part of the country, developing part of the country, and when roosevelt learns about this he sends his attorney general for flandreau knox to florida where a bunch of legal papers tells him not to tell anyone else in the cabinet what he is doing but to look over and to see if he can make a credible case for charging Northern Securities with violating the sherman antitrust act. Ultimately they do. I would say to step back. For roosevelt it was an incredible opportunity. The sherman antitrust act had been in place since 1890 but had been enforced pretty erratically, pretty any festival he. Roosevelt was eager to use as much power the federal government had and to expand it. He saw the sherman antitrust act as a great tool, he knew monopolies were a concern of most people. He had sympathies for the citizens of new york west, having lived out there. And he knew that by taking on someone as prominent as morgan he could make a grand symbolic gesture that would clearly indicate to people the kind of president he wanted to be. Having written a book of roosevelt myself i know how challenging it can be to take a figure a lot of people know a lot about, most people in this audience read multiple books, multiple biographies, he is a very rich character. There is a similarity in that roosevelt is a key figure. There were other stories, but cant help is a little overbearing in a good way. But for an author, to find that new story or that angle, how did you approach that, talk about roosevelt i actually came to roosevelt and morgan in a roundabout way, in 2016, when thinking about writing a book, i was not sure about writing a historical book, roosevelt wasnt top of my mind, bernie sanders, remember him. It was his talk of a new progressive moment and big business. As a Business Reporter and investigative journalist, those were interesting to me and look back, in a similar situation. What can you learn about what happened before, the great society, and ultimately, the square deal, what he did was to both set the tone and the terms for the progressive era that ultimately emerged, lasting as long as some people might have liked, was incomplete but was the first time a president stood up for Everyday Americans against the Public Interest, against corporate interest. That was to me what was interesting. But when you get there and there is morgan standing there, he immediately commands attention. Additionally, a book about roosevelt and morgan is an interesting character. The more i thought about it the more i realized in some ways in this regard there might not have been roosevelt in the way we know him if there wasnt a morgan in the way we know him. An interesting part of roosevelts hugely interesting and well known stories was this interaction between them and the ideas they were presented. And america and the railroads and the other railroad magnets, as best i could, to lay out the landscape and to see what kind of country it was that roosevelt was taking command of. Interesting you mention sanders. This is obviously not historically responsible, to ask what would roosevelt think of sanders, one of the differences is roosevelt was not anticapitalist, he had values and ideas. The impact was very antidoctrinaire. One of the things you can talk about a little bit, what do you think was roosevelt, putting in a highfalutin way, what was his theory of capitalism . What was his approach . He took on one of the biggest capitalists of american history. Guest that made it interesting to me. Nuances are always more interesting. What i would say, roosevelt in big business fodder was essential and inevitable and morgan, beyond that, how was american capitalism defined, was not a land of monarchs and you could consider to be very aristocratic in his approach and sensibilities. Look at the Morgan Library and what roosevelt was standing for was americans sense of democratic capitalism. And it was an organized capitalism, not a freefall. He wasnt fighting for competition all the time. He was fighting in many cases to curtail competition to increase profit and he believed america should have an economy that was directed from above, a few men we should trust to do the right thing and what roosevelt believed is the government had to have a role in that, for capitalists to be left alone, they should do good but in terms of regulation and supervision. It wasnt the first choice. Roosevelt often said the actions, that was revolutionary. He did generally believe he represented the Public Interest and those Public Interests had to be defended against the corporate interests and they were so powerful, the federal government did it. The resonance with today that might characterize the attitudes of certain businesses, kind of knowing what the future will hold and you can understand why critics on the left senator holly, were fans of Theodore Roosevelt. This was the Northern Securities case, the details in the book, for people to read. It was important in the biography of morgan, roosevelts biography, what was the take away, why focus on this case . What to you makes it stand as worth a whole book . This was when roosevelt and morgan came into conflict most directly . The case represented the two different versions of capitalism we have been talking about where morgan and his lawyers argued Northern Security should be allowed to operate because it was good for the country, to help the country become wealthier, it was going to allow the country to compete in the global marketplace and americans should trust morgan in particular but also hill and harriman to run it in a way, for consumers. What the government argued successfully was this was too much power to put in three peoples hands but essentially one persons hand because of the nature of the industry, its location and ultimate plans and what i think made it so important and symbolic is because it was a case that got a lot of attention at the time it might seem a bit of your, you hear antitrust arguments, made the a few brain cells start to shut down, i am a Business Reporter and i say that but i think it is important to remember people in america were following this case. They were concerned about