Test. Test. Test. Captioning performed by vitac i mean, like it will be really exciting when we can put some robots up on mars, wont it be exciting . Weve already done it, right . Okay. I dont hear now, when you put when you put [ applause ] when you put joe blow and jane doe up on mars, then i think you will see true excitement. That may not be [ applause ] you know, that may not be the way the world should be because charlie points out things that are of more importance than whether it is a machine or whether it is a human being, they each have their place, but the public, i do think, has a special Little Corner in the back of their brain reserved for people who go to these places and i dont think that will change. I mean, you see the reaction you still get 50 years later for having been part of the grand adventure of apollo 11. In my feeling its still something special. There are only 570 humans that have been in orbit, so there is something there that maintains potency and sending a message. You know, theres a panel on space event on space diplomacy. Have we defined space diplomacy . You just did it, charlie. What would you say it is . I think any kind of diplomacy is going out and trying to reach as many people as you can and give them a message of hope, to give them a message of importance, but to let them know what is available to them to inform them of what kinds of things they can do. And i find in working with kids, a kind you cant inspire a kid if they are not informed. When i grew up in columbia, south carolina, and i tell people all the time i grew up thinking that the only engineer i knew was the person in the front end of a train. Right. But that was my that was my culture, my society and i later learned what other engineers were that made things, that took science and turned it into things. So i think diplomacy is helping to inform and then to inspire once weve done that. Its also advancing the interests of this country. It is. So how do you shape that message . You said it at the start, kind of u. S. Is still the country that if you dont believe that your country is the leader, is the greatest country in the world then you probably shouldnt go out to try to be a diplomate. I happened to believe that. I spent 34 years of my life as an active duty marine and i tell people today i now understand the value of soft power and thats what institutions like the department of defense, like the state department, like nasa, i tell people all the time i think nasa is probably this countrys greatest soft power tool because we have a way through things like mike talked about, like people who have done things that attract the interest of the world and make them want to be like us. And when i said i was inspired and motivated as i went through this tenmonth tenure, i was inspired because in spite of everything thats going on here, first thing people ask you ask what the hell are yall doing . And then they say, but we want to be like you. How do we get to the u. S. . How do we get to be a part of nasa . And trying to explain to them that you dont have to be a part of nasa, you can have your own Space Program and then you can collaborate with nasa and cooperate with nasa. The biggest thing is to tell them we are here to help, but we want you to do things on your own and we want you to join the family of space faring nations as soon as you can. Mike, at the start and now you ran an institution called national air and space museum. How do you put the national in the message, in the design of the museum . Or what is itself evident . Well, we tried as hard as we could. I forgot how many square feet of floor space divided into so many galleries and they all i wont say all, but almost all of them had some international importance, as do the marines, as, charlie, i think the marines have got a big job in diplomacy, more than the other services. Thank you. I will accept that. They get out and about and they can do good work. My son is out there somewhere and he will agree with you. Okay. [ applause ] and in putting the air and space museum together, if i understood your question correctly, we tried not to overemphasize, but to emphasize certainly the international things. We had aircraft in there built by dehavalin and so on and we did the best we could to even even out the historical but you are still celebrating american accomplishment. What . Its a museum to honor what the United States has done. Yeah, its a national air and space museum, not the world air and space museum. Right. Well, just like with apollo, we hold that collection, but i dont think of it as holding it just for the nation, we hold the apollo collection for the world and we loan artifacts out to museums around the world. To me a big part of it is this inspiration piece, again. Were trying to inspire the next generation and we do it through telling this american story of aviation and space. With the hope that other countries will be impressed and want to join that leadership crowd. Yeah, its inspiration, again, because a kid what more inspires a kid than meeting an astronaut, than thinking about maybe i could invent something that would hang in this museum some day and i think thats its that aweinspired look on a kids face when they walk into the museum and look up at chuck jaegers plane and the lunar module and think this is a story i want to be a part of, and those kids come from all around the world. I think thats one of the great things about the museum, is the icons of american achievement that all can see and all can share. I wrote an article recently about the skilled word crafting of the message that neil and buzz left on the moon. We came in peace for all mankind. Sure. And i think thats still the message. Sure. What about explicitly stemrelated diplomacy . Could this country be doing more to stimulate science, technical, engineering, Mathematics Education around the world, or should we focus on our priorities at home first . In many ways i think we do better around the world than were doing here at home and we need to focus more on getting our kids interested in s. T. E. A. M. Related topics. Right. Science, technology, engineers, the arts, math and even design, but i will give kudos to members of the state department. One of the things that impressed me in my travels was with things like the American Corner and different ideas that state Department Employees have used to attract students who dont have computers, dont have access to the internet and make it possible for them to be able to come into a place like in ethiopia