Good evening, everyone. All right. I think our technical difficulties are finished and id like to welcome you all to the opening women. I do want to report welcome you all to the 104th meeting of the association. My name is lionel campbell. It is my honor to bring together on a, well it is my honor to convene hillary this plenary a. When i think when we were planning the conference, we always liked to bring our heavy hitters out, and i think today is one of those occasions in which we have a collection of fine scholars and activists here to address our theme, so what we decided to do is to run the plenary more as a roundtable, as a moderate did conversation about issues with the great migration, and i want to introduce our panelists and give them an opportunity to speak for a few minutes as far as their own work, and their perceptions and ideas about the great migration and then move on into our question and answer, followed by a discussion, followed by a question and answer session with the audience. So i want to introduce our panelists. Our first panelist is joe trotter, who is a professor of history and social justice and pass History Department here iconic the Melon University in pittsburgh. He is off the director and founder of the counting the melon center for African American urban studies and economies. He is currently working on a study of African American urban life since the atlantic slave trade. He has served on the boards and committees and numerous professional organizations such as the association of american historians, and past president of the labor class history association, an organization that is near and dear to me, one of my dissertation advisers was one of the founders of it. All right, our next panelist is paragraph, and she is the inaugural chair of the African Diaspora studies department and according to a professor of English Literature and African American studies at columbia university. They want to see you, all right. Griffin is the author of a book on the African American immigration narrative, well and author for the honey brown of hartford, connecticut, it is 64 to eight 68, her Current Research is called harlem narrative, women, artists and progressive politics during world war ii. We next have crystal our sanders. She is an associate professor and director of history at a university. Shes the author of numerous articles and as it appeared in numerous outlets such as our own journal of African American history. Her first book, a chance for change, has received several awards and was a finalist for the Benjamin HooksNational Book award. We also have a dear friend of mine, maurice hobson, who is an associate professor of African American studies and history at Georgia State university. His Research Interest are ground in the field of African American history, 20th century history, comparative labour, African American study, or a history, political clout to, me and the like. He is the author of the Award Winning book, the legends of the black mecca, politics and class and the making of modern atlanta, which published by the university of North Carolina press. Next, we have my dear, friend my chicago sister, and myiti sengstackerice. She is the president of a Chicago Charity which produces the festival that happens right outside my front door. Shes also the founder and publisher of a lifestyle publication inspired by the historic, news, politics, and rich culture of chicagoland. Myiti brings a special area of expertise because she comes from a very Famous Family that includes the photographer bobby sengstacke, go without and others, so without any further, ado i would like to give the panelists some opening remarks about ten minutes or so, and then we can move into our conversation really. Good evening. We reveal to you hear me okay . Okay, i want to say thank you to lionel for that introduction. This is an exciting moment for me, especially since i am the senior must aarian up here, im reeling a great looking a great shot in the arm from my young colleagues in the work they are doing, so in some ways but i sort of thought about what i would say in my opening remarks, i got so excited about thinking about where the field is going to go in the future and where it has been in the past, that i neglected to do some of the more personal discussions about how i personally got into this field, but hopefully the question and answer period will give us a chance, so please, bear with me as i say a few words about this field. Indeed it is a privilege to join this panel on the African American migration experience. We are not only celebrating a century of African American migration history in north america, we are celebrating a century of research on this subject, during the early 20th century, carnage you, wilson, w. We do boys and others, but established the intellectual foundation for black migration studies as a scholarly field. They carefully documented black migration through rural, small towns in urban america at significant historical phenomena. They also challenge the prevailing racist portrait of black migrants as quote, shift plus, lazy and unstable in work and in residence on. While on the contrary, these founding fathers, so to speak, for black migration studies declared, and i quote, these migrants are not lazy. They are not shift less. They are not unstable. In no uncertain terms, the founders of black migration studies and listed their scholarship in the fight against white supremacy, both national and transnational. In