the outcome and millions of people would be affected by the Supreme Court decision. It was front and center during the roosevelt term. Very eager to make sure the case made its way to the Supreme Court and was decided before his first term was over. He presumed the government would win and this would be a great accomplishment for him when he went into the campaign for presidency in november and it was. The headlines of the time after the government won where people will love him for the enemies he made and also the Supreme Court renominated roosevelt and won the election for him. It was very important and in some ways symbolic and it was in terms of Economic Impact more symbolic, because of what it showed people in the immediate economic consequences for people. It was an important law can be enforced, a prominent businessman and a wellknown huge company can be held to account. Host i have another question or so. There are a few questions in the chat box but i encourage everyone to jump in with questions. Aside from the politics and the impact this case had on the 1904 election what did it do in terms of roosevelts ideas about capitalism, policy, how do you think it shaped him with the bulk of his presidency still to go and a landmark moment, set the course for him. Guest this case, the major event where morgan and roosevelt interact in the book which is anthracite coal strike of 1902, was promising a real time of despair and hardship for a lot of people in the winter of 1902 and ultimately was settled when they developed an appeal to morgan for help. As sort of an aside, as they were fighting in the courts, they also were able to Work Together to resolve a National Crisis in the middle of it, something hard to imagine happening today. The combination of being able to settle the strike, first time a president tried to mediate the interests of the public and companies, the coal mines, and the victory in Northern Securities gave a certain momentum to a progressive agenda. In the second term, he didnt push for more regulation and later we know as a candidate for the progressive party, he talked about a lot of policies that would be familiar to the bernie bros and Elizabeth Warren and i talked about today, universal healthcare, a minimum wage, and protections for workers. My sense is these two events, the coal strike were crucial to roosevelt creating and taking advantage of momentum in america. Host before i turn to questions, everyone will go out and buy multiple copies. I hate to say it about my own book, if you buy a book, it is often a lock word so i will do it. The first question, how long did it take to research the book . Guest i started researching it in 2016, i worked basically every morning, weekend and all my vacation, from my day job and as a magazine writer, lots of stolen hours, lots of wonderful editing, the Research Part of that, to research where i found that is a four year project. Something familiar i am sure. Host if you are committed to something. Chuck asks how can a railroad affect and to some degree control so many peoples lives . Guest interesting. The railroads that made up Northern Securities, one of the things, railroads were the only means of transport, every business person and farmer needed to get reasonable rates from railroads in order to have a thriving business. Sometimes they were able to do that in the Bigger Companies but favorable rates so there was a concern railroads were helping and sometimes corrupting business and theres a close relationship with there. And smaller businesspeople were left out of that. Were generally i would say about the railroads as they were being built a railroad could bring with it incredible prosperity and if you live in a place or thinking of moving to a place that was bypassed by a railroad your town could become more impoverished. Railroads altered the geography of opportunity and it was mostly at the convenience and design of the railroad builders. Those are the ways they controlled in very overt and more subtle ways Many Americans lives. Host that make sense, we have time for a couple more questions. The literature and ideas out there. Is that something that you came across the interaction with the pragmatism as a philosophy . Meka really interesting question. Not directly but i do think you are right, it was almost innate and him. The way that we could see him governing and most of his positions before he became. And then definitely as president. He was always very careful to balance and to try to get americans to see, what may be like the most ultimately pragmatic idea of all. Which is, if you are rich, you are not going to ultimately like still comfortable and enjoyed being in america unless mostly other people in the country doing well also. The very notion that we as americans are a common body. And we do well or we suffer together. Its both kind of like a beautiful idea but also pragmatic. We all have to Work Together. I think that is what made him intriguing, effective in some ways and probably frustrating to the more progressive. [laughter] and you you write radical people that always wanted him to do more and push harder. Seward sure absolutely. The last question because they want to leave time for himself to speak this comes from lt, he asks, this is a good question. What experience influenced his leadership more . His time in new york for his time out west . The badlands. There are two very different types. I know i have my answer but what you think . [laughter] speech i went to your answer. I will divine first. Is it for the purposes it up the confines of my book, that the new york city experience was probably more relevant because, you know, he was part by his father kind of maniacal benevolence, his own inclinations to see in new york that people like morgan could avoid. You see as police commissioner, even in his short run as mayor, he was acquainted with a new york that many wealthy privileged new yorkers were not. And at the same time, equally similar with wall street right . And finally with some of the lawyers and kind of peoples circle wall street if not morgan himself but what is your answer, clay . Host mine is a