Pigeons and horses. We will go to the first slide on mules. Although they are often looked down upon because of their stubborn natures, the phrase tough as a government mule is one we are probably familiar with. They are hardworking and widely used in the military was before world war ii and during the war. They really did prove vital in some areas. Why use mules . They have a sturdy nature and are very surefooted. They were vital on some of the rugged terrains and by military vehicles. They require less grain than horses and are a more dependable work animal. They are quite intelligent, which is contrary to popular belief. It is there intelligence that helps them recognize their own limits of strength and endurance. The quality sometimes read as stubbornness is a form of selfpreservation. Ike horses, deals will not mules will not work themselves to death. During world war i, the army used mules by the hundreds of thousands and cap nearly 80,000 could ld war i after world war i. The u. S. Military became warm recognize, the use of mules declined. But as the troops were working through the terrain of north africa and italy, and in china and burma, mules would prove vital and the army would procure local mules in italy and buy 14,000 more during the war. Manual, this is what it says about mules. Be a certainhould height and weight. He should be compact, stokley built and have a short, straight, well muscled back. Legs and goodng feet. If that wasnt enough, mules were also picked on personality. They needed composure, quietness, calmness. These traits were also important you would have hundreds of mules moving together to narrow pathways and in intimidating jungles. Selected mealsry le handlers based on whether they were kind and firm. They were expected to train mules with positive reinforcement. They strictly prohibited things like sticks, switches or items that might instill fear in the mule. All of the mules were trained to be ridden, lead, stand quietly, or walk, stand fully packed, move in a herd, swim, and they also had to be immersed in the sounds of battle. Battle inoculation was key to making sure the mules did not panic when they encountered loud noises. They would be in and around motor parks that would allow them to become familiar with the sound of gasoline smell of gasoline and sound of engines. That thels learned noises around them would not hurt them and as a result, when they encountered them, they remained calm. In all units, the most welltrained mule was deemed the are and lead pack mule could she wore a special bell and the other mules were trained to follow the bell. Actually used the pack saddle you see in this photograph. It was used for all kinds of pack loads, artillery, equipment, even ones that were the heaviest weapons cargo loads as well. By itself, it weighs 72 pounds, and when you would at the attachments it would take for the different kinds of loads, it could weigh 95 pounds alone. It can hold up to 300 pounds of cargo. 300 mules carrying 300 pounds carryone pack unit could 45 tons, a lot of material. Mules world war ii, worked around the world. And italy, in africa but formed the decisive backbone chinaburmaindia theater. This was one of the most geographically challenging in world war ii. Mules proved themselves even more versatile than a jeep. Were ast pack unit really successful and selfsufficient military unit. Selfsufficient because the ingo loads they supported the Field Artillery battalion, they had traveling medical and Veterinary Union units. It was really the ultimate proof of the animalss importance and a mechanized army, because the mobility of the mules and rough in rough terrain was more important than speed. If you follow the white line in the photograph, you can see how long the mule train is in the jungle. The task force was the second of2 longrange penetration units that fought behind japanese lines in burma. The job was to function behind the lines deep in the jungles of the mountains of southwest asia and protect and keep chinese supply routes going. The u. S. Really wanted to continue to keep Japanese Forces occupied in china as much as they possibly could. This terrainage, was intimidating, and it was impossible for most motorized vehicles to cross. Mulesstrong, surefooted were needed to carry artillery on the mountain trail, sometimes in single file like the previous picture. The only way these men could operate behind enemy lines was they received supplies by airdrop. You can see parachutes falling here. Except for these planes, these were the only mechanized transportation available. These mules were the only reliable means of movement and supplies. Sorry, can you go back no, stay where you are. We have something in our collection from hiram boone. The army onted in september 23, 1943. He was first sent to oklahoma for basic training and artillery training. He worked specifically with the 75 millimeter pack howitzer and mules. He joined a field battalion and was assigned to the headquarters and service battery. Here he did further training with the pack howitzer and meals. Mules. As they prepared for burma, they did not know where they were headed but they knew it was mountainous conditions. The rapid unpacking of the artillery and keeping it together for combat. The history we have with him, he said a gun could be unloaded in a matter of minutes and be in firing position. They trained really hard to get that down. They reached kolkata in september 1944. Calcutta in september 1944. They went on a boat with mules with them. Atlantic,ross the through the mediterranean, the suez canal, the red sea and indian ocean before they arrived in india. They spent a lot of time with these animals on this boat. His job in the field was to collect ammunition, food and other supplies from the airdrop speared he had to be in a certain location on a given day to reach the goods before japanese found them. All of the supplies were loaded onto the pack mules to be carried out of the drop zone. Artillery, ammunition, including the 75 millimeter artillery rounds, and rations were dropped by parachute. It was packed loosely enough it would not burst on impact, the mule feet. Feed. Personal writing mount riding mount was his mule, chick. They traveled together all the way to china. Boone