Devastated areas and Cultural Properties as well. I will talk about three different examples today it is food aid and its physical reconstruction and the third is cultural reconstruction. This outpouring of u. S. Relief and Development Helped provide a measure of stability, it created a president for what happened in world war ii so i can talk about many of the personnel involved world war one go to be heavily involved with the u. S. And the United Nations development aid. It also forged the connection between europe and the United States that continues today. Spring of 20 night spring was a big time in the Capital Cities and Woodrow Wilson and in the spring of 1919 to the political feature here and the populations of several European Countries had critical food shortages. A deep concern over the possibility of activity and post war society, wilson in november of 1918 appointed Herbert Hoover to be id call him a food saar for europe and part of the reason he was chosen was that hoover had been running American Food program for my team 14 to 1918. Feeding roughly 9 million belgians that is the inhabitants of northern france and occupies some. Hoover had protected the Food Administration and the war time period from 1918 and wilson by executive order chose hoover to create the American Relief administration. This is hoover and these are some of the men that were involved in the belgian relief prior to the establishment of his program. American personnel traveled to europe, they services to providers and managers and helped with the work of distribution. You can kind of imagine this wall wilson and his team are in paris, the gauche eating the peace treaty theyre, hoover and his team are in brussels negotiating other kinds of bilateral and multilateral agreements to get food into europe. The agreement and brussels is signed in march of 1919 and of course as you know the paris peace treaty takes longer. But there are kind of these parallel developments is the way to think of it. One of the big issues was the fact that the blockade was still in place which doctor mentioned as well. Germany had to agreed to hand over the merchant fleet as long as they were able to get food. As american Lewis Strauss noted in the meeting, there was not a single word uttered in sentiment and no recrimination, no appeals, no references to humanity and civilization, women or children, it was a business transaction. This is description with the meeting of germany. For the public however, this isnt going to cut because the idea that this food might be going to feed former enemies in europe had to be sold to the american public. Hoover started laying out for this pretty early. This map is published in newspapers across the country in 1918 and i took this from the columbia missouri paper. You notice here that americans are being reminded that they need to pledge to help with this effort. It shows some of the countries that had famine conditions and shortages in places that were receiving some made. It was used to educate the public about the problem and called in every newspaper the hunger map to emphasize the starvation. This particular image showed the columbia paper on Christmas Day trying to emphasize the need for sympathy. To supplement these earlier efforts, hoover released a memo in march of 1919 explaining why aid. I want to read this excerpt from it because i think its how he was trying to sell this to the u. S. Population. Why we are feeding germany from the point of view of my western upbringing, i would say it once because we do not kick a man in the stomach after we have liked him. From the point of view of the governor, i would say this because famine brings anarchy and anarchy is infectious. From the point of view have the humanitarian, i would say we have not been fighting with women enter aldrin and not are beginning now. Taking in by a large the face is forward and not backwards on history. You can see how hes tried to sell this case for American Immigration in europe. The idea that u. S. Security and worlds peace dependent on carrying for victims of the war and helping nations of europe to recover is one that hoover returned to again and again. Food relief relied on the will and donations of ordinary americans while personnel lived in europe and provide substance, officials urge the public to embrace the role as protector. What began as a short term limited relief project became a larger experiment and the exploitation of American Values through food and two most of europe by not in the 1920s. I want to give one example of this and this is austria. On the 12th of november 1918 after the collapse of the hop spurred empire, it created a republic of austria and what was problematic is that many of the lands were in hungry and not in austria and some coal raised in that way and had starvation in 1918. This new nation of 6. 