The army, navy, and air force. It is another demonstration of the ability of the United States armed forces to react swiftly to a call for help. And to dispatch a strong Global Fighting force to any part of the world in a matter of hours. We have shown you the planning, weapons, and materials that made this threeday exercise possible. But the spirit of operation between the participating soldiers of both countries was the true significance of exercise delawar. The air force base in iran, halfway around the world in the cause of freedom. This is Sergeant Major donald cosgrove, United States army saying goodbye from iran for this weeks issue of the big picture. This sunday night on q a, antiwar activist on u. S. Foreign policies since 9 11. The recent negotiations with iran, and the war on terrorism. Who is isis . What are their or since. What do they believe . Why are they so violence. All are important. I address them all in the book. But i think whats more important in some ways, because its something that we can do something about, what is the u. S. Policy regarding isis . Why isnt it working . Can we really go to war against terrorism . Are we just doing the war wrong, or is it wrong to say there should be a war against terrorism at all. Those are the questions that in some ways are the most important and will be the most useful. Sunday night at 8 00 eastern and pacific on cspans q a. This weekend on the cspan networks, politics, books and American History. On cspan live from the iowa state fair. President ial candidates speak at the des moines registers cancelled date soapbox beginning saturday at noon well hear from republican Rick Santorum and Lincoln Chafee and bernie sanders. Sunday afternoon, more coverage with republican candidates ben carson at 5 00, followed by george pataki. Cspan2, saturday night, 10 00 eastern, missouri senator claire mccaskill. And dsouza talks about his latest book. On American History tv on cspan3, sunday morning, 10 00 a. M. Eastern with many president ial candidates, the fairs history and its tradition on a stop to the white house as we look at the 2008 president ial race. And saturday evening at 6 00, on the civil war, historian and author john core stein the results victory and the closing of one of the confederacies last ports. Get our complete schedule at cspan. Org. Next, virginia commonwealth instructor chris officer saladino to the Cold War Nuclear womens. He talks about mutually destruction which kept the u. S. And soviet union from engaging in open war. This History Lesson is 50 minutes. Lets to recap a little bit. We have segued. We are talk Building International community. We have talked about war. We have talked about this overdetermined war, the first world war. We talked about the Second World War. How military force was organized. Kind of historically. Then we said, okay, the way militaries are organized look a certain way. But Technology Changes that. Then we introduce the cold war. Butted real mitigating factor for this will be Nuclear Weapons. Today we will talk about the rise of Nuclear Weapons. We started talking about the rise of Nuclear Weapons on monday where we talk about the original Nuclear Arms Race, the race between germany nazi germany in the United States to develop a weapon. And we talked about how germany was knocked out of that essentially through a bunch of circumstances surrounding their attempt to produce a bomb. Had good technology. They had good researchers. And then ultimately germany loses the war. Now there is a roy going on in the Pacific Theater and the United States is still trying to produce this weapon. So thats where we ended up. Today we will talk about the american weapon and how that became a Nuclear Arms Race part and parcel of the cold war. Understand the United States was in this competition with nazi germany and whoever else to produce a weapon explicitly. This was not a piecemeal attempt to create some sort of technology and then eventually sell it to the u. S. Government. This was not a defense contract scam. It was the man chat tan project whose design ambition was to create a deployable Nuclear Weapon asap, as soon as possible. And the United States appropriated a lot of money, a lot of time, a lot of effort, a lot of secrecy to make this up. And it took place all over the United States. It took place in the ivy league, stanford university, the university of michigan. It took place in defense contractor factories in tennessee and in washington state. It took place on army bases. All these things somehow coordinated together. There were strong managerial leadership. Two strong leaders in the Manhattan Project. Robert oppenheimer fgsz the scientific leader of the project. And sort of headed the scientific not just group who was working on it but had to coordinate their input. And the leslie groves, one star general, public manager. Probably had a master in public administration. Smart guy. But money issues had to be dealt with. Secrecy issues that went beyond the single outreach. There were spice. On the other hand, by and large it was massively secret. The success of the Manhattan Project is not fully into its secrecy but part of it. And trying to develop the science and logistics to make a deployable weapon. This is supposed to be a super weapon. It is just going to exist. And the idea of perhaps testing this weapon. And thats pretty scary stuff. Nevertheless, a few things are very important to how this will