groomed him every day in addition to other duties. , they are the mules smart, much smarter than horses. They will not over drink, overeat, overwork. They are superior and rough terrain to a horse and actually smarter than a horse. He held them in good regard. At the end of the war, the mules were slated to be handed over to the chinese military, but many of them had contracted a fatal disease. They had to be put down. Boone said at the end of his i did want to praise this mule and i frankly think mules and other animals did not receive and have not received the recognition they are entitled to because they all paid the supreme sacrifice. We also have some of the pictures you saw in the himselftion, one boone took and donated to the museum. It was really amazing to me when i started to do the research for the exhibition and ultimately the book, that i learned about the u. S. Not having a War Dog Program until world war ii. We think of dogs today is a basic tool of military and police work that we hardly question their ability to smell bombs or drugs or the prosciutto you are not supposed to bring back from europe. At the start of the war, the u. S. Only had sled and pack dogs in the military. Other countries in europe had been using dogs successfully in world war i. The french and belgians, germans, messengers, medics and pack animals. But there was some forward felt the u. S. Military should undertake a war Dog Training Program. They really were able to perceive some of the ways dogs could be useful in combat and noncombat situations. One of the first things they had to do was recruit dogs. 1942, dogs for defense was formed, and everyday people would volunteer their own docs for service. With those dogs cleared in Health Checks and intelligence checks, they were sent on to be trained as war dogs. Dogcould support the war fund financially as well as volunteering your dog. We have a couple of dog tags could also tags. As well as certificates for donating to the fund. Of were four main tops types of war dogs. Scouts and sentry dogs, messenger dogs, tech dogs, and roving dogs. There were also mine detection dogs. Today we think of that as a basic element of what working dogs do, that at the outset of the program, no one realize they could train dogs to smell for explosives. They were trained to look for it for disturbances on the ground. This did not work very well and the program was deemed a failure. Attack dogs were also victim to a bad program. They did not use positive reinforcement, they were trained with negative methods. They did not turn out to be a big success as the military had hoped. They were sometimes viewed as a supplement to a guard dog or if someone who was a threat to a guard. The real heart of the Dog Training Program was sentry dogs. All of the docs were trained to be sentries, but some dogs got more extensive training in other areas. Training was less intense than other working dogs. They needed to be moderately intelligent, link, and somewhat aggressive. Sentry dogs were trained to accompany military and civilian patrols in various conditions and to give a warning through parking or growling at the approach of another person. Probably something that many of us are familiar with is the use of dogs as messengers. Senger dogs could care carry a message for five times faster than a soldier on foot. Dogs have a much lower profile than humans, making them harder to locate and more challenging tissue. The equipment the dogs needed was minimal, just a small canister around the neck or, as you see in this photograph, a pouch around the body of the dog. They were the only dogs trained with two handlers, so the dog would know who to seek out to deliver the message. Dogsf the most famous war was the messenger dog caesar. He was a german shepherd. He was with n company of the third marine raider battalion. Because of the dense foliage, radios were unable to send or receive signals, and caesar provided a Vital Communications link and completed 11 messenger message missions. Was not only an a complete and accomplish messenger dog, but a dog. He rushed out of a foxhole and was called back. As he was returning, and japanese sniper shot caesar. A firefight ensued that he had disappeared. He was later found with his other handler. The bullet hit too close to his heart to operate, but despite his wounds, he survived and returned to duty three weeks later. Although injured and scared, his loyalty to his handlers saved him and warned of how close the japanese soldiers were. Rovingeally the scout or patrol dogs that changed the way the military and serviceman thought about dogs in the military. These dogs were some of the most highly trained in the military, used primarily in the pacific. They would walk up to 25 yards in front of a column of marines or soldiers and when they sensed an enemy soldier, they would give a signal or alert to its handler. The signal or alert was key, because it had to be silent. Dogs were paired together during basic training, and they spend their whole military lives together essentially because the dog and handler had to know each other very well and have a lot of trust in one another. There are a lot of stories about dog men being by other soldiers. Stories like i will tell, and they did earn the respect of those around them. Shepherdse german were often used by the marine corps. By having the dogs head of the column, they would then be able to sense an enemy presence before the main body of the soldiers or marines would walk through. Pinscher whoberman saved the lives of 250 marines on guam. He alerted of japanese soldiers lying in wait. They killed two japanese soldiers before a shell exploded near them. The japanese soldiers were part of a much larger force, and kurtz discovery kurts discovery kept them from encountering the main body. Exposedately, the shell a large part of his back and surgery was impossible. To hisrifice led likeness being cast in bronze to memorialize all of the dogs that gave their lives for the liberation of guam. You can see the names of the other dogs that gave their lives for that liberation. Dogs for defense obtained 18,000 dogs during the three years they were in charge of pure cure meant procurement. Over 10,000 dogs were trained for war and over 3000 