Wildlife refuge was taken over. That was probably the most intense experience on the ground. Game. A guessing this is somebody who said a lot of things that i think people have forgotten, including me. Heres the question. For the sake of a wider audience, i will read it. The Public Domain has been a force of profound importance in the nationalization and development of government. The person who said that, you would not expect them to have said it. Who said that . Told you areto be going to be tricked . [inaudible] reading. In your i said that. No, i didnt. , they are theds core of the way the federal government grows. Frederick Jackson Turner said that. He has benefited from you folks theg here because i reread significance of the front tier in American History and i dont know what was going on. Ofen of the quoted passages strips theier pioneer of his formal dress and puts them in a canoe. There is a lot of stuff about indians in there. Who knew . Apparently, anyone who reads it would know that. Not necessarily to the significance of indians but to their presence and the importance of settlers responses to them and to the national government. What i think might have the 1986 Patricia Limerick response is that it is so much that essay is so much about the eastern and miss white midwestern United States. It is really focused on the not far west. That might have been what set me off in the olden days. Interesting fact about frederick Jackson Turner, he taught at utah state. That is a beautiful drive, logan. Beautiful open spaces and i think he enjoyed going there. I hope i am giving some demonstration of how peculiar it is to think you know something and then when you actually read the whole thing with care, you think, oops. 30 years or more of misrepresenting frederick Jackson Turner. I o the family and apology. Family and apology. There is a famous episode in political history, frederick Jackson Turner was there and he gave his speech there that has more in it than i realized until recently. It does leave this question hanging, what a cliffhanger. Over. Ontier is the era of World History has closed. The frontier took strangers and transform them into americans. It is over. Dont stop there, mr. Turner. Please keep going. Education. He thought education might be the form of continuing opportunity and recruitment of people from outside into the american world. They were nowhere near as compelling a set of statements. And also, at the columbian exposition was buffalo bill cody. They were not on a panel discussion. [laughter] which was a shame. This greatte wrote essay where he compares turner ody and brings them into a conversation. In essence, he sees both of them coworkers in the overproduction of frontier nostalgia. Differences and they were mode both major practitioners and nostalgia for a west that had gone away. What will we do next . We will see the wild west. That is how you tell the world you are sophisticated. If you say, buffalo bill codys wild west show, that makes it clear you are an outsider because he never said the word show and he did not want people to call it a show. It was the wild west. Did you know you could betray your outsider status of easily . Would you all like to say it together . Wild west. That was really very effective. You will find that gets you someplace in very limited circles. Expect to go out in the world and everybody will be, how sophisticated this person is. Cody was the much wilder and unsettled kind of west and turner was feeling sad about the about the taming of the west. It started as a wilderness. It turned into log cabins. The log cabin stirred into comfortable turned into comfortable farm houses. Turner did not need to have visual illustrations in his text because if he said log cabin, everybody had it in their minds. He had some of his key terms, stagecoach, wagon train or wild or log cabin. It would be silly to say, and here is a log cabin. As to why that text can be so evocative is because the readers own mind in the 1890s and for many years after would supply that. Here are two nostalgiacs. Representing they are both successful in their own way. They are both equally effective and they are both equally creative and thoughtful. Has anybody read this essay . [inaudible] ago. Read it really a while many whiles ago. He does draw some very interesting comparisons between them and sees them as kind of coworkers in this really broad this is movement of important. [laughter] i mean, it is what elliott would say deal with it. I dont know why someone could not research this. I am looking at you, britain. Its pretty interesting they were in chicago at the Columbian Exchange in some kind of and that is interesting, but this is really interesting and important for our understanding of regional conversation. Anyway. This is the term it is a helpful term. , americans whoy were anxious about hanging questions. What will happen to the United States without a frontier . That will be a rough transition and there may not be anything on the other end of the transition. Book. S a really good americanf exceptionalism. , that sense ofr cody and turner, something really important shifted in American History. Many of the Franklin Roosevelts had that same sense. Henry wallace, with the end of the frontier, had better get bigger. Government has to step in and. Upply services if you do not have free land, you better have some other source of widely available understanding an opportunity. Upsurge it seems to have been hard on people to deal with. A growing conviction of some sectors of american society. Some of the results were very troubling. And really undesirable. Examples. Y if you are not a beaver, it is hard to be hungry for timber. States, the astounding resources, in some part of north america had been ripped through, wisconsin, michigan, the upper midwest, just chopped. Cut over. That anxiety, fear, terror, that that might continue. , theacific northwest rockies. The same calamity might have the resources of the continent would be a bunch of stumps. , that scared people. That