total dodge. There is a binary between the two of them. I dont think that roosevelt would have been roosevelt if he did not have both of those experiences. I think his way of understanding new york was sort of similar to what you said. He is way of understanding new york and moving around urban policy was influenced by his time out west. More of his ability to inhabit what we might call western mind. And likewise his approach to the west and western politics was informed by his understanding of organizations. And you see that in his conservation politics. You see it, all of that forms the basis for the Foreign Policy views. But i think you cant really separate the two. But in fact you have to see the to and dialogue. In forming the Theodore Roosevelt that we came to know and love. Subject tonight on book tv and primetime the new york workers discuss the life and political career of president elect joe biden. And what a biden presidency might look like. Ryan christian explores the challenges we may face as we become more dependent on artificial intelligence. While profession john webb examines the relationship between law, epidemics and the guidelines. Ennis story has a dual biography brother and their role in championing native lands during american settlement. That all starts tonight at 7 45 p. M. Eastern. By more Biggest Companies<\/a> but beyond that morgan controlled the flow of capital. That is where his power and influence came from. He was wealthy but not the wealthiest american. Through his bank, through jpmorgan controlled capital from europe and america decided where it should go and along with that, took seats on a lot of companies he was investing in. Not only did he have enormous control over the financial spigot but he had a say in how Companies Across<\/a> the country were run. Among those companies were the railroads. Very important, grown rapidly, recklessly, bankrupt, caused depressions and at a certain point investors were so frustrated they asked morgan to get more involved and that was a process done so forcibly that it became known as morganisation rather than organization. Morgan picked up a company, took a big stake and smoothed things out for his investors. By the time roosevelt takes office and morgan is on wall street they are the most powerful people in the country. And destined to come into conflict. This is if anybody knows, the outline of roosevelts term, this is an important part of that story. From Morgans Point<\/a> of view or investors point of view what was so significant besides the size . Why was it something morgan, why was it something someone like roosevelt might be concerned about . Morgan had been involved with the railroads for years, have a dream of creating Transportation Company<\/a> that could span the world. It would include shipping lines. He had a railroads that was dominant in the northwest and was competing with another railroad in the northwest, then and now was hugely important agricultural center, the fight for the rail line that went into chicago but morgan and his railroad colleague james hill into conflict with dh harriman who is a railroad magnet. Ultimately harriman tried to mount a hostile takeover of the company that morgan and hill created. This is something that was shocking because no one expected morgan to be challenged. This is a company he worked hard to build and when that hostile takeover occurred in the spring of 1901 it led to incredible stock market panic the left as you might imagine the smallest investors in the worst shape, but it was a very public fight, very costly, very bitter, very unusual, not the way morgan liked to operate but in order to defend and take control of these three lines he worked with hill and harriman to create Northern Security<\/a> and did it almost in defiance of public opinion. People were worried about monopolies. To encounter a monopoly of some kind, oil, lead, paper bags, they were all monopolies but the railroad monopolies worried people the most because everyone was so dependent on them. At the time people were more dependent on the railroads and their livelihood than by the federal government. So when morgan created Northern Securities<\/a>, he did it knowing he could face a legal challenge but confident that his lawyers could out argue a government lawyer but not expecting it to come to that. From roosevelts point of view hes taking office in september of 1901, two month later morgan announces the creation of Northern Securities<\/a> so everyone is paying attention to that, in part because what has proceeded in the spring, in part because it is morgan and because it is a railroad and the northwest which is an important part of the country, developing part of the country, and when roosevelt learns about this he sends his attorney general for flandreau knox to florida where a bunch of legal papers tells him not to tell anyone else in the cabinet what he is doing but to look over and to see if he can make a credible case for charging Northern Securities<\/a> with violating the sherman antitrust act. Ultimately they do. I would say to step back. For roosevelt it was an incredible opportunity. The sherman antitrust act had been in place since 1890 but had been enforced pretty erratically, pretty any festival he. Roosevelt was eager to use as much power the federal government had and to expand it. He saw the sherman antitrust act as a great tool, he knew monopolies were a concern of most people. He had sympathies for the citizens of new york west, having lived out there. And he knew that by taking on someone as prominent as morgan he could make a grand symbolic gesture that would clearly indicate to people the kind of president he wanted to be. Having written a book of roosevelt myself i know how challenging it can be to take a figure a lot of people know a lot about, most people in this audience read multiple books, multiple biographies, he is a very rich character. There is a similarity in that roosevelt is a key figure. There were other stories, but cant help is a little overbearing in a good way. But for an author, to find that new story or that angle, how did you approach that, talk about roosevelt i