sent overseas. Dogs proved to be an invaluable resource in the pacific and the home front. N they were cute it recruited, the owners were promised if they made it through the war, they would be returned. That promise turned to be difficult to fulfill. Cost made it difficult to fulfill the promise. Given thegs were militarization training and sent home. Homing pigeons, believe it or not, we still used pigeons in world war ii. One of the oldest means of Long Distance communications, and they were widely used. They are a specific type of domestic pigeon derived from the rock pigeon and not like the sort of feral pigeons we are used to in our cities. Earliestt or not, the use of pigeons for communications were the romans 2000 years ago. Their ability to carry important messages has not really diminished in that time. Even before japans attack on pearl harbor, the American Military had begun ramping up its Communication Program within the army signal corps, and during the war, Carrier Pigeons were used in almost every theater by almost every army, access and ally axis and ally. About a dozen pigeon units were activated during the war and they had about 3000 soldiers assigned to the pigeon service. They cared for more than 54,000 pigeons and 36,000 of those were deployed overseas. In all ofs were used the combat theaters and saw service with ground troops, on submarines, on bombers and with the intelligence service. Receivedrps soldiers more than 90 of the army messages sent by pigeons. That is a pretty good rate. Pigeons often had to accomplish their missions under difficult conditions. Flying,her, night bullet showers, and even attacks from enemy birds of prey. Thousands of soldiers and airmen and sailors owe their lives to these small animals. Of1943, as a means medication, they formed less than 1 of the signal corpss overall services, but as the army moved toward total mechanization, the birds were still considered valuable as an undetectable method of communication. They were used especially when other means of sending messages failed or were not feasible, such as radio failure or radio silence. Pigeons were part of Work Communications when communication by wire was impossible, such as on pacific islands. Important for paratroopers who often had little or no Radio Communications. Pigeons would bring news from the drop zone swiftly without revealing the location of the soldiers. Dropped via specially made parachutes or inside bamboo boxes or containers, and you can see herean an eight bird container. They had to be dropped in the containers or they would fly home. Soldiers would attach messages and send them back with communication. So successful, few of these messages were encoded. They were so dependable at returning home, they did not worry about the messages getting into enemy hands. Although their talents are wellknown, the truth is we dont know a lot about how pigeons always managed to know how to go home. , ito know that it takes really does start with training at a young age. They can be moved to new locations and the bird taken 100 miles away and despite the new location and sometimes even the lofts new location, the bird will return. How do they do that . First, young homing pigeons are purchased or hatched in a loft and this is their permanent home, where they will always return to. They are weaned here and gradually allowed to fly short distances around the loft, and when they return, they get to eat. Gradually it instills a pavlovian mechanism that if i do this, i get food. Then they are taken different distances and dropped off, or tossed, as they say, to fly home. They start half a mile, a mile, and ultimately getting to 250 miles. Once they come home to the loft, easily, they start to move the loft as well as taking the bird from distances. They will start out i releasing several pigeons together so they can all fly home together. Then, taking it down until they are flying home in pairs. This is when they will attach the capsule and get them used to flying with the message capsule on their legs. Training was actually designed to prevent the with its hometion loft in a specific location. This way the birds could travel with advancing forces or aircraft, stay with them for multiple days if necessary, and when released, return to their the loft despite that probably moved during the pigeons time away. Pigeons who prove themselves during the war. On the left is yank. When american soldiers stormed indonesia, yank was released with the message of victory. Away. W 98 miles is the pigeon on the right, who also served in north africa and was sent with an urgent message. She completed a flight of 60 miles even after she had been shot by pellets which broke one of her legs and lost a lot of her feathers. She collapsed when she returned to her loft but was nursed back to health. So, horses. Probably another thing we are familiar with when it comes to military and police worth. Of pearl bombing harbor, americans on the mainland work on high alert of attack. On theared attacks Pacific Coast and east coast. The fears were not unfounded. Balloonnese released bombs with a few hundred reaching u. S. Shores. German uboats interrupted shipping in the atlantic and gulf of mexico. Military authorities thought it was only a matter of time before axis forces attempted landing operations, even if they were not on a grand scale. It could create a lot of panic and fear in the u. S. Ultimately it became the responsibility of the coast guard to protect and defend americas coastline. Sank ships,ts had and the fear of the landing on american soil called for increased vigilance on the coast. Believe it or not, hiller had a plan in place to create a sense of unease and panic in the u. S. And he was eager to prove to the United States that despite our physical distance from the war in europe, americans were still vulnerable. Soon after the declaration of war, he ordered a sabotage to begin. Its ultimate goal was to land small every couple of weeks to create a network of spies in the u. S. The operation started with the launching of two submarines in 1942. That wouldd a team sneak onto american beaches. They were equipped with four waterproof wooden crates with materials to create explosions. There were also given Something Like 50,000 a