Morning and on a 7 am flight. It turned out that the earliest she would be able to get in because of a problem with planes was 2 am yesterday. She is not here with us and we have instead a graduate student here at ku on military history to read her paper. The questions will only be to the other adjustments. Marjorie will not answer questions. Although im sure she would do a lovely job. So the speakers today on our second session, we began with William DonnellySenior Historian at the u. S. Army center of military history. And followed by eric flynn the director of the lewis army museum. And finally, the paper read by marjorie. First as a set federal Civil Servant i give the usual disclaimer that the opinions expressed here are not necessarily those of the secretary of the army of the chief of staff or anyone else in the department of the army. Now president johnson and congress in june 1967 decided to and almost all graduate school draft deferment. Johnson deferred this decision in execution until july 1968. And from july 1968 to july 1972, 109,777 College Graduates either enlisted or were drafted into the u. S. Army. Now this was a total of 8. 2 percent of all male nonprior service successions in these years. Now i have some slides here, just to give you some statistics of the framework. There are no bullet pointed out in this presentation. Prior to june 1968, some College Graduates were entering the enlisted ranks. The most notably oliver stone. But they were far outnumbered by men with some college and by High School Graduates, as you can see there. In the two fiscal years before. And by the way the fiscal years, during the war ran from first july to 30 june, not the same periods we have today. You can see High School Graduates are the biggest one for both years. And this was a point of pride inside the defense department, it regularly in the army. This was the best educated enlisted force fielded today. When the draft deferment ended, they did some rough back envelope calculations and the thought about 130,000 College Graduates, this included people who had left college after getting a degree were now in the workforce or had gotten their bachelors and were now in a graduate school. They thought about 130,000 of these people would become added to Selective Services pool of ia registrants in fiscal year 1969. This was so many that the army staff feared at one point that the fiscal year of 69 enlisted would be almost entirely College Graduates and project 100,000 men which the next presenter will give you more details about that program. In the aftermath of the tet offensive, the army staff entered into negotiations about how to deal with this influx. The office of the secretary of defense, they were a valuable national resource. Particularly the men with degrees in Science Technology and engineering mathematics. And things like operations analysis. It would waste valuable National Resources to send them into the combat arms. They wanted these people to go to military occupational specialties directly related to their academic fields. The army staff had a different idea. They pointed out that no mls in the army required a college degree. Some regular assignments with swap wherever the army felt they were best needed. And they had two other reasons for wanting to use these people outside of stem related fields. One, we need many of these men to revitalize junior officer and junior noncommissioned officer leadership. Again that is not dependent on what your degree is in. Second, and this surprised me when i found it, many of the Senior Officers in the army and senior civilians in the secretariat and a lot of the field action officers thought the current draft was a moral. That people who could get out of the draft work getting out of the draft and people who cannot get out of the draft, they were going to vietnam. It was only right that College Graduates, who by definition were more fortunate in their life experiences, share some of the battlefield dangerous. As the secretary of the general staff wrote in 1968, someone has to fight. The compromises eventually brokered by the secretary of the Army Stanley Reeser who had a silver star and purple heart from world war ii, and it came with four major parts. One, a process that would be instituted to screen draftees to match Academic Skills to mls. Men would be allowed to enlist in the regular army for specific mls and third men remaining after these soldiers would be placed into the regular assignment process and basically the mls at that point was determined by how will you scored on various assessment tests inside the service. And finally, there would be an intensive effort to get these College Graduates to volunteer for officer candidate schools and for the noncommissioned officer candidates courses. Also better known as the shake and bake sergeants. Within lsd and the army staff there was concern about what these College Graduates would bring into the army. Specifically antiwar, antimilitary sentiments. And they would become a virus undermining discipline and morale. How does it turn out from the years between 1968 and 1972 . Here you can see that the flood of College Graduates did not happen. Out at 100,000 outnumbers them. There is no project 100,000 for fiscal year 72 as the program was canceled early in fiscal year 72. The army came to the conclusion that the flood did not occur for several reasons. One, for reasons outside of the armys control, the local draft board did not target local crisis graduates. That was one thing that the army thought would happen. Second, some expected did not enlist in the navy and air force and third, this is an important factor, College Graduates were good at gaming the system and avoiding induction. The switch to the draft lottery in 1970 brought fewer College Graduates inductees and depressed the reasons and motivations for them to enlist in the regular army to avoid the draft. And finally, force structure during 1970 through 1872, reduce the need for draftees and plus the Nixon Administration wanted to reduce draft calls anyway. Now here, he you can see the draft enlisted as a percentage of the total enlisted College Graduate exceptions. For the first 3 years, you can see the blue, the draftees dominate. And how they come into the army. Then it flipped radically in the last year. Permanently, i believe because the draft calls were so low and infrequent in the last year. This next slide shows how once a College Graduate progresses through the junior pay grades, e1 through i5, private through sergeant, the graduate, people with graduate degrees and people just under graduate degrees and you can see the big spike there in november 1970. This data is based on surveys that the army dead at the let education level of the enlistment forced. Logistically i found no anomalous about what this might mean and what these figures might show or tell them about what is going on in the enlisted force. The next slide, this shows a key concern of junior enlisted men, the infantrymen, the same mls 11 bravo from 1965 to june 1970. And i found this data in a study related to the transition to the all volunteer force. The u. S. Is the drafty because draftees used to get the u. S. Stamp of the Fourth Service members are ready for their regular army. And you can see that starting in 1967, those are the calendar years, it is very dangerous to be an 11 bravo drafty in vietnam. Now the next slide and a little complicated but it is priority one assignment with the percentage of total enlisted College Graduates regarding the army. These are both draftees and enlisted. Priority one was the category of the army called wanted to be filled with a College Graduate. Some of the and acronyms at the bottom, men who volunteer for officer candidate school are enlisted for it, tas stands for civilian acquired skills. These are men who came with skills and translated to the mls. They awarded the mls based on skills. Such as 71 delta legal, a lot of lawyers were drafted as legal clerks. And 91 sierra, a lot of biologists went into that. Department of the army preferred mls utilization, these were mls is requiring a high school on the qualification test. And men could be a sign that or they could actually enlist for it as well. Enlisted for mls is men who went down to see the recruiting sergeant and signed up for 3 years for a very specific mls. Almost always and there are figures for this and i looked through all of the reports. Very few men enlist for one of the combat arms in these years. Now you can see the army was very successful in getting men to volunteer for ocs. Fiscal year 69, the first year in the war in which a majority of ocs commissions go to College Graduates. When the numbers start following the people who volunteer along College Graduates because they make other changes in the ocs program, College Graduates remain the majority of people who get ocs commissions for the rest of the war. Now the next slide, priority two were mlss made for the normal computerdriven assignment system in washington and were considered once that quote challenge the leadership or Technical Capability of the average College Graduate. Across the bottom, combat arms, those are the infantry armor, Field Artillery and combat engineer mlss. I broke them out separately and you can see those College Graduates who are assigned to 11 bravo mls. The 71 series those are the radar oreillys, the clerks, the 76 series are all the wannabe supply mlss. And the 91 series are medical care and treatment mls. That does include combat. The 95 series is Law Enforcement mls. I always find that last spike in the last fiscal year in the 95 to be interesting. I have not found anything, any smoking gun but i wonder if they were sending more College Graduates into Law Enforcement mls because of the deteriorating discipline women the force. And they thought they might be more reliable as mp and cid agents and things like that. You can see, from the combat arms in the 11 bravo columns, for the first 2 years the army was fairly successful in getting a good number of College Graduates into the combat arms. Thereby implementing the Generals Police that quote the smartest people available should be squad leaders, to help men survive. They wrote that is a report about what osb was thinking about doing and johnson, the chief of staff from 64 to 68 was very much against osbs concept of using these men. I did not put it on a side because it was already busy enough. But College Graduate input to the shake and bake courses was 18. 1 in fiscal year 69. 8 in fiscal year 70 and 12. 4 in fiscal year 71. Then the program was canceled. What were some of the effects on the army of increased College Graduate expressions after tat . It was useful when filling mls that required good Academic Skills. There was a noticeable attrition rate and a lot of the advanced training courses that required them. And these men generally performed better in units. At least anecdotally. There is no statistical study that i found but anecdotally that is what people are saying within the army. Second and this is also anecdotal, the increase of the number of junior leaders possessing attributes that the army defined as high quality when going into ocs and the shake and bake nco. This was how the army defined quality. The consensus among Senior Officers and then captain who went to vietnam and did a study of combat arms and what is going on within units of 1971 so that most Junior Officers and ncos work competent. They were trained in schools but lack sufficient experience and leadership training for the complex situations that they encountered after tet. When youre in the rear and your combat unit and are not in the field a lot, those create a lot of different situations that are not covered and courses the men went through. There, talking to the earlier fear about what it undermined discipline, the consensus within the army was that while most College Graduates did bring antiwar or antimilitary sentiment into the service, only a handful ever acted on them to promote dissidents or resistance. The army ran a vigorous counterintelligence operation against dissidents and weeding out resistance within the army. And the summaries, i have not seen this yet the field reports but the summaries to the secretary never mentioned College Graduates as a source of problems for this. General williams prediction in 1969, if we dont engage these bright young men and responsible jobs they will be off in the. Planning a right. They did not come to pass and that is a good topic for the question and answer for the reasons why it did not come to pass with these men. Finally, the army staff objectives of extending the worst cost beyond the working class was partly fulfilled. But not to the extent that i think it desires. Certain other general offices, people like reese palmer junior and some in the field, we heard about world war ii and the korean war generations and the gap between them and the vietnam people. I think this part of it, they came out of the world war ii experience, particularly where it was the whole nation engage in the war. And they felt that it should be the same way in vietnam. At least some of them, they felt that way. But there was not enough College Graduates to overturn any kind of consensus that this is still a working class war on the brown. And the combat arms. So that is still true. I think christian a breeze work was not challenged by this. But i think it requires a slight modification in that in the post tet years you should know there are more tim obrien said there in the bush then we generally think that there were in those years. I would like to close with a larger question, was there an undetected effect on American Society by ending the draft deferments . Did bringing 109,777 College Graduates into the army as well as a greater number of College Graduates who successfully averted getting into the army or being brought into the army, help accelerate weariness and antiwar sentiments in the years after tet . One general thought after the war, general bruce palmer junior, the vice chief from 1968 to 1972 and by the way had a son who had a high number in the draft lottery. So he was never drafted. Palmer came to believe that quote the real demonstrations against the war did not start coming until they started drafting middleclass, upper middleclass whites and blacks. He said that in an interview when he was researching all of the volunteer force for. I would like to close with saying, asking, perhaps that is another question we can consider today. Ringing all of these men into the army and by the way, pretty much all of them went into the army. Only if you went into the marine corps. Actually help accelerate the other changes in the greater American Society . Thank you. [ applause ] im erik flint, director of the army museum and i get to follow bill with an explanation about, he mentioned project 100,000. For a quick show of hands, who knows what project 100,000 is . Okay, i will endeavor to not bring it down too much. I had a presentation but it was going to consist solely of a smiling picture of Robert Mcnamara. But after some of my conversations last night, i decided that was going to be a bad idea. So, one thing, from the conversations last night, i did realize that we have some of my colleagues here who are going to be touching on other elements of this program. So im going to do here is give you a way to leave with statistical background to set the stage for further discussion and for the remainder of the day. So background, in august 1966, at the same time as americas manpower requirements for vietnam are rapidly expanding, defense secretary Robert Mcnamara was speaking to the annual meeting of the veterans of foreign wars. In that speech introduced a new program that, in his own words, would uplift up americas subterranean poor by providing the young men who previously were disqualified training, benefits and opportunities of military service. The project with title project 100,000. And it was meant to be a win win for the United States military and American Society as a whole. The Program Officially began in october 1966 and ran through december 1971. And the program was a disaster. The distraction that ultimately it brought on the Armed Services , and more importantly on the individuals who were unfairly conducted and on the lives of those who were either endangered or lost their lives because of the use of substandard men in the military service, particularl