the years following world war ii, however, if of urban communities studies opened a new chapter in black Migration Research. Historian gilbert us asking and others documented the role of black migration in the rise of racially segregated communities across the urban northeast and midwest. In their view, the great migration nationalized americas race problem. It underscores the need for nationwide, not just the, regional southern or regional civil rights and social justice movement, report it required a nationwide battle to dismantle jim crow, north and south. Nonetheless, by the early 1980s, little despite nearly 75 years of creative scholarship, our understanding of African American migration remains incomplete. Numerous blind spots, gaps and misconceptions undermined our comprehension of the black migration and historical perspective. Few studies consider the impact of black Population Movements and working class formations. Women, gender, intellectual and cultural issues. And the less, of a large body of historical scholarship transform the pictures for black migration during the closing decades of the 20th century and the opening years of the new millennium, the new scholarship was not limited to historians. I perform theologist, anthropologist, economists, journalist, and literary and cultural scholars all made distinct contributions to this literature. The scholarship made fundamental conceptual as well as empirical contributions to knowledge. It accented the complicated introspection of race, class, sexuality, gender and power relations in the development of African American migration history. Previous generations focused almost exclusively on the heyday of the great migration during the early to mid 20th century, but recent studies at our disposal today not only explore the unfolding great migration years but also reach back deep into the 19, 18th and 17th centuries in black migration history. But that is not all. Current studies cover a broad range of regions, themes and topple areas. Recent topics include most notably, the cultural state, the environment, black childhood and youth, male and female and deepening layers of African American political, cultural, intellectual and community life. At the same, time the scholarship engages a series of burning debates about the origins, causes and consequences of black migration, not only for black people, but also for the nation, its culture and its democratic institutions. In short, we have a century of innovative black Migration Research at our disposal. Indeed, given the richness and diversity of the scholarship, some Young Scholars just might feel that the odyssey is no longer, there so to speak, in Migration Research, but on the contrary, i believe that the recent outpouring of scholarship brings us to a great crossroads in African American migration studies. The time seems ripe to set an agenda for the next generation of research would be. But as we set this agenda, from a grim as young people imagine, identify, and bringing fresh new project on the subject, as they go about this next wave of scholarship, it is my hope as a senior scholar that we will take full advantage of the current moment to craft a variety of new sympathies or general studies of black migration and historical perspectives, in any case, i am looking forward to a lively discussion about Agenda Setting for the next generation of African American migration studies. Thank you. Good afternoon. Rightly the great migration continues to be of interest to scholars, students, and also to general readers, and i have to admit that i am always surprised when press in general readers respond to newark but the great migration. This phenomenon gets discovered or rediscovered every ten or 20 years. But on npr radio programs and book reviews, popular works, most often popular work, sometimes scholarly works, are greeted with the great sense of wonder and astonishment. Why didnt i know about this, post usually say. It is as if we live in a parallel universe. Writers and scholars continue to find the topic to be a rich one of central importance to understanding in black history and american city, but non academic readers and critics seem entirely unfamiliar with the great migration, even though it is so shaped contemporary american politics and culture, so shape the world in which they live. The same expressions of surprise greeted nicholas lam as the Promised Land in 1991, in turn, four risible work in setting, the warmth of other sons in 2010, and this past spring, in the gifted soprano singer alicia hall moron and her husband, the pianist composer just imran, presented when the music of black america at county, hall at the kennedy center, at the chicago symphony or fauna orchestra, and even in hamburg, germany, they asked by the same kind of reaction. Headline in the atlantic red, how art can double as historical corrective. But the miranda for the first to say, that theyre incredible production digital benefited greatly from the rich body of work from scholars and creative writers. Black artists have been writing migration narratives, singing migration songs, field planning migration series since 1902. They continue to do so as riders like ayanna mattis had done just this decade. So after all these years, i am still surprised by their surprise, but having said all of, this i do think that the stories of migration that have made black america and indeed have made america continue to provide rich materials for scholars, they continue to inspire