The chances are youve never seen this boy before, but you seen many like him. His name is harris, johnny harris, and hes in the seventh grade at district two. Although johnny is a stranger to you, the disease that made him a cripple is no stranger. It is polio, a Communicable Disease. Encephalitis, Rocky Mountains ringworm,ver, typhus,us diarrhea, influenza, Communicable Diseases. Where do they come from . And how do they spread . Many diseases, like tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, and influenza, survived in man and there spread from persontoperson. Some diseases spread by other means. Rats may carry typhus. Mice may call this because dysentery. Mosquitoes bring malaria and suffer let us. Tick spring Rocky Mountain fever, relaxing fever. Flies carry typhoid. Fleas carry the bonnet plague. B bonnet bubonic plague. Raw milk may cause fever. Water polluted water polluted water, cholera. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people suffer from Communicable Diseases. And many die, unnecessarily, from preventable infections. Communicable diseases recognize no boundaries, for they have taken their toll of human life the world over. Their control may be a national problem, or it may be regional, involving several states. Or it may be local. An epidemic might start anywhere and reach into many states. 1918lassic example is the influenza pandemic, which was first recognized in boston. And within a month, spread throughout the entire country. Today, always watchful for epidemics, practicing physicians constitute the first line of defense. But the responsibility for the prevention of communicable ineases is vested primarily the state and local Health Departments, which are assisted, upon request, by the United StatesPublic Health service. The clinical disease center, with its headquarters in atlanta, georgia, serves the nation in field investigation, prevention, and control of Communicable Diseases. In cooperation with local Health Agencies all over the country, the Communicable Disease center, better known as cdc, has established diagnostic laboratories. Applied research projects. Control operations. And Field Training centers. Cdc employs a variety of professional specialists, skilled in every aspect of Communicable Diseases. Medical epidemiologist, veterinary epidemiologists, Public Health nurses, laboratory technicians, paris to tolle sanitarypantomime is, engineers, statisticians, training specialists, and many others who Work Together to solve the practical problems and get results in the fight against Communicable Diseases. It may be a problem concerning a section of the country where its rivers rise to love towns and villages. The flood subsides, leaving in its wake billions upon billions of mosquitoes, and the threat of malaria becomes obvious once more. Scientific information on the scientific information is discussed and analyzed, decisions are made, and so is equipment to combat the mosquitoes. Ground equipment and air equipment, chief to operate, but effective, and it depends on factors all familiar to the engineering mind. The type of larva side best suited to the problem and how unit willns the deliver, how large the nozzle, how wide the orifice, how much pressure for maximum effect. How well does it perform under actual conditions . Gallons per acre . Distribution . With of a swab . Size of the droplets . So, its the job of cdc to develop experimentally procedures, materials, and equipment, and to test them until their effectiveness is established beyond question. The proven techniques are then demonstrated to the state health authorities, whose personnel are trained to carry out the programs. With medical organizations all over the world, cdc is trying to solve the riddle of poliomyelitis, which kills or paralyzes thousands of people every year. In the research laboratories,t has been found that where flies have access to the feces of infected persons, the presence of the virus of polio can be demonstrated in the flies by injection into susceptible animals. Flies a frequent mode of transmission . Would fly control reduce the incidence of alere myelitis of poliomyelitis . Flies doow that transmit another disease which is a very real Public Health problem, dysentery. Today, cdc has organized with state and local Health Departments a nationwide fly control room to reduce Fly Control Program to reduce the incidence of dysentery. Yet at one time, flies were only suspected as carriers. It has been demonstrated that clean flies exposed to dysentery organisms carried these germs in and around their bodies. If the fly remained on the culture for only a few seconds, it was placed on a sterile medium and the medium showed colonies of dysentery organisms after a period of incubation. It was found that the same sort of transfer occurred when flies went from feces to food. Because these observations indicated a probable relationship between dysentery and flies, the development of an experiment a program was decided upon. In this case, it was undertaken jointly by the National Institutes of health and cdc. As a first step in the program, epidemiologists selected a section of town that was known to have a high incidence of dysentery, and that was also known to have many flies. In oneould be controlled half of the section but not in the