where its packed because they now can join the rest of the nations of the world by using, you know, capabilities that are there in the American Corner. So i would love to see us emulate that here in the United States where we go into some areas that are less fortunate than others and may not have access to the and i know people say but everywhere in the world has an internet. Thats not true. Not even here in the u. S. So we could do a much better job of getting our kids in less developed parts of the world of the country informed and then engaged and inspired to do the kind of stuff that you know, to be a buzz aldrin or a mike collins or a neil armstrong, or an ellen stofan. Well, you know, i would just add [ applause ] i just add, you know, when i traveled a lot around the world when i was at nasa and what really struck me was inspiring kids in countries around the world to go into stem fields is going to help those countries in the long run, its going to help them build their economies, to be more resilient to Climate Change and stronger countries around the world make it easier for the United States. So to me its a winwin. Mike, as youve looked back [ applause ] back at apollo 11 in 50 years, what do you think was the Biggest International legacy of the mission . Well, i would guess that its somewhere in the world of vision. I usually say that you want to get away from earth some distance, i dont know, the moon is, i think, 236,000 miles away. I dont think you have to get maybe 100,000 and that would be all right. Is that okay . If you could get the political leaders of the world out at that distance and let them look back at their home hell, they cant even find their country. Theres no borders. If you have a border dispute well, you have to do Something Else about it. I mean, you cant fight about it. And the idea of this tiny little fragile, again, thing, and im hoping they are going to look at the world in my window and find that its fragile, when you get these guys talking to each other i think youre going to come out with some very surprising conclusions about about antipathies, particularly as manifested by borders and individual countries. I think those individual countries will become less important and the totality of all, however many of them there are, 139 or something 190 i think now. Thats what i hope is the legacy of apollo, is the view from afar. [ applause ] thank you. Charlie, ellen, we have some Closing Remarks because we have one more piece of the program that wasnt announced yet. I will close with just one comment, its kind of using what mike just talked about. Hes one of a few people who ever saw our planet from that Vantage Point where you see the blue marble and i was asked earlier about what do i think is the most iconic image from the apollo program, i think the questioner was expecting i was going to Say Something about, you know, buzz or neil coming down the ladder or something from apollo 11, and i said thats a nobrainer, its you know, its earth rise from apollo 8. That to me is the most iconic photo of for humanity because it shows our planet as one with no borders, no boundaries and it gives us the sense of responsibility for preserving that planet the way that they saw it back then. Yeah, as bill landers who took the photo says we came all the way to moon to discover the earth. Thats right. I was the cap com for apollo 8 and, of course, then flew on 11 and i can recall this was the first flight to exceed escape veloci velocity. This was the first time humans were actually leaving their planet and going elsewhere. Apollo 8 in my mind was of extraordinary importance. It was about leaving. Now, apollo 11 was about arriving. Okay. 100 years from now you put these historians like john, john would have a symposium, a nineday symposium to figure out whether which of those two is more important, leaving or leaving or arriving. You know, the older i get the more i get tilted towards apollo 8 rather than apollo 11. I think that the concept of Outward Bound i think was alfred lord tennison he worked that phrase in and thats always running a bell with me. Outward bound, past escape velocity, off you go. So i agree with what youre saying about 8. Im just going to close with an advertisement because that was so beautiful. For probably some in this audience who are too young to be around for apollo, we are trying to recreate it for you on the national mall. So if you havent had a chance yet please come out after 9 30 tonight through saturday night and take a look at the saturn 5 rocket on the washington monument. It is beautiful, it is awe inspiring. I cried when i first saw it. But you cry all the time. I cry all the time. He knows me. Weve got two criers. Two criers. Me, too, a little bit. Okay. Great. Let me release the panel. Yes, we have a special guest, a surprise guest for all of you. We should go . I will let john release the panel first. Off we go. [ applause ] so we made this program a little flexible at the end. There is a gentleman here who has some ideas about the next steps in space diplomacy, so let me bring him on stage, hes back there schmoozing. Sir. I dont think he needs an introduction. Do you want to work from here . [ applause ] so, buzz, you are working on some ideas for a next stage in space diplomacy and we thought it was an appropriate way to end the program for you to present those ideas in a few minutes. We have to be out of here at 6 30, so my job is to get me out of here. Get you out of here. But go. Well, i missed the plane in huntsville coming up here so we had to get a private jet and we were still a little late, but when im drawn to the stars, you know. Right. I will find any way to get there. You have the ability to talk to people. I havent seen mike in a long time. Yeah. So you have this idea for a strategic space alliance. Well, yes, because to go way back, and im sure mike talked a little bit about this, but neils words of a small step, a giant leap. I think a number of us are still waiting for that giant leap, but when we were at a quarantine after we came back, air force one, at least we called it that, picked us up and flew from new york, a parade, to chicago, mayor daley parade, then Century Plaza in l. A. , state dinner, and mike keeps asking me what this is and i have to tell him because he has one, too, its a president ial medal of freedom. Very, very top door. [ applause ] but now what happened after that . Well, we changed clothes, air force one picked us up again and now we went around the world. Houston to bogota, colombia. Argentina. If