Much like many of our panelists today, i am an engineer. But i have never been to space, which gives you an idea of the impressiveness next to me. But i did grow up in florida around Cape Canaveral and have watched many of you launch to space, and it has been one of the reasons i chose to pursue engineering. Ive gone on to have an atypical career, i am a tv host nowadays, and we have a current challenge that was launched with nasa, where students can name the next mars rover. Right now, we have a contest until november 1st, so you have any kids or grand kids that want to be part of space history, i encourage them to go online and submit their names. We have a chronology here from apollo on to thinking about going to mars. So right here on my left we have general tom stafford. So nasa astronaut with the gemini and Apollo Programs. Next, we have captain bob crippen, shuttle astronaut. Next, we have dr. Sandy magnus, another former shuttle astronaut, and spent 4 1 2 months on the International Space station. After that, we have captain chris ferguson, former nasa astronaut and now a boeing commercial astronaut, which is quite exciting. After that, we have hans, he is the vp of flight and build reliability at spacex. He joined spacex in 2002, since its inception and was employee four, debatably three. So hans and i share the title of never having been to space. But i want to caveat that with yes, because im hoping with all the work going on on the commercial side that maybe all of us will have the opportunity to go to space one day. And at the end, we have Major General charlie boldin. Hes a former shuttle astronaut, and also former nasa administrator during the Obama Administration and oversaw the transition f the Space Shuttle program to a new era of exploration where low earth orbit is being turned over to commercial entitying. Entities. The way the panel is going to work is well separate it. The first segment, well give our speakers time to share about themselves, and then have about a 30minute qu and a and transition to the audience. So were going to start over here with general thomas stafford. Are you ready . So General Stafford received his bachelors degree with honors from the u. S. Naval academy and graduated first in his class at the United States air force testitest pilot school in 1959 and became an american legend. In 1965, he piloted the first rendezvous in space. And in 1966, he commanded gemini nine, demonstrating a rendezv s rendezvous. As commander of apollo 10 in 1969, he flew the first rendezvous around the moon and designated the first Lunar Landing site. He also holds the mach 36 world speed record. Hes globe foflown more than 10 of aircraft. As commanding general at Edwards Air Force base, he presided over the development of multiple aircraft and started the stealth aircraft program. At this point, i think you understand why it is my honor and plaeeasure to introduce General Stafford. [ applause ] thank you. Thank you. It was a real pleasure to talk yesterday about the Apollo Program, and how the decision was made in only about three weeks, until we go to the moon when sheppard 15 minutes of flight. So it was a real dynamic time. I used the knowledge i gained from my good friends to talk about it. So really enjoyed it yesterday, for those of you that was there. But as i look at apollo and gemi gemini, we set the tools, because we cant know what we cant know. For example, on the first rendezvous, what would happen is we would lose a computer or a radar, and then later on the first space walk around the world, the astronaut nearly got killed. I could have been killed, too. Then we started training for it better. So from that, today you train under water before you go out and do a space walk. Also now they have virtual reality. You can see with goggles to look at. So you train that way. That came from gemini nine. Also from gemini six, when we had our engines shut down with the liftoff signal. We knew we had a dead mans curve. We learned that you have to have a system, it was a manual override and all this has to be a very complex thing you do and you do it right. We also learned lessons like from apollo 13. Im sure youve all seep tn the movie. You mix acid water, you always pour acid into water, you do not pour water into acid, because you have bad results. We learned from apollo 13, you dont mix liquid oxygen with compounds that have carbon in it, because apollo 13, we had about 5 1 2 pounds of carbon, and you have seen pictures that blew that steel double wall out and a quarter of the Service Module out. So that was a series of things. So then i was involved in the shuttle return to flight after the columbia accident. And then in a briefing with working with the admiral who chaired the accident board, there was a whole series of things. The admiral said he could have used the word challenger anywhere he had the word columbia. The same lessons. So theres a lot of rules that you do not violate. We set these tools in place, and theyre all there. And so the main thing is dont screw up. [ laughter ] it was a great time to be there, and also as she mentioned, all these stealth programs for the air force, i had not had the experience of being in the soviet union. And then later, having the first experimental airplane when i was commanding general there, i would have never started the f117 or the b2 bomber and start the road map there for the f22 raptor fighter. So its a whole series of things. Its a great time to be there. Ill cut short by a couple of seconds. In other words, theres rules out there, there are tools out there, and you do not violate them. Theres rules and tools, and do not screw up. All right. So our next panelist today, we have captain bob pippen, who was the pilot of