5 Million People also faced other challenges including political instability and large refugee population and lack of housing. The real problem was shortage of food and shortage of fuel. It has taken a big toll. The blockade which is continuing and extended the misery. And the feud cues ive spent the night sleeping outside my place in line. And marine haley has documented the hunger catastrophe and in 1918, 27 goods were rationed and even after people have waited and accused. Healy says for many residents in indiana, they had become a mathematical exercise in any available cal it eased and particularly the concern and the International Community was supplied in children and young people. They were hard hit by the lack of power but these are some of the photos some of the conditions and these were caused a from initial deficiencies. Many of the kids or the one leaving at line overnight and they would take turns but they were very much involved in this fight to get food. Childrens mortality rates nearly doubled for teenagers between 1914 and 18. This was a serious condition for children. Children were begging in the speech and they could see the stories about the children began in the international press. Partly because of the efforts of two women who eventually found it to save the Children Fund which most people of heard oven operates today. Dorothy boxed in our both british women. They created and 1990s to deal with this to telecaster fuzzy with american quakers to feed nursing mothers so the quakers were already in place and some of the british organizations. From child feeding which was the center of american efforts, relief agencies are beginning to adopt children as they can send money to feed a child and this was an innovative thing at the time. They had clothing so shores and workshops and even a milk program that imported these cows from holland to create meals for the children. But the American Relief administration focused on school age children. They set up these massive kitchens in schools to feed children a hot meal a day. Usually something that involved milk and coco and a lot of chocolates involved in this. What they did there was a lot of photographs and data to amend a calorie and would create the food to meet those needs. The coworkers are feeding the Young Children and they had me Relief Administration are feeding the middle aged kids. The adults were not so lucky and they did not focus on adults. Part of what needed to happen in order to feed these children is a needed to come up with fundraising so there is a big press campaign and the United States for people to support the send at closing and some towns in the midwest actually put together food from their community and there is a lot of a generosity encouraging the American Communities at this time. This is an example of some of the ways they kept track of this. So, one of the ways that americans continue to create additional interest and fundraising is the best way to put it is that they published the expression of gratitude that children or sending for the food that they got. This outpouring of a thanks investigated their understanding that it was making a difference and it took on an appearance of the moral imperative. For the american delegates themselves, to people that were on the ground in europe, the language of the appeals gave them a sense of power to feed and you could see these are beautiful in the library of congress there are 5000 childrens letters to Woodrow Wilson. There are letters to hoover and all of the Hoover Institution libraries and our letters like this to all the individual delegates. You can imagine how what they used for publicity purposes. I particularly like this one. This one is from germany. Fairly delegates who are on the ground you give them a sense of power and importance and stockton was one of the ar a Bureau Chiefs described his role from his mother. When i am down hearted i go out to the kitchen and i see my children eat. I think of them all as mine and every one of the 200,000 under fed little waits. This is gilchrist stockton. The u. S. Is a surrogate father which shapes the language of the fooding program. Its americas responsibility to feed and taking a paternal fall early role. The other message for americans is clear, u. S. Food would make the world safer and demonstrate good heartedness and wealth to the world. The food aid help poster u. S. Governmental claims after world war ii or after world war one that was intervening and World Affairs to safeguard democracy. Altogether, from 1940 to 1924, hoovers organization handle the shipping and distribution of more than 33 Million Metric Tons in aid which was valued at more than five billion dollars. This is a big operation as i said in multi countries and the ports that were on the map that dr. Kuehn shown given the size and the logistics of this organization. These organizations did save lives. But they also created a market for surplus food because the American Economy had ramped up to create food for the effort and what a market for it after the war so the american for rain for instance went to europe to help bolster prices for farms. It reduced stalks. Hoover himself believed that the food that they had stave off the revolution created a positive image for the United States abroad both of which were major Foreign Policy eagles. In short, through the relief efforts, citizens felt an investment in europe to sense of the mission and the isolated american public. And are continuing to have a responsibility for some of the victims. The second area i want to talk about is fixed physical reconstruction. America played a crucial role in the physical rebuilding of devastated parts in europe. This project had multiple facets and a multitude of individuals and organizations participated. Some of these are American Charities which supported Public Health and educational infrastructure. There were projects for housing, Agriculture Transport some of them were short lived and some were longer projects. One of the best known was in northern france. Where more than four years of calm brad had destroyed villages and left people displaced. Some of these villages if you travel have seen the markers for these villages at were destroyed once and rebuilt during the war and destroy it again and had to be rebuilt again. They were destroyed again and rebuilt again. In some cases, its a long relationship