extraordinary works of art, some of which i hope we get a chance to talk about, which revealed new dimensions of a story that some of us, many of us in this room, but certainly not all of us thought we already knew. Thank you. You have to. Good afternoon. Thank you all with all of that for being with us. Im i think lionel for invited me to be a part of this plenary and for having the opportunity to share works for my forthcoming book project. I want to begin with a story. In 1949, paula jones, a 20yearold African American man i applied for admission to the university of alabama law school. The dean of admission rejected his application because the only publicly supported law school in alabama was for white students only. Will you in an attempt to ameliorate the situation, the dean encourage jones to seek a Legal Training outside of alabama with Financial Assistance from the state. In other words, the state of alabama offered to pay jones to study law anywhere else but in alabama, as a way to preserve segregation. Jones, however, he gave up his dream of studying law because he had no desire to leave the only home and community he had ever known. Thousands of other black southerners, however, data use state funds to leave home in search of the education that their home states denied them locally, on account of their race. And these students migration stories are hidden in the shadows of the scholarship on the great migration that involves over 6 million African Americans in the first three quarters of the 20th century. Both migration and, the great one and a lesser known educational one, stem from African Americans desire for a better life and their inability to build one in the land of their birth. Both the aspirants altered black life in American Cities north and south of our. Many scholars of black education have written about African Americans quest for elementary, secondary and baccalaureate education. Like evidence to shift here graduate and professional training have been largely overlooked. As late as 1940, only nine black institutions in the south offered a masters degree, and no black institution converted a daughter of philosophy degree. Rather than provide African Americans with sustained instate opportunities for graduate study at Public Institutions that were provided to white citizens, orders Southern Border State lawmakers appropriated tax dollars to send black students out of the state for graduate training. The missouri began these segregation scholarships in 1921. By 1948, 16 other states had followed suit. Usually, these jim crow scholarships covered the differential between the cost of pursuing a cost a course of study at the statewide institution and the cost of pursuing that same program of study out of state them. Some states also paid travel expenses. Most of these states continued their segregation Scholarship Programs until the 19 fifties a 1960s, defying the 1938 report Supreme Court decision in a court in agains view canada which the court decreed that states had a responsibility to offer a white and black citizens in state education. All too often, when i tell people about this project, they say, well, it was not that, bad since the Scholarship Recipients studied at some of the best institutions in the country, including harvard, the university of wisconsin, university of chicago, and columbia university. Such a view, i argue, overlooks the emotional and psychological cost of being forced to leave the only land one new to obtain an education. Traveling to are from the gym crow said it was often an experience in public humiliation for black passengers, as bus drivers, train conductors and white passengers degraded African Americans. Along some routes, bathroom facilities did not exist for black travelers who were then forced to relieve themselves on the side of the road. Moreover, northern institutions did not roll out the proverbial welcome mat for black southerners. I so many in this room have pointed, out historical narratives of the great migration have tended to obscure the entrenched realities of northern racism. Those who received out of state Tuition Assistance routinely faced Racial Discrimination and social ostracism while studying abroad. I could give you countless examples of the experiences of many of the Scholarship Recipients. I columbia university, black students were not allowed to patronize any of the campus barbershops. At the university of kansas, black students were barred from participating in intercollegiate athletics. The rnc seeing, the debate team, the campus choir at the Student Council in. What many of these students at the university of canvas challenge the president , he essentially said, were letting you in, youre not even kansas citizen so you should be happy that youre here. Those who made the best of a bad situation and relocated out of state had to learn the rules of traveling while black to avoid humiliation. Hubert eaten, a black man from Winston SalemNorth Carolina attended medical school at the university of michigan with a segregation scholarship. Doctor eaten, i want to show you put your him on the screen, but technical difficulties are preventing me from doing, that but i can tell you the doctor eaten recalls making 25 roundtrip trips between Winston Salem and an arbor while he was in medical school, and he often talked about having to move to the back of the bus when the bus entered the state of virginia. One of the other things many of the Scholarship Recipients talked about was the <