you name every stop we wont i wont. Brazil, madrid, london, paris, india, thailand, tokyo, seoul, australia and then back. I thought, you know, when we came back we had clippings in a big fat notebook and it was called giant step and we all thought that was pretty appropriate, coming back from doing things way out there we felt that our trip around the world was logically giant step. Well, you know, we went through the apollo skylab, the shuttle, the station and International Ventures like that and then it was constellation, go back to the moon, journey to mars. Neither of them quite gelled. They didnt quite make it. And so now i think and i think the public would like to know what is the next step. Space alliance. This is not just nasa, just the u. S. , we have an alliance of nations that need to venture out on this next step, space. And they are not just space agencies. Nasa were to try to bring together the commercial guys, the ones that love government money, it would have to be with maybe the Aerospace Corporation as an overall adviser to nasa. You remember bell com was right. In apollo, and nobody is right now. Except congress. So if nasa and easa and russia, jaxa, china, united launch alliance, spacex and blue origin. Now, these are all capable agencies, entities, that can carry out future space, and to that list we may add india, a combination of saudi emirates maybe, australia, possibly the koreas. So this next next Step Space Alliance can be a rallying point for not just return to the moon or going reestablishing a presence, a permanent presence on the moon, in a way that logically builds forward tomorr tomorrows. Because we make it happen that way. We look at what we might want to do at mars and then i think we will do that at the moon. A little detail is that theres ice crystals at the moon and with a little power, Nuclear Reactor maybe, we get water and water we can separate into oxygen, hydrogen fuel. Why is everybody focused at mars on methane . Just because there are a bunch of Global Warming guys that want to use up the c02 in the atmosphere on mars. Do you think thats the reason . Well see. Look, if the best fuel, oxygen and hydrogen, High Performance works at the moon we should work that at mars. Well you know, i analyze things too too deeply. I know you do. Yeah. You also wear a lot of watches and so i can see what time it is and were supposed to be done in two minutes. Uhoh. There are the first three elements of the gateway. If we got those as a team and picked a team, we could use those in the lower orbit or they could become a part of a transcraft for an adaptation of gateway transway. Transway goes from lower earth orbit to lunar orbit and back again. It reuses things. But nothing stays in lunar orbit and nothing stays in earth orbit. Sure, there is a space station, one thats getting older and older. Like us. Costs a lot. Yeah. And what we need to do is to form iss laboratories in lower earth orbit. Good. With the elements of the gateway. Now, here is where diplomacy comes in. Okay. What is china going to do about this . Well, thats the subject for the next discussion. [ applause ] thank buzz for the efforts he made to get here, but lets honor our sponsors and stick to the timeline. You got it. Bring teasel on and lets us exit stage left. Thank you. Okay. Thank you. [ applause ] thank you all. That concludes our program. Thank you so much for coming. I would like to take just some last moments to thank my coorganizers, theyve been extraordinary partners in this process, so the smithsonian teamed up with the u. S. State department and also the u. S. Diplomacy center, as well as George Washington University Space policy institute. So id like to thank all my colleagues, they are too numerous to name, but thank you for all your contributions. Id like to reiterate that we will be celebrating the 50th anniversary of apollo 11 over the next few days. Please join us on the mall. There are events inside the Smithsonian National air and space museum and out on the mall, hopefully you will get to participate in them as well. Thank you so much for coming and enjoy your evening. [ applause ] all week were featuring American History tv programs as a review of whats available every weekend on cspan 3. Lectures in history, american artifacts, real america, the civil war, oral histories, the presidency and special event coverage about our nations history. Enjoy American History tv now and every weekend on cspan 3. We can knights this month were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan 3. This week a look at our weekly lectures in history series which takes you into College Classrooms around the country. Tonight programs on drugs in u. S. History, including one examining marge regulation in america. See American History tv tonight starting at 8 00 eastern and every saturday and sunday on cspan 3. Labor day weekend on American History tv, saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on lectures in history, a discussion about Abraham Lincoln and native americans. Sunday at 4 00 p. M. On reel america, the 1950 army film invasion of southern france. And monday, labor day, at 8 00 p. M. Eastern the commemoration of the 400th anniversary of virginias first General Assembly held at jamestown. Explore our nations past on American History tv every weekend on cspan 3. The u. S. Senate comes back into session on monday september 9th with two important issues on their agenda, passing federal spending bills and antigun violence legislation. But before senators return to washington, get a behind the scenes look at the senate with cspans History Program the senate, conflict and compromise. Here is a preview. This very government under which we live was created in the spirit of compromise and mutual concession. Thomas jefferson questioned the need for a senate. The founders envisioned. The framers believed. Lets follow the constitution. The framers established the senate to protect people from their rulers and as a check on the house. The fate of this country and maybe even the world lies in the hands of congress and the United States senate. The senate, conflict and compromise, using original interviews, cspans Video Archives and unique ses to the Senate Chamber we will look at the history, traditions and roles of the u. S. Senate. Please raise your right hand. Sunday at 9 00 p. M. Eastern and pacific on cspan. Next Nixon Administration officials describe events inside the white house in the days before the apollo 11 moon
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