the very first Space Shuttle flight in april 1981, and went on to command three other Space Shuttle missions. During his 30 years in the u. S. Navy, he was an attack pilot and served as a testify lot instructor at Edwards Air Force base. In 1969, he was selected as a nasa astronaut and on the sport crew for skylab two, three, and four mission s. Captain crippen became director at nasa headquarters, and director of Kennedy Space center. He served as president of the fiocal propulsion company. He earned his bachelors degree the apollo Soyuz Mission and took us over to star city soviet union. Yes, soviet union. And even out to their launch site. I think we were the first foreigners to ever visit that. Then i had the pleasure of tucking tom and the rest of his crew into the command module for apollo soyuz. We go back a look way, as he indicated. Its an honor to be up here with Sandra Magnus a. I was just telling sandy, john young, my commander and i got to do a photo op with them because we represented the book ends of the Space Shuttle program, if you will. I joined nasa right after apollo 11, 50 years ago. So im older than dirt, too. I had come off a program thafts highly classified department of defense m. O. L. D. , for short, manorbiting. It was finally declassified. Our job was to take highresolution photographs of the soviet union. But when that program was canceled, they took seven of us crew members off that and and transferred us to the nasa Astronaut Office. We didnt do any train, didnt go through a Selection Process with nasa. We just walked in the door and they put us to work. There were some similarities it between the Skylab Program and what was being developed by nasa and the m. O. L. So that was my first assignment to go follow bird dog what was going on with the development of skylab to make sure the crew interfaces were acceptable. I worked throughout the program and its fights, which started off kind of trauma but it ended up being a great program. When that was concluded, i was a assigned to go start the same thing with the spate shuttle that had just been announced. A lot of people think of astronaut mostly training, but most of my career with nasa was spent in doing Engineering Work following the development of the spacecraft. And i would imagine that the current Astronaut Office is doing the same thing with the vehicles that are being developed today by lockheed, boeing and spacex. So, there is a lot of Engineering Work that the astronauts are assigned to do. I was both surprised and honored when john young, our most experienced astronaut in the office at that time, selected me to be his crewmate for the first Space Shuttle flight, sts 1. Great training with john and flying that mission. Certainly one of the highlights of my life. As deanne indicated i went on to command three other flights. Turns out most of those flights were also engineering test flights to make sure the Space Shuttle would do what we had designed it to do. And when looking back, im very proud of the Space Shuttle program. Yes, we had two terrible accidents and i lost some very close friends. But when you look at the sum of the 30 years that it was flying, early on in the program we did some Important Department of Defense Missions that i think contributed significantly to us winning the cold war. The shuttle made it possible to fly payloads like the Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories that gave us knowledge of the u. N. Sxrers also made possible of the building of the International Space station, which is an engineering marvel that is still up there today doing its job. So, in summary, i think the Space Shuttle program is something well look back on fontdl fondly. It will be a long time before we see a vehicle ever capable of that. I was sorely disappointed in 2011 the program was terminated. I was primarily disappointed because we didnt have another capability to put our crews in space and would be dependent on russia to do that. And we have been for the past eight years. So, ill conclude with that because im anxious to hear how the starliner and the dragon capsules are going to correct that problem very soon, so thank you. [ applause ] all right. For our next speaker we have dr. Sandy magnus. Dr. Magnus was selected to the nasa Astronaut Corps in 1996 and has flown on four shuttle missions, including the final shuttle flight in 2011. She flew to the internlational space station in 20 ol and stayed on board four months. Following her assignment on station she served as nasa headquarters and as deputy chief of the Astronaut Office. She worked extensively with the International Community including with europe, japan, brazil and in russia. Dr. Magnus is now the Deputy Director for engineering within the office of the secretary of defense, research and engineering. Prior to working at nasa she was a stealth engineer at mcdonnell douglas. She earned her ph. D. From georgia tech. Help me in welcoming dr. Sandy magnus. [ applause ] i want to take a moment to talk about the space station. I think thats why im on the panel. Thank you, al, for the invitation. Let me start off by saying theres a big difference, as many of you in the audience know between intellectual knowledge and experience shall knowledge. Thats when you understand something when you have that experience with the knowledge. Thats the biggest change with astronauts when we fly in space, whether its short term or long term, is that we experience that environment and we experience the planet a different way. When you fly on space station, its really interesting. You adapt into the environment at a completely different level than when youre just up there sort of as a tourist for a 10 or 11 or 12day flight. I didnt even realize that