scared, not just people interested in the profession of four street, but anybody of. Orestry those kinds of concerns. What are we going to do with this affliction of frontier anxiety . Take . Re an action we can one weirdness of reading turner andlosely, i share quite phases and er as. , here is hisg Cumberland Gap phase. Lining things up in phases and sequence. We have that in common. I like this quite a bit. Well, experience we have all had. Is there anyone in the room who writes so wonderfully that the perfect . Sion is would you care to identify yourself . Any halfway normal person has to keep going. Were three limericks or four drafts. That is a great habit to have in classes. Before i met jeff limerick, i used to sit in classes writing limericks. It is brilliant as a technique. Pretend you were writing a limerick. You are thinking, but you are sort of going, turner, burner. Think, i have got it now. You look like the most thoughtful notetaker. It worked really well for me as a student. I have classes of students and some of them have adopted this technique. It does require you to do several drafts. This is not quite on the main track. I did draft some beautiful limericks about warren hardy. One has the most beautiful internal rhyme. His slogan was a return to normalcy and he was retreating from all of the International Engagements of the first world war. Warren s an old man did everything foreign thank you, thank you. I think everyone was skeptical when i said it had the most beautiful internal rhyme. Normally,ike to live drunken informally. You can certainly use it today. Notion of the three drafts of the American West. , we do not know when it starts or ends. Westward expansion, that is the first draft. The second draft is what we are saying with this session coming into being, the progressive era. The sort of, that first draft did not come out right. Cut over lands. Minds that were once full of activity abandoned. Maybe theres something we should be thinking about. Bison almost extinct. Of looking at the outcomes of the first draft. Floods in utah. Deforestedity with hillsides and mountainsides and floods. It is hard to think where you would look if you dont want to have that moment of thinking this did not seem to come out exactly as i wouldve liked. The third draft is still in progress. Whatever features of the third draft, it has to take into account the rise of environmentalism, continued population growth to the point where we have to say it is hard to say where western expansion started. It might be harder to say where it ended. I dont know where you would say, well, period. Westward expansion, completed. Done. This is tied to environmentalism, a more conscious and inescapable reckoning. There was some of that in the second draft. This continued puzzle over legitimacy and authority to define progress. Who is really a deserving westerner who qualifies as a person who should be making decisions . Who gets to say what progress means . That is one way of saying how crucial the progressive era was for the west because its the second draft. Its a big deal. And i believe this is true. If we had more time, maybe we could do this as a party game tonight. Wherever you look in the American West today, wherever you direct your gaze, you will see something that is a legacy of the progressive era. I thought we might do it as a kind of party game and you have to suggest something. Ski slopes. I could do that one. This is the remarkable outcome and with this in the picture, the progressive era just gets astounding in the scale of its importance. Much of the west is the home of millions of people and it is now much of that is now owned as private property. And even more of the west is still in public ownership. Which is a Pretty Amazing thing, that quotation from turner. Turner did not see it coming. Notionto go back to this , progress from first draft to second draft, from westward expansion to progressive era, it is changing its course. That shift from the westward expansion definition of progress transferring the Public Domain into private ownership going from that definition of progress to the progressive era, that is a giant and disorienting change. Reversal in the meaning of progress. It is not a full reversal because the progressive era still has plenty of enthusiasm for finding resources in the west and developing them. We cannot be surprised this shift, even though it was under way 130 years ago, we cannot be surprised that the shift still leave some people and communities in the west unsettled and rattled. Technique that has actually been incredibly helpful to me. I just learned about it in february i guess it was a year ago february. Named randyrson olson, he is one gifted communicator. He is a biologist. He became more and more concerned about the troubles that scientists have in communicating to wider audiences. Left a tenured job at the university of New Hampshire and he went to film school at the university of southern california, which scares me. This is the second book. My husband. Narrative. Have a what he offers in it and i really have found this to be almost too useful. Method of communication. And, but, therefore. He has seen a correlation of the effectiveness of has seen prese. Writers as well as speakers. Heres mine, my adoption of this. And it does lead me to uncharacteristic brevity. Method,s if you use the the audience is sort of, stop now. We have got your point. The progressive era was a time of disorienting change and reformers responded with vigor but some features of our heritage from the progressives have proven to be troubling in their own right. Therefore, we are invited to reckon with the complex heritage of the progressives. We can map the escape route from this and seven of it ability because we are quick with the necessary skills to accept that invitation of working with progressives. A person representing one of the Major Political parties in 2016 is a person who says and and and and and and. Striking when you start to think what happens in public expression. It