What goes on the brain activity is just many fold in terms of the connections that are being made, the synopsis being connected, so we are using that Brain Research to demonstrate that if we can get or not to demonstrate, but to convey to parents that are too busy to have this information that they are brain builders from the minute that that babys born. A lot of things we as parents have taken for granted, the way we raise our kids, there are a lot of parents, the parents that we are trying to reach, that dont have that information. They havent they themselves have not been brought up that way. So they feel like theres nothing i can do. The babies will learn when they go to school at 5 years old. By then its way too late. Thats where the gap, the huge gaps we have, actually theyre finding out that the gaps begin when they are 18 months old. In terms of the number of words. But its not the number of words. Its the quality of the words that are spoken. And the interactions whether youre looking at the babies in the eyes, whether youre touching the baby. So we have come up with a way that we can say for a busy parent that has two jobs and you dont we say you dont need any more time. The time that you have is all the time that you need when you have to bathe the baby, when you change the diaper, when you feed the baby, these are the interactions that you need to have with the baby. So thats what we are trying to do at that age. Obviously different stages of the curriculum we have different programs. And as you know in high school our emphasis is in leadership. The programs we do with the aspen institute, we think that those High Schoolers are we just dont challenge them enough. We dont ask them jeff mentioned that he was fascinated by how well they reacted when you ask them to do something. The problem is we dont ask them. We say, okay, you dont want to do it, okay. I think thats part of what the im not answering your question. Im not giving you one, two or three or four items, but im just saying that High Schoolers we need to challenge them. We need to make sure that they get involved, that they put their education to work that they can see that what they are learning is going to yield something. They can see a result right away. And thats where the Aspen Challenge is designed to do is one that says, okay, were going to help you along the way. Your pick a challenge and then well help you. And for those of you im jumping around quite a bit, but its like Water Quality or constitution, whatever different projects. Different projects they have to work on. They select it as a team. And again, one of the first things that they have to do is they have to learn to compromise. They have to learn to work as a team. They have to select which challenge. They have to decide which way to do which is the best way to do. Were trying to teach them the little bit of what real life is like. But by the end of the project its amazing the transformation, the quality of the projects they come up with in terms of helping or portraying a concept, an idea to the local community, the neighborhoods or the school, about that particular subject. They do a great job at the end of the process. They only have seven weeks to do this. This is in addition to their regular school work. And these are regular kids. I mean, these are not selected in any theyre very randomly selected. So for my last question, im going to try to tie together a few things i heard you say. And see how to you it ties in to what americas all about. In your last answer you talked about making not just good projects but making Civic Leaders, people kids who thought about something a little bit larger than themselves and how to Work Together for the civic and common good. Likewise when we talked about education you talked about the opportunity for everybody to get more involved instead of starting off with an unequal Playing Field. And in some ways throughout it all youve talked about this notion of what a Civic Society is. You said we dont teach civics anymore, but in some ways thats what this whole day has been about. Which is what is civics to us . I mean, what is our civic Common Ground . How do you think about all of that . Having come to america and now gotten involved with making sure the next generation can be have the opportunities you had . I think it was also mentioned earli earlier. To me civics is civility. Its being able to understand that even though we are we have differences, and we have different desires and we need to be aware that our private feelings doe feelings dont get in the way of others feelings. So it is a dance that we have to have whether we like it or not, we are in this together. And how to get that done is something that is not easy. It takes a little of training, if you will. We have to train ourselves. I think that we complain about the lack of movement in washington, d. C. In terms of getting things accomplished. But a lot of that happens, starts at the Kitchen Table. If we have a conversation at the Kitchen Table in front of our kids that says its very onesided, well, that child is going to pick up on that. And is also going to be onesided in one way or the other. So at the Kitchen Table we need to be aware that there are ears around that are listening to whats going on. And be aware. And if it goes all the way from that point as they grow up by example. We are the ones that need to lead that effort. Again, im not sure that i answered your question specifically, but it is getting along and knowing to compromise. I