with the same village going through waves of rebuilding. Where the ar a and the hoover organization some of these physical reconstruction projects have a Strong Female presence in the leadership roles. One is the Smith College relief unit that rebuilt villages in northern france and rockefeller and quakers were involved. One of the most celebrated in the media was the organization which had to names during the war is the fight for french and after the war it was the American Committee for devastated grants. It was run by jpmorgans daughter through picture and other american women and these are women paying their own way and they began working in france helping refugees and assisting with rebuilding villages and homes. These are the two leaders in any dike. And they were part of the project. The 600 plus personnel in acdf helped villages in france with funds for more than 13,000 american donors by 1924 which is one a closed down the operation. Not only are there hundreds of personnel in france, but think about the publicity efforts in the United States that led to so many donations. Another Important Organization was the society of france or quakers. This was the operation where they were victims of the Relief Committee which began in 1914 and this is acdf still. The quaker started in 1914 until 1924. They helped with the reconstruction and destroyed homes and villages and projects with medical aid and refugee assistance and settlement schemes and a hospital. They expanded in 1917 and methodists and mennonites and other Conscientious Objectors that were part of this unit. In 1917, a lot of americans who were conscientious decided to go and work for quakers. These areas add a number of refugees lot of people in the region and the quakers or trying to build houses for all of these. As one of the quaker workers who will buckle down to the shirt sleeve tasks and you could see an example of this in order to do this and i find this fascinating, they need labor so they have the quaker personnel of about 1000 and were on the ground and turned to german prisoners of war who were the french government hemmed hits presenters of war in 1920 and the quakers borrowed p. O. W. Workers and i found it interesting as a question of is peace possible . The german p. O. W. s are rebuilding the businesses that their army destroyed. Its an interesting symmetry and civilian interned in britain, built furniture which they shipped to france to fill of these houses. There are a lot of levels in the post war of what the quakers thought was reconciliation work. This reconciliation or reconstruction work continued in russia and poland after this. They operated into the twenties and the committee that they founded like the Service Committee still operates today and they became permanent organizations. Here is a picture of some of the work that they did with children in france and just because of time im not going to go into a lot of detail but they are not the only organization that work. There were a lot of other religious groups that did have a food aid in europe. This is one of the jewish Relief Committees which is the big National JewishRelief Committee and new york which was particularly active. Lots of other organizations got involved. And this i think is interesting and can tell you a little bit about the ways that they got americans involved to feel responsible and to feel like they had a vested interest in europe. I want to go to the third area. This is cultural reconstruction. While the rebuilding efforts in demonstrated jones had a lot of unamerican money and attention, i wanna mention the cultural reconstruction that took place. Americans had the relics of europe and whether they were churches, paintings or discard battlefields or conflicts. The americans got european arts and books and yet americans faced a lot of criticism because they were not involved in the nations because of some of the political stance is that they took in that period. As Emily Rosenberg argued or emphasized, the special benevolence but u. S. Action seems contradictory as we renegotiations progressed and some former allied nations felt that americans were profiteering in the post war period. As one belgian put it they promise Everything Possible but disappear as soon as it gets serious. Sea Woodrow Wilson. That is his statement on this. There is this thing that the americans want to take what they can get but are not willing to give back. This is a real tension in the post war period. The other issue that is concern is american expansion and the economic expansion and setting up markets and trying to push american products. But also this idea that americans seem to be promoting the ar a and that they were more efficient and scientific and could whip europe into shape. Europeans didnt always respond all that well to this. Wilson and his contemporary viewed the u. S. As having a special ability to have a peaceful world. They felt that war relief should show this. There were some in the United States who doubted this or maybe were a little cynical. This is from a Chicago Tribune editorial called who will rebuild europe and i will quote a little short segment from it. Various american millionaires philanthropic or otherwise propose that the United States shall undertake the rebuilding of europe after the war is over. However, americans have anesthetic experience and not as living nations as the dismantled prop gun is almost as interesting as the ancient armor. There will be trenches in historic battlefields. If they have any money at all will be willing to russia europe and this is written in 1916 before they entered the war. In