actually came to roosevelt and morgan in a roundabout way, in 2016, when thinking about writing a book, i was not sure about writing a historical book, roosevelt wasnt top of my mind, bernie sanders, remember him. It was his talk of a new progressive moment and big business. As a Business Reporter<\/a> and investigative journalist, those were interesting to me and look back, in a similar situation. What can you learn about what happened before, the great society, and ultimately, the square deal, what he did was to both set the tone and the terms for the progressive era that ultimately emerged, lasting as long as some people might have liked, was incomplete but was the first time a president stood up for Everyday Americans<\/a> against the Public Interest<\/a>, against corporate interest. That was to me what was interesting. But when you get there and there is morgan standing there, he immediately commands attention. Additionally, a book about roosevelt and morgan is an interesting character. The more i thought about it the more i realized in some ways in this regard there might not have been roosevelt in the way we know him if there wasnt a morgan in the way we know him. An interesting part of roosevelts hugely interesting and well known stories was this interaction between them and the ideas they were presented. And america and the railroads and the other railroad magnets, as best i could, to lay out the landscape and to see what kind of country it was that roosevelt was taking command of. Interesting you mention sanders. This is obviously not historically responsible, to ask what would roosevelt think of sanders, one of the differences is roosevelt was not anticapitalist, he had values and ideas. The impact was very antidoctrinaire. One of the things you can talk about a little bit, what do you think was roosevelt, putting in a highfalutin way, what was his theory of capitalism . What was his approach . He took on one of the biggest capitalists of american history. Guest that made it interesting to me. Nuances are always more interesting. What i would say, roosevelt in big business fodder was essential and inevitable and morgan, beyond that, how was american capitalism defined, was not a land of monarchs and you could consider to be very aristocratic in his approach and sensibilities. Look at the Morgan Library<\/a> and what roosevelt was standing for was americans sense of democratic capitalism. And it was an organized capitalism, not a freefall. He wasnt fighting for competition all the time. He was fighting in many cases to curtail competition to increase profit and he believed america should have an economy that was directed from above, a few men we should trust to do the right thing and what roosevelt believed is the government had to have a role in that, for capitalists to be left alone, they should do good but in terms of regulation and supervision. It wasnt the first choice. Roosevelt often said the actions, that was revolutionary. He did generally believe he represented the Public Interest<\/a> and those Public Interest<\/a>s had to be defended against the corporate interests and they were so powerful, the federal government did it. The resonance with today that might characterize the attitudes of certain businesses, kind of knowing what the future will hold and you can understand why critics on the left senator holly, were fans of Theodore Roosevelt<\/a>. This was the Northern Securities<\/a> case, the details in the book, for people to read. It was important in the biography of morgan, roosevelts biography, what was the take away, why focus on this case . What to you makes it stand as worth a whole book . This was when roosevelt and morgan came into conflict most directly . The case represented the two different versions of capitalism we have been talking about where morgan and his lawyers argued Northern Security<\/a> should be allowed to operate because it was good for the country, to help the country become wealthier, it was going to allow the country to compete in the global marketplace and americans should trust morgan in particular but also hill and harriman to run it in a way, for consumers. What the government argued successfully was this was too much power to put in three peoples hands but essentially one persons hand because of the nature of the industry, its location and ultimate plans and what i think made it so important and symbolic is because it was a case that got a lot of attention at the time it might seem a bit of your, you hear antitrust arguments, made the a few brain cells start to shut down, i am a Business Reporter<\/a> and i say that but i think it is important to remember people in america were following this case. They were concerned about the outcome and millions of people would be affected by the Supreme Court<\/a> decision. It was front and center during the roosevelt term. Very eager to make sure the case made its way to the Supreme Court<\/a> and was decided before his first term was over. He presumed the government would win and this would be a great accomplishment for him when he went into the campaign for presidency in november and it was. The headlines of the time after the government won where people will love him for the enemies he made and also the Supreme Court<\/a> renominated roosevelt and won the election for him. It was very important and in some ways symbolic and it was in terms of Economic Impact<\/a> more symbolic, because of what it showed people in the immediate economic consequences for people. It was an important law can be enforced, a prominent businessman and a wellknown huge company can be held to account. Host i have another question or so. There are a few questions in the chat box but i encourage everyone to jump in with questions. Aside from the politics and the impact this case had on the 1904 election what did it do in terms of roosevelts ideas about capitalism, policy, how do you think it shaped him with the bulk of his presidency still to go and a landmark moment, set the course for him. Guest this case, the major event where morgan and roosevelt interact in the book which is anthracite coal strike of 1902, was promising a real time