think that theres a lot of that that needs to be done. We try to get that into the kids minds as early as possible. Michael bezos, thank you very much. Appreciate it. My pleasure. [ applause ] thank you. [ applause ] tonight on American History tv, programs on the history of journalism starting at 8 00 p. M. Women reporters in vietnam with the museum hosting a program with women who covered the war. At 9 20 p. M. A look at the nation, one of the oldest magazines in america marking its 150th anniversary. The cspan cities tour visits literary and Historic Sites across the nation to hear from local historians, authors and Civic Leaders every other weekend on cspan 2s book tv and American History tv on cspan 3. And this month with congress on its summer recess, the cities tour is on cspan each day at 6 00 p. M. Today the history of greensboro, north carolina. Ucla released a report earlier this year about challenges facing undocumented undergraduate students in the u. S. The report called in the shadows of the ivory tower analyzes a survey of 909 undocumented graduates in 32 states who migrated from 55 countries. The first and largest study of its kind. The coauthors joined a panel at New York University earlier this year to talk about the report. Good morning. It is a pleasure to welcome you. And for those of you who live in new york, you know this is a rare example of sunshine in the morning. And its not even freezing. So its a great pleasure to welcome you to the steinhart institute for Higher Education policy. And i was thinking about our session this morning and thinking about how when i started this institute about 12 years ago i kept looking up the word policy in the dictionary. If you ever try to do that you discover its a difficult word. Its hard to get a good definition. And i think thats appropriate. Because when we think of policy, we each have an image in our mind or a definition thats overlooking in a dictionary. And in fact one of the misunderstandings about policy is policy use rules and regulations and laws, and we think of the federal government, the state government, the city government. But policy is also what institutions do. And i think that that is a misunderstood part of policy. The institutions whether theyre public or private, small or large, have a fair amount of latitude about how they behave and what kinds of positions they take and what kinds of services they offer. And i think that one of the things we need to do in the policy world is focus much more directly on how should institutions and also other kinds of social organizations think about policy and think about what kinds of interventions, services, supports, guidelines make sense at every level of our experience. And so thats why its been especially happy moment to welcome the authors of the study that you have read about and well hear more about this morning. Which really looked at the questions facing undocumented students and looked at those question from every advantage point, including and especially the student experience. So it is a unique kind of study in that regard. And one that i think well all find fascinating as we learn more. Now when you looked at our speakers for today, you may have noticed that three of them are from ucla. And i would like to remind those of you at nyu that these three people used to be at nyu. And i think that their presence here today is a symbol of the fact that once you are at nyu, you can never really leave. It is just like a magnet coming back. But we would like to congratulate them on their new roles and on this study. I should also say to remind you at nyu, we are now the Global Network university. And so in a sense we think of ucla now sort of like nyu west. So as we congratulate you, were also proud of your accomplishments. The way were going to proceed this morning, is im going to introduce all of the speakers and they will follow each other without further introduction. Our first speaker will be marcela suarezorozco. And the other comment i wanted to make is because we have very distinct wished speakers, for those of you not in academia, it is important to know that when someone is a high level professor with an endowed chair they have this other name that they start to use so some of the speakers have multiple names. But the name that is not their own name is the name of the person who gave a large gift to endo you their position. Okay. Let me start again. Marcelo suarezorozco is the wasserman dean and professor the education at the graduate school of education and information studies at ucla. Before joining ucla, he served as professor the globalize is and education at New York University. He is coauthor of the Award Winning book reporting the results of this landmark study, learning in a new land, immigrant students in american society. His Research Focused on the problems in the areas of cultural psychology and psychological anthropology and mass migration and globalization and education. Following him is robertter an issue, from comparative education and the morgan and helen chui, and codirector of the institute for immigration globalization and education at ucla since 2013. We also think of him as robert. Since 2004, he has served as a senior faculty fellow at the Steinhardt Institute for Higher Education at nyu where he was associate professor of Higher Education. His research is broadly focused on race, ethnicity and the stratification of college opportunity. Following robert will be carolla suarezorozco. Shes professor of education and