was happening until the crew came to pick me up in march when i saw them float across the hatch and they looked so awkward and so unsure of their motions and just tippy not tippytowing but very gingerly moving their bodies as they moved through the spacecraft trying not to touch something. I said, let me take you back to the Service Module and show you how to run the treadmill. I just took off because i knew i would bounce off that handrail and hit the p. M. A. And hit that one bag. I knew how i was going to translate through. Newtons law drives your world, by the way, when you live in space. I just took off and he caught up with me and, wow, you really move fast. I was amazed. Wow, i didnt realize it. Thats when i realized i had adapted to a whole new level. Its interesting because when you realize it was normal for me to get up every morning and float through my day and talk to people around the world in Different Countries about all the amazing science and things we were doing, it was amazing to have the earth out the window to the extent that after maybe a month or so, i almost took it for i did, i took it for granted looking out the window that there was an earth floating by below me and the beauty and how amazing that really was. We have this ability to adapt that i think is really important. But when youre up there and experiencing it, it changes your perspective. Let me share one of the greatest perspective changes that i had. And that was the perspective about gravity. Everybody on the stage whos been in space has experienced this, but to me it was absolutely incredibly amazing as we were reentering and slowing down and falling back into earths gravity well to experience gravity for the first time as an external force. And it was weird. And it made no sense. And i was appalled at how horrible it was. And to have and to have sha shi that shift, right . Everyone in this room understands gravity intellectually because were scientists and engineers. You know the equation and we can quantify it but thats not the same thing as understanding it instinctively and internally because youve experienced it. And the fact that when you hold your arm out like this, and theres actually you think of all the diagrams youve done in physics where you get the physical forces and horizontal forces and all that crap. Theres a vector acting on your arm that you are using muscle the energy of your muscles to basically fight against. And its just weird to experience that. And it makes you look at the world in a whole different way. This is the power of sending humans into space because we have these new experiences, it shifts our view of the world and we start thinking about questions we should ask that we dont ask because we take for granted the environment we already live in. It opens up our minds to new ways of looking at the universe. And it makes us think a little differently. Its that little shift in perspective. Thats whats so powerful about spending people in space and having people in space for a long period of time and doing the kinds of experiments we do up there. Maybe not all those expermits are cutting edge but i guarantee as we continue to put people up there with different skill sets, as we continue to put different kinds of experiments up there, well learn more from the questions we learn to ask than from necessarily the answers were getting from those experiments because we are just at the beginning of wondering out of the earths gravity well, wondering out of the norms weve established here on the planet to open our minds to new ways of thinking and new questions to ask. Thats really the power of sending humans into space and the human Space Program. Im really excited about where we are now because were at the point where he can with get more people into space, to have these perception shifts based on their experience and well think up some amazing questions to ask in the next decade. Ill stop there and i look forward to your questions. [ applause ]. And on to our next speaker. Next we have captain chris ferguson, is boeings first commercial test pilot astronaut and he will be among the first to go to space aboard boeings cst starliner. He has led crew interfaces working hand in hand with nasa. He was also a leader in the development and testing for the spacecrafts launch and ground systems. Captain ferguson is a retired u. S. Navy captain and former nasa astronaut, having piloted Space Shuttle atlantis, endeavour and sts 145. He served as deputy chief of nasa office and spacecraft. He holds a bap lors in Mechanical Engineering from drexler university. Its my honor to introduce captain ferguson. [ applause ] i always love listening to sandy magnus stories. She makes space seem so compelling, even the audience, some of whom have been in space, looked and listened taenttively, myself included. What id like to do is maybe talk about the future. Crip had mentioned the Shuttle Program ended in 2011 without an immediate replacement to get us back to lower orbit. We had been working diligently over the course of the last eight years. 2014 specifically is when the big contract was let to return americans to lowerth orbit. Nasa will begin purchasing services. They will purchase to take them to International Space station and return them after six months. The benefit is allows nasa to focus on exploration beyond lowerearth orbit and trment cargo over to companies and it comes at a great value to the taxpayers. We are actually on the cusp of some delays of returning americans to space, and i think youll see that it came out in the news probably late this year, early next year, after an absence of about eight years. So, very excited to show you this. This next chart will look a little like the nfls red zone,