other. But to prove that flies were important carriers, it have to be shown that the morbidity and mortality rates of the controlled area had been appreciably reduced. For this experimental control special tools and equipment were designed. Fly populations were measured, identified, and collected for Laboratory Studies throughout the controlled and uncontrolled areas. Sotal swabs were made epidemiologists could detect the presence of organisms. Epidemiologists determined the amounts of diarrheal morbidity ,y going from house to house asking housewives if members of their families had experienced diarrhea in the last 30 days. Mortality figures were obtained from the county health officer. In the area to be controlled, inspections were made to find the flybreeding areas. Fly breeding areas were brought under control by basic sanitation procedures. This experiment a program proved that dysentery Experimental Program proved that dysentery could be reduced from one third to one half by fly control. When we view that dysentery could be reduced by fly control, and the expenditure of public funds was justified, the next step was to demonstrate to the states the proven operational procedures, and train their personnel in the application of these practices. Such as humans are usually made through cdc regional such issuances are usually made through cdc regional administrators. I wonder if you people could help us. Weve got 10 counties in this state where the deaths and sickness from dysentery, especially babies, i have always been higher than the rest of the state. Heino. Most of those counties are in the low income areas. , bad sanitation. Everything is bad no garbage disposal, bad sanitation, everything is bad. Yes. You know, weve always wanted to get some fly control going down there, but we just havent had anybody that knows how to organize the program. We dont have any equipment, trucks, bulldozers, drag lines, sprayers. We have been sent some big powers sprayers, but we have the money for trucks and things like that right now. We may be able to give you a little more help later on. , could you work out a deal with your Highway Department to use some of their heavy equipment . I thing we ought to be able to. How about that fly control in atlanta next week . Monthsill be a couple of before i can get anybody to atlanta, and we want to get this thing going. It might be more economical to start the same program right here in your state. Thats fine. Now weve got some more training problems. What are we going to do about all those technicians that require all those special courses . Youve just got to help me, thats all. The personnelined of this state on the proven methods of fly control and enabled them to setup their own program. Training is an important part of the cdc organization, and covers such things as water supply,. Reeing pollution, sewage housing. Procedures. Sanitary engineering. , and manyseases others. Training centers are located throughout the United States and are attended by state and local Health Personnel and students from many foreign countries. Trainingal aids for are planned and produced by cdc. All types of printed material are also available. Training at all levels is ,arried on in the diagnosis prevention, and control of Communicable Diseases. Is one of the taskforces of the Public Health service, a reservoir of engineering, scientific, and medical knowledge, ready to help each state in its fight against Communicable Diseases. Today, as yesterday, the challenge continues. Opportunity is great for doctors, for nurses, for scientists, and for many others with the ambition and training to accept that challenge. This is American History tv, covering history cspanstyle with lectures, interviews, and discussions with authors, historians, and teachers. 48 hours, all weekend, every weekend, only on cspan3. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] modern transport poses new dangers of complete universal contagion. The struggle against epidemics is a global one. The danger of death is worldwide. Sunday on American History tv, at 4 00 p. M. Eastern, the 1948 elm the eternal fight. From a disease infected zone, the traveler became a carrier of deadly germs. Wherever he went, the germs spread. And sunday at 6 00 p. M. John hancock created the entire Continental Congress as a committee of whole together in individualves caucuses and decide how we proceed. Do we really wanted dependence . Want independence . And he drafted a committee of five men to draft our declaration of independence. From a virtual tour of monticello with a Thomas Jefferson interpreter. I served 40 years in public service, and i never thought it had given me a position to on a smalls lot of ground that is well tended. Americaneekend on history tv on cspan3. University of kansas professor beth bailey discusses how issues of race affected the u. S. Military and itself ception of an colorblind of being colorblind during the vietnam war. She focuses on how africanamericans were viewed by white soldiers, and how white soldiers protested mistreatment. Nationalourtesy of the world war i museum and memorial in kansas city. Prof. Bailey thank you all for being here tonight. Its a real pleasure to be able to speak to you at the world war i museum. I also was one of the consultants on the