codirector for the institute of immigrant children and youth at ucla. Prior to joining ucla she served as professor at New York University. Shes coauthor of the book learning a new land, immigrant students in america and shes editor of the journal of adolescent research. She focuses on mass migration, and globalization and education in psychology and anthropology. And a special welcome to steve choi bringing today the voices of the network of Community Organizations and advocacy organizations focused on immigration in new york city. Steve choi is the executive director of the new York Immigration Coalition and an umbrella Advocacy Coalition of nearly 200 member groups, representing new yorks immigrant communities. From 20092013 he was executive director of the min quwan center for Community Action which organized advocates for and educated the korean and Asian AmericanCommunity Members in new york. Prior to that he was a staff attorney and founding director of the korean workers project at the Asian American defense fund. The only project on the east coast focused on providing Free Legal Services to low wage korean immigrants. Janet perez is a College Student and undocumented activist in the immigrant community. She was born in pueblo, mexico, bronx, new york. Okay. Our bronx. Janet is attending Lehman College of the City University and pursuing a double major in Political Science with Computer Graphics and imaging. Shes a corp member of the new york state leader Youth Leadership council. An undocumented Youth Coalition fighting for the undocumented community and coordinator of the mentoring programs. Hero yoshikawa, with the courtney sale ross professor at nyu and university profess feor nyu and studies Public Policies and programs related to immigration, Early Childhood and pofrdy reduction Poverty Reduction on childhood development. Previously he served as professor of education at the Harvard Graduate School and served also as the academic dean. So i hope you will give our speakers a warm welcome and then marcelo will proceed to report on his study. [ applause ] thank you so much. And thank you for your generous thank you for your warm introduction. [ speaking in a Foreign Language ] it is marvelous to be back at ucla, the nyu of the east. We love nyu and we miss it so much that were going to keep taking pieces of nyu back to the best coast. [ laughter ] thank you, ann. That is the kind of introduction that my father would have liked and my mother would have believed. Im really delighted to be back at nyu. Many of the ideas and the architecture of this and so many other Research Initiatives weve undertaken in the field of immigration, have the roots here at steinhardt and at nyu more broadly. So im delighted to have this opportunity to come back to the steinhardt, to come back to the institute to report on on our work. During the last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the undocumented immigrant population of the United States grew substantially. From 3. 5 million in 1990, to a peak of 12. 2 million in 2007 as the rate recession began. It has been stable now for several years at about 11. 2 million according to the most recent estimates by our colleagues at the Pugh Research center. One inevitable result of having a large undocumented population over a long period of time is a growing number of mixed status families. While some are citizens by birth, some are authorized by law, some many are unauthorized and all in many, many families live in a kind of increasingly intolerable limbo. After five decades of mass migration, the foreign born population of our country includes millions of individuals who have been living in the United States for a long time and have wellsettled households, steady employment and deep community ties. This certainly applies to the undocumented migrant population which also has become more permanent and much more settled than in prior ways of mass migration. Never more than a third of the total foreign population, now closer to a quarter, the unauthorized workers in our midst, worshipers in our churches, and also parents of american children. A population of 11. 2 million, unauthorized migrants, more than 4 million are adults with u. S. Citizen children ands of 2012 those parents have been living in the United States for 15 years on average, according to the most recent data by pugh. As our country continues its long nowin terminable pause, pair an these hes, young people brought here as children without papers, perhaps 1. 5 million or so are graduating from high school in growing numbers and attempting to go on with their lives. Hundreds of thousands of undocumented College Students are struggling to find their way in Higher Education. We recently surveyed 909 undocumented undergraduates across 34 states that immigrated to america from 55 Different Countries. They attend an array of twoyear and fouryear public and private colleges that range in selectivity. The first and largest study of its kind exclusively focused on youth emerging adults in colleges. The study represents a number of findings. The new congress, scholars, activists, concerned citizens and like and above all Community Members should be wise to ponder. Undocumented students encompass a range of immigration histories, language backgrounds and religions. They are black, they are white, they are brown, they are asia and pacific islander. They occupy positions across the full spectrum of socioeconomic status. For them, like for many, many other young people in college today