does not have anything to do with the quality of the thought but how effectively it gets through. Thing. Ndy this is the core of our inheritance from the progressives that we may fight over the public land but at least we have public lands to fight over and it is a wonderful gift to have such an occasion for dispute. Io or three big frameworks would like to install in our conversational framework. These are two historically and i thinks it is right to use the word romance because they are appealing, seductive. They pull people in in a process that has as much sentiment and emotion as it has reason and evidence. And they have to learn to live together. They are not doing great with that. The romance of centralized authority and expertise is a legacy of the progressive era, that we will do better, we will avoid less of these unhappy outcomes we saw in the first we hand decisions and authority over to a centralized federal government place. It will be an agency, a good chance that we part of the department of a good chance it will be part of the department of interior and they will offer solutions that will guide better behavior. That is a powerful romance and it is so intense when it comes into play. The first chief forrester, Theodore Roosevelts great friend, the first founding leader of the Forest Service. Charismatic, really smart, really thoughtful. He represents that. Many many ask of legislation rest on the notion that someone in the department of the interior or Forest Service and agriculture, someone in those two agencies will have a very smart thought and that will bake things work that are. That will make things work better. The romance of local control is just as strong. That is the legacy of westward expansion. Those two romances are both very powerful. Neither is going to go away. They need to be friends. Not going so good right now. [applause] [laughter] had a good your have friendship that turned into a bad situation and then came back is a good friendship . We have green, yellow and red cards. How many had a good friendship that went poorly and remain . Oorly remained poor you guys are quick on the draw. You have also been there. I will say that this cant happen, i think it has happened. In two ways that people would ever know that. It is happening on the ground level out in the west. This is nationally famous for armed people taking over public lands. A group called the High Desert Partnership met, there were federal officials for the wildlife refuge. Matches, there were environmentalists from portland, oregon and they met and they thought and reached a consensus plan for the wildlife refuge. That is where the cohabiting came back together. These are several people who have an interesting view. I dont know that they would ever use the phrase progressive and what that might mean to them. They said i have quite a colorful and interesting and amended imaginative view of history. Ranchers a time when were very prosperous and very collaborative and very goodnatured and they had complete control of the land and they used the land wisely. County, there is a innning tension and anguish the early. Of the 19th century. There was one allpowerful cattleman. To have a notion that you will and before the important of returning the land to the ranchers i am not making them come and go, that is not what i am doing. It is a very imaginative form of history and it makes buffalo bill cody look like an accuracy kind of guy. There they are. Here is the progressive legacy. I dont know that they ever got it. When i got to speak in the county, that was my first question to them, i asked the audience there if it gives an advantage in dealing with contention if there is such a contentious history and a good share of them they know that had a contentious history. This was elsewhere, they do not know that. In ais the present legacy grid map that shows you the percentage of the land and individual states that is under federal ownership and public ownership. There is a little water precipitation, if theres anybody who would like you to help interpreters interpret this as to which region pretty striking. If you wondered if this seemed like nevada was really crappy that could be part of it. This does not include indian reservations. It does include seven lands that could be included in that, that what happened to that a historical process that led to that that went to these lands. They were rugged and on uneven terrain. The phrase sometimes used is the leftover land, the land nobody wanted. This is land that did not go into private ownership. Homesteaders were not that goofy, they said i have the idea. How about the middle of the nevada desert . Y are matches there, ranchers there. That andreasons for reckoning with the first draft of western expansion and sing there is a different way of possessing and directing and owning those land. Use the different agencies that create that pattern. Smallest one is probably orange, the fish and wildlife service. The National Park service would be the second smallest. The yellow is the best one. This is the nations largest landlord. Forestervice service behind is the lime green. The Forest Service people are very charming. They refer to their Forest Service uniform as their pickle soup. Uit. They had a phrase that not all of them use. They wanted to know when you felt like a poor Service Person it is whenink you get your green underwear. Cultures are something that people have to be in for years. Here is the department of defense. Military lands are very important. They are lands to preserve if you bomb them that is an opportunity for while the to take hold. Wildlife to take hold. That would be one stupid bird would say that i dont care to be there because of bad history. From the outcome of to all ofssive era e agencies, era is in the progressive we will get to that in a second. I will have several heritages that we will go through here. This is a complicated second draft progressive era. The first of the heritages is the most unmistakable. The way things are now are not the