of despair and hardship for a lot of people in the winter of 1902 and ultimately was settled when they developed an appeal to morgan for help. As sort of an aside, as they were fighting in the courts, they also were able to Work Together<\/a> to resolve a National Crisis<\/a> in the middle of it, something hard to imagine happening today. The combination of being able to settle the strike, first time a president tried to mediate the interests of the public and companies, the coal mines, and the victory in Northern Securities<\/a> gave a certain momentum to a progressive agenda. In the second term, he didnt push for more regulation and later we know as a candidate for the progressive party, he talked about a lot of policies that would be familiar to the bernie bros and Elizabeth Warren<\/a> and i talked about today, universal healthcare, a minimum wage, and protections for workers. My sense is these two events, the coal strike were crucial to roosevelt creating and taking advantage of momentum in america. Host before i turn to questions, everyone will go out and buy multiple copies. I hate to say it about my own book, if you buy a book, it is often a lock word so i will do it. The first question, how long did it take to research the book . Guest i started researching it in 2016, i worked basically every morning, weekend and all my vacation, from my day job and as a magazine writer, lots of stolen hours, lots of wonderful editing, the Research Part<\/a> of that, to research where i found that is a four year project. Something familiar i am sure. Host if you are committed to something. Chuck asks how can a railroad affect and to some degree control so many peoples lives . Guest interesting. The railroads that made up Northern Securities<\/a>, one of the things, railroads were the only means of transport, every business person and farmer needed to get reasonable rates from railroads in order to have a thriving business. Sometimes they were able to do that in the Bigger Companies<\/a> but favorable rates so there was a concern railroads were helping and sometimes corrupting business and theres a close relationship with there. And smaller businesspeople were left out of that. Were generally i would say about the railroads as they were being built a railroad could bring with it incredible prosperity and if you live in a place or thinking of moving to a place that was bypassed by a railroad your town could become more impoverished. Railroads altered the geography of opportunity and it was mostly at the convenience and design of the railroad builders. Those are the ways they controlled in very overt and more subtle ways Many Americans<\/a> lives. Host that make sense, we have time for a couple more questions. The literature and ideas out there. Is that something that you came across the interaction with the pragmatism as a philosophy . Meka really interesting question. Not directly but i do think you are right, it was almost innate and him. The way that we could see him governing and most of his positions before he became. And then definitely as president. He was always very careful to balance and to try to get americans to see, what may be like the most ultimately pragmatic idea of all. Which is, if you are rich, you are not going to ultimately like still comfortable and enjoyed being in america unless mostly other people in the country doing well also. The very notion that we as americans are a common body. And we do well or we suffer together. Its both kind of like a beautiful idea but also pragmatic. We all have to Work Together<\/a>. I think that is what made him intriguing, effective in some ways and probably frustrating to the more progressive. [laughter] and you you write radical people that always wanted him to do more and push harder. Seward sure absolutely. The last question because they want to leave time for himself to speak this comes from lt, he asks, this is a good question. What experience influenced his leadership more . His time in new york for his time out west . The badlands. There are two very different types. I know i have my answer but what you think . [laughter] speech i went to your answer. I will divine first. Is it for the purposes it up the confines of my book, that the new york city experience was probably more relevant because, you know, he was part by his father kind of maniacal benevolence, his own inclinations to see in new york that people like morgan could avoid. You see as police commissioner, even in his short run as mayor, he was acquainted with a new york that many wealthy privileged new yorkers were not. And at the same time, equally similar with wall street right . And finally with some of the lawyers and kind of peoples circle wall street if not morgan himself but what is your answer, clay . Host mine is a total dodge. There is a binary between the two of them. I dont think that roosevelt would have been roosevelt if he did not have both of those experiences. I think his way of understanding new york was sort of similar to what you said. He is way of understanding new york and moving around urban policy was influenced by his time out west. More of his ability to inhabit what we might call western mind. And likewise his approach to the west and western politics was informed by his understanding of organizations. And you see that in his conservation politics. You see it, all of that forms the basis for the Foreign Policy<\/a> views. But i think you cant really separate the two. But in fact you have to see the to and dialogue. In forming the Theodore Roosevelt<\/a> that we came to know and love. Subject tonight on book tv and primetime the new york workers discuss the life and political career of president elect joe biden. And what a biden presidency might look like. Ryan christian explores the challenges we may face as we become more dependent on artificial intelligence. While profession john webb examines the relationship between law, epidemics and the guidelines. Ennis story has a dual biography brother and their role in championing native lands during american settlement. That all starts tonight at 7 45 p. M. Eastern. 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