progress. One of the things is the death of franklin roosevelt. We know that roosevelts ideas about the war in world war ii were very clear. They were sort of direct. When roosevelt is gone, the new president by april 1945, harry truman, hes a very new president. Only been Vice President for a few short months. He is not a real Foreign Policy guy. He has not been fully briefed on a lot of things, including some of the key components of the existence of the Manhattan Project. Keep in mind, hes going to go ahead and negotiate the end of the Second World War in his big three sum mitts with churchill, stalin and have to know more about whats going on. In fact, when truman comes into power or comes into the office by this point in 1945, we are getting fairly close to creating a deliverable bomb. And an infusion of some scientific knowledge from german scientists brought over soon after the end of the war in 1945, helps us get to the point where by july 1945 the United States believes theyre ready to test. Now truman is involved. Truman wants to know. Because we are fighting a war in the Pacific Theater. We talked about Island Hopping the other day. There were less and less islands to hop. Were getting closer and closer and closer to the japanese home islands. And the action, the fighting. Combat as bad as it ever was in the first place is getting increasingly worse. We have the introduction of kamikazes and stuff we talked about. We believe the Home Invasion of japan will be probably the costliest campaign in military history. Were afraid for that reality. But were preparing for that reality. We have a Planning Commission working on invading japan by the middle of the summer in 1945. In july 1945, truman gets word that this bomb may be ready. In fact, july 16th, 1945, he gets a phone call that says essentially that the gadget has worked. The bomb they were going to test is called the gadget. The detonation was called project trinity. And the trinity explosion of the gadget or this Nuclear Weapon is is successful. On july 16th, 1945 in new mexico, the United States detonates a bomb. We dont drop it out of an airplane. We detonate it. A bunch of people watch it. A bunch of people take readings and testings. It is a scientific event for most people. But we now have a bomb and we t have a bomb that can be deployed. And we know what this bomb will do. What the bomb will do far surpasses what most peoples expectations are. We have a Nuclear Weapon. We have a super weapon. Were at war with japan. Were worried about losing 1 to 1. 5 Million People in the next few months. So what are we going to do . The decision ultimately rests with president truman, the buck stops here. He certainly took his responsibilities seriously. But trumans decision is is in hindsight far more wrenching than it really was at the time. Not to say that the ethics and morality of using this kind of a weapon on japan would have zero ramifications and zero impact on any Decision Maker or on the world. But we couldnt really anticipate necessarily sort of what letting this cat out of the bag would do for the entire planet. Once we drop a Nuclear Weapon on somebody, the world knows what it is. In fact, when truman is asked to make this decision or needs to make this decision, essentially nobody knows what it is. Nobody can say, like we all can, oh, this is what a Nuclear Weapon is going to do. So truman has to weigh the factors. Those in the military command are saying if you can end the war with a bomb, do it tomorrow, obviously. While others are still planning for an invasion of the home islands of japan. My history professional in grad school was on that Planning Commission. They said we were still preparing to go to war when we heard the bomb was dropped. But we have a lot of experience behind us as well. Its not simply the United States says we dont want to invade japan. Thats would be too costly. To go from the canaan and sigh pan and iwo jima, and okinawa, 100 amphibious campaigns to get to where we are today. Each one in treesingly more bloody on both sides, including civilian casualties. And our experience is is probably sufficient to dictate the ability to use a different weapon, try a different path no matter how staggering were going to do it. But back Channel Communications with the japanese telling them perhaps you should surrender. Telling them perhaps this is not the path we should stay on. The japanese are not willing to surrender. Most are not willing to surrender at all. There is a military culture that says we fight until we lose, which is until we die. But some suggest that maybe now is the time to negotiate. But theres a Sticking Point. That Sticking Point is what will help to the emperor of japan. And the United States says through all back channels, theres no negotiation. If you agree to surrender, you surrender. They are not giving up territory. They are clearly and obviously preparing for an invasion. So truman decides to try to use the new device. The atomic bomb to end the war. On august 6th, 1945, one single b29 bomber, which you can go see up in dulles at the air and space museum up by dulles in this big hangar with 300 other planes is a fairly small looking aircraft called the enola gay. Its a b29 bomber. The b29 super fortress. State of the art. For the day, its huge. For today, its actually quite small. Unimpressive to look at it until you realize what it did. The enola gay dropped one single bomb. The little boy on