Archivist of the United States and a pleasure to welcome you here to the william g. Mcgowan theater at the National Iraq ives. Whether in the room or participating through facebook or youtuben a special welcome to our cspan audience. Im pleased you could join us for tonights Program Small steps pan giant leaps how apollo 11 shaped our understanding of earth and beyond. Tonights program is presented in partnership with the American Geophysical union, swrating its 100th anniversary this year and made possible in part by the National Archives foundation through the generous support of the boeing company. We thank them for support. Starting tonight a and the next four days we commemorate the 50th anniversary of the historic flight of apollo 11 and the first moon landing. Tomorrow night, july 18th well screen the recently recent celebrated documentary, apollo 11, crafted from newly discovered video and audio recording here at the National Archives. Following the film, the nasa chief historian bill berry will moderate a discussion. With thomas pederson, the National ArchivesMotion Picture archivist daniel rooney. And friday july 19th we will show two films in the afternoon. At noon we will have mayor tranquility, the 1998 hbo series from the earth to the moon. At 3 00 p. M. Moon walk one, a 1970 nasa documentary. And finally on saturday, july 20th at 2 00 p. M. Well screen the 2018 feature film, first man starring Ryan Gosseling as kneel armstrong. Upstairs in the east rotunda gallery be sure to see our display of four documents that show the multitude of smaller steps and details necessary to the success of the apollo 11 mission. The records include the flight profile, the entire eight days of the mission, the plan for the hour that the lunar module landed on the moon. Panls of moon landing transcript and a card details the itinerary, the astronauts were to follow during their moon walk. Those documents are be on display through august 7th. To keep informed about the events throughout the year, check our website, archives. Gov or sign up at the table outside the theater to get email updates. And youll find information about other National Archives programs and activities. And another way to get more involved with the National Archives is to become a member of the National Archives foundation. The Foundation Supports all of our education outreach activities. And now its my pleasure to turn the program over to kristine mcentee, the executive director of the ceo of the American Geophysical union. Its a Worldwide Scientific Community that advances the understanding of earth and space through cooperation and research. She is the third executive in agus 100 year history. For over 25 years she has made her mark as a leader and innovator. In 2011 she was chosen for americas tom women mentoring leaders and in 2012 featured in the 100 Women Leaders in s. T. E. M. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome kristine mcentee. [ applause ] okay. Thank you, david. On behalf of the agu and our 100,000 scientists that reside in 130 countries around the world, welcome to tonights special event, small steps and giant leaps, how apollo 11 shaped our understanding of earth and beyond. We support earth and space scientists and their collaborates so they can advance and communicate science to ensure a sustainable future. Were proud to copresent this event this year in our centennial year as o organization. In 1919 when agu was founded, the world was a very different place. However, despite the centurys worth of change, the analyst of earth and Space Science to improve our society and the desire of scientisting to provide the benefit to humanity has remained the same. As has the awe of discovery that all of us witnessed if we had a chance as i did as a 14yearold girl in a small town in western pennsylvania watch the Lunar Landing on black and white tv. Earlier in the year i was honored to interview geophysicalist and nasa astronauts dr. Drew feistel who recently commanded space station 5 a appear 56. On the iss. He spoke about the apollo 11 mission for himself personal and and frmts she he also shared that the first science was geoscience. The deployment of scientific instruments and the collection of core samples on the lunar surface. Geoscience, he said, will continue to play a pivot alin the future lunar or other plan tear missions. He also spoke about how over the course of his 197 days in space on his latest mission he saw the changes that the earth is having in its climate, how floods affect our planet and other geophysical phenomena are impacting the earths surface. He also experienced what astronauts have dubbed the overview effect. When viewing the earth from space many astronauts see firsthand the fragility of our Global Environment and how we all are protected and in our i should by our planets thin atmosphere. From this Vantage Point boundaries between mediations disappear and the issues that separate people are viewed as less important. What does become clear is the need to create a more unified global society. One that works to protect all of the inhabitants of this Pale Blue Dot we call our home. During times of uncertainty and change to earths climate and the scientific enterprise, all of us, particularly the Scientific Community, must join together to address the concerns. Like all of us and those who were part of either witnessing or being on the apollo 11 mission, we have to be creative and passionate, committed and determined. We must advance research and to so with the integrity and transparency that is the foundation of scientific discovery. I am now proud to introduce agus president dr. Robin bell. Robin has been a member of agu more than 30 years and became president elect in 2017. She was appear past president of our cryosphere section and elected as a fellow in 2011. She received her undergraduate degree in geology from middle bury College Vermont and ph. D. It from column yeah university. Since completing her doctorate she led raefrp at the lament dourty earth observe on ice sheets, tech tonic and rivers and midocean ridges. Please join me in welcoming dr. Robin bell. [ applause ] well welcome, im very excited. Anybody has ever come within about 10 feet of me realizing im a natural geek. And when i realized we were going to have this wonderful event, first you thought i could just like i began to think where was i . Its one of my favorite questions to ask anybody. Where were you when the apollo 11 landed. I was on aunt maybele coach, the same color as these chairs, red but gnawing a hyde and everybody in the Little Community was jammed into the room because she had the only tv in the community. So we had about the 45 people jammed into the room. But i decided that i should look a little deeper than just the couch. Into what i consider sort of my lunar legacy. So i began to poke around at my institution, because it turns out lament Columbia University had a lot to do with the geophysics of the Apollo Mission. And i knew there was a gravity meeter i had been tripping over my entire life. Its i shouldnt tell you. I went looking for it i went first to the attic of lament hall, the same place they mapped the bottom of the ocean floor. Then i wasnt there. I found apoll of 11 slides and pictures but no gravity meeter. Next i checked all the closets in the mansion. No gravity meter meeter then i got brave and went to the cellar of the oceanography building. Yes there was jars of jelly fish in the cellar. I knew those were not from the moon. I knew it. But i kept looking and finally opened the door. And there it was, under a yet tp i dont know why it was under a net. But there was the mock gravity meeter that you can find pictures of astronauts change on it went on the back of the vehicle. But then i remember thats out on the table if you want to see it i brought it down on amtrak i think the first time a lunar fwrafty meter has had a trim on ac tram track. But i decide the not to give up. Because i remembered mark lange setting on my committee had conveyed one of these important lessons in science is you dont give up. Pause he wanted to make heat cell measurements on the moon when he first tried something happened to the flight. It was apollo 13. Okay. Apollo 14 the drill stuck and they got one measurement. Apollo 6, the first time there was a i swear an apology from the astronauts back to a scientist because something bad happened in mark uss obituary well, they tripped over it and pulled the wire. Marcus stuck with it by apollo 17 the astronauts are on the moon and theyre talking about joking about how not to trip over the heat flow measurement. When i walked away from the marcuss lesson is dont give up. You can be patient and you can get what you want. We went to the cellar again. This time i took colleagues. I wouldnt want to be down in the jelly fish by myself. What did we find, high up in the piles of boxes we found the heat flow instruments. So its just been wonderful. I also learned the stories of the measurements they made of how the velocity of moon rocks isnt that different from cheese. Published in Science Magazine in 197037 it shows scientists can be very patient, recover from disasters and have a sense of humor. So i hope youre going to enjoy the program as much as im looking forward to tonight. Were going to learn a lot. There are some amazing people back there were going to learn from. And in my hole are role as president of a fwchlt u i realize now having watched the eyes of my cohorts when i went on the tip to the cellar number two how inspiring all this work is to the next generation. Being able to hear the stories, hear where their parents were when the moon handing happened actually just lights up their eyes and gets people inspired to work on science on this planet and on other planets. So now im very pleased to introduce dr. Jim green, who is nasas chief scientist. He received his ph. D. In space physics from the university of iowa. And then worked at Nasas Marshall Space Flight Center where he developed and managed space physics analysis network. Before becoming the nasas chief scientist he was a director of the plan tear science at nasa. Headquarters where he saw Missions Including the new horizon fly by of pollute o, the juneau space flight to jupiter, and one of peoples favorites, the landing of the cursety rover on mars. We are you canny to have him as moderator of the panel tonight. Please join me in welcoming dr. Jim green. [ applause ] thank you. Good evening. Wow. Im glad the rain didnt stop you from coming. Because were going to have an exciting time tonight. Were going to talk about apollo 11. Were going to talk about its legacy. Were gug to talk about the science that we learned and how it sprung board us forward into discovering many more things about the moon and the origin and evolution of the sole par system. Its going to be a really exciting time. Well also talk about the future of lunar exploration. So without further ado i want to mention a couple of important things. Everyone should have some cards. If you have cards in the audience, these are important because you can write questions down. Please write your questions. As they come up, i find thats usually the best way to go. Hang on to them and then what well do at the end is we will pass them down to to the end and go through as many as we can. Now, in addition to the audience thats here we also have our remote viewers. And so for them let me read on twitter what hashtag they should send the questions to. Hashtag apollo qa and hashtag agu 100. Okay. So for those online, please get ready get your questions. And then we will try to get to as many of them as possible. So tonight were going to have a moderated panel. I am just drieted to have been asked to moderate the panel. We have some of the best plan tear scientists in the world, okay, those that have worked with even apollo 11 data and many and all the way to ellaro the lunar reconnaissance thats there now. The without further you a ado let me begin voukss. First i would like to invite sonia tikoo. The associate professor of geophysics at stanford, university. Sonia [ applause ] next dr. Sean solomon, the director of lament University Earth observatory. Sean. [ applause ] we also have heather meyer. Hether is a post doc fellow at the lunar and plan Tear Institute in houston, texas. Heather. [ applause ] and last but not least, steven hauck. And steven is the professor and chair of earth, environmental and plan tear sciences at case western reserve university. Steven. [ applause ] so were going to start out by talking about the legacy of apollo and what it meant to the country going back now 50 years. Were going back to the way back machine and out of this panel two people actually observed the landing. That was sean, much more as a working scientist and then as a high school skunt, jim green here. There are some fond memories im sure. Im going to ask sean, take us back to the Lunar Landing. You know, what was the feeling of the Science Community at that time snt what were they excited about . I hope some of you will remember the apoll p. O. 11 landing. But i was a graduate student at fwooe physics at m. I. T. And the world had been following the Apollo Program and leadup to it. We had the anniversary of the law firm of apollo yesterday, the ail polo 11 i should say. And this saturday the anniversary of the landing. That evening, july 20th, 1969, late afternoon, was the was the landing. And i would say that there were problem billions of people around the world watching that event all over the globe. And it brought humanity together to look at a technological achievement and a very and largely in an afflictle way. It was a marvel of technology that eight years, less than eight years after president kennedy announced in his speech in houston in early 1961, challenging the country to go to the moon before the end of the decade to send humans to the moon and bring them back safely, that we did that. And 1961 was such an early phase of the space program. The first team had orbited the planet only four years after sput nick. And within eight years we carried out apollo 11. Ral extraordinary. It took an agency that had had the backing of the country, had resources and some some really amazing engineers who figured out some very challenging problems. So one of the things that the Scientific Community realized was they were witnessing a remarkable event in history and a remarkable technical achievement. But scientifically the apollo 11 mission was enormously important to our perspective of our our planet fits into the solar system, and what the early history of the solar system was like. And i cant understate the importance the Apollo Mission in particular for bringing back lunar rocks, lunar soils, core samples into the best earth laboratories where the most sophisticated instrumentation may have many of the instruments purchased by nasa specifically for the Apollo Program were ready to lack at the lunar samples. And we immediately learned that the moon is very ancient. We immediately learned that all the mineral on the moon are volcanic and we learned threw a great leap of logic that the high areas of the moon were an early part of the planet when the entire planet was magna and volcanic. It came from the lunar Apollo Mission. It came to an early understanding of the history of the plan tear system, a part of the system of our planet thats not preserved in our rock record. So im not sure i realized all that as a graduate student sitting in front of the television and listening. But thats what happened. En and it didnt take long before the Scientific Community realized what a water shed annett it was. Indeed. We are celebrating the 50th anniversary. And i think a lot of people in the general public think of it as human exploration. But science was there from the very beginning. When i watched it one of the startling things i saw when neil outside of the capsule before he said the famous lines he looked around how the lunar lem was sitting on the surface and how deep the legs might have been crushing in. There was debates how thick it might be. Although we landed on the money by the surveyor you dont know if its piling up in certain areas. He was right off the bat talking science. And that was just to me justo was just spectacular. What science experiments did sean you get involved in what did we put down on the moon for apollo 11 . Apollo 11 was the first of course of the landings space craft. And there were a total of 6 that landed successfully. And it wasnt the most ambitious by far in the experiments that it brought to the surface. But one of the opportunities provided by the Apollo Missions was the opportunity to do seismology, to study natural tech tonic events and the impact of meteorites on the moon. Now i guess what treftial geophysicalists had been doing a quarter of a century. Using the earthquake waves to learn about the interior structure of the earth. Scientists at my institution and a few other my current institution and a few other institutions got together and sent a seismic system on apollo, including apollo 11 but for reasons of the cost, for reasons of schedule, the very first passive seismic experiment carried by apollo 11 did not have a long enough power source so only lasted three weeks. And it produced signals that the very best seismologists in the world could not understand. So for three weeks there were seismic signals being recorded by the seismic system on the luna