hiroshima, japan. One single bomb, which in 48 seconds, completely a nye lates annihilates the city of hiroshima and changes not just the war, but the world forever. The pilot became a bit of celebrity for dropping this bomb and said the crew was completely unaware. They didnt know. It was a bomb run. It went pretty much without a hitch. Things went really good. If they could high five in 1945, they would have high fived. They would have said good job. There was no real explicit clarity about what just happened until they started to look, until they felt the shock wave, until they saw the Mushroom Cloud rise from miles away after backing a banking turn and getting the hell out of there. We thought to themselves, what have we done . They annihilated the city. Completely and totally destroyed hiroshima. You have seen the photographs. We know this. This is generations ago already for us. But the impact is still pretty intense if you think about it. Because three days later were going to drop another bomb on japan and never again will a Nuclear Weapon be used in anger. Not on veneer, it never will. So since that time, those are the only two detonations. And yet three days apart, the United States drops two Nuclear Weapons on japan and destroys two cities, killing effectively hundreds of thousands. The United States drops the bombs and hopes for a response. There are mix evaluations of the response. Some of them say, well, we should have given the japanese more time to respond. Others are almost absolutely certain that the japanese still were not going to cave. Most now in hindsight say is the japanese are not even sure what happened on the 6th to hiroshima. Communications are destroyed. It takes people to go to hiroshima and say heres what happened. Then somehow report back to military command in tokyo. Whatever the case, its irrelevant today because on the 9th of august, another b29 bomber, this one called the boxcar drops another atomic weapon, a different form. The fat man is a different kind of bomb. We will talk about them in a second. On nagasaki, japan. Both hiroshima and nagasaki have some military value but not that much. Nagasaki far more a strategic target. Nonetheless, a relatively untouched target. And keep in mind, American Bombing in japan has been constant. It has been incessant. The firebombing of tokyo killed more people effectively than pretty close to what these two Nuclear Weapons did. Those were conventional fire bombs. So its not that the United States had not brought all kinds of devastation on japanese cities through its bombing campaign. But in another single device an entire japanese city is wiped out. These weapons that were dropping are atomic bombs, the a atom bomb. They are fission based detonations which we will talk about in a second. They release exponentially significantly less than most of the weapons we have today. And yet more than the biggest bomb we have, 2,000 pound bomb. 2,000 pound bomb is 2,000 detonated force of tnt, explosive power. A atomic weapon or an atomic weapon will yield in kilo tons in detonated force. What would a kilo ton be . What . 1,000 tons. Youre all metric already. Yes, 1,000 to bes. So 21 kilo tons on nagasaki from a single bomb. And so maybe its not purely the force of the destruction but the force that a single bomb that only we possess is whats most important. Hard to say. Whatever the case, we know nagasaki is also destroyed. Thousands and thousands killed in the shortterm by blast, radiation, by heat. Being vaporized. Many, many more later by injuries. Still more by radiation. People would argue maybe even still to this day. The japanese get the picture. They understand our threat, which is we will use these bombs on your cities until you surrender. How many bombs did we have left on reserve to drop at that point deployable at that moment in time . Zero. Didnt matter. In september of 1945, on the uss missouri with all sort of other nations in attendance at a very formal ceremony, the japanese signed Unconditional Surrender papers and the war is over. But the Nuclear World has only just begun. And bizarrely or whatever, it becomes the new war in a sense. Because within the next few months and effectively within the next two years the cold war is deeply under way. And in that confrontation with the soviet union that will last until 199091, for the first several years of that war, the United States has a Nuclear Weapon and the soviets dont. Now, what does this weapon do . Well, it blows up. Massive amounts of force. But there was a test. And there were small is tests beforehand. There was a clear understanding of what the bomb would do in theory. And then in practice it did. It realized its potential in a sense. The bomb is designed to emit massive amounts of blast force. The bomb is designed where heat pushes that force and temperatures rise to multiple thousands of degrees fahrenheit. A fireball, if you will, pushed by force. Its going to emit a whole lot of radiation that by this point in 1945 we know is deadly. We know in our testing, in our lab work, in new mexico, we know that massive releases of radiation will kill a human being, and some of our people are killed. Yes. Why did we use the atomic bomb on tokyo . Because who would surrender . Some will argue the reason we selected these cities was not simply for the demonstration effect of, hey, we can bomb any city. There is